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- To conquer Persia and force Islam, the Arab invaders resorted to many inhumane actions including massacre, mass enslavement of men, women and children, and imposition of heavy taxes (Jezyeh=Jizya) on those who did not convert.
- Ibn Khaldoun, the famous Islamic historian summarizes the whole anihilation and conflagration: "where is the Persian science that Omar ordered to be destroyed?”
- Houtsma, M. Th. (1993), E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 (Illustrated ed.), BRILL, p. 578, ISBN 9004097961, 9789004097964
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- Garthwaite, Gene Ralph (2005), The Persians (Illustrated ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, p. 311, ISBN 1557868603, 9781557868602
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- Lapidus, Ira Marvin (2002), A history of Islamic societies (2 ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 970, ISBN 0521779332, 9780521779333
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