User:Scienceporium/Beta cell
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Beta cells (β-cells), are specialized endocrine cells located within the pancreatic islets responsible for the production and release of insulin and amylin.[1] Constituting ~50–70% of cells in human islets, beta cells play a vital role in maintaining blood glucose levels. [2]Problems with beta cells can lead to disorders such as diabetes.[3]
Function[edit]
[edit]The function of beta cells is primarily centered around the synthesis and secretion of hormones, particularly insulin and amylin. Both hormones work to keep blood glucose levels within a narrow, healthy range by different mechanisms.[4] Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, allowing them to use it for energy or store it for future use[5] Amylin helps regulate the rate at which glucose enters the bloodstream after a meal, slowing down the absorption of nutrients by inhibit gastric emptying[6].
Insulin synthesis
[edit]Insulin secretion
[edit]Other hormones secreted
[edit]Clinical significance[edit]
[edit]Beta cells have significant clinical relevance as their proper function is essential for glucose regulation, and dysfunction is a key factor in the development and progression of diabetes and its associated complications[7]. Here are some key clinical significances of beta cells:
Type 1 diabetes
[edit]Type 2 diabetes
[edit]Insulinoma
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Dolenšek, Jurij; Rupnik, Marjan Slak; Stožer, Andraž (2015-01-02). "Structural similarities and differences between the human and the mouse pancreas". Islets. 7 (1): e1024405. doi:10.1080/19382014.2015.1024405. ISSN 1938-2014.
- ^ Chen, Chunguang; Cohrs, Christian M.; Stertmann, Julia; Bozsak, Robert; Speier, Stephan (2017-09). "Human beta cell mass and function in diabetes: Recent advances in knowledge and technologies to understand disease pathogenesis". Molecular Metabolism. 6 (9): 943–957. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.019.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Ashcroft, Frances M; Rorsman, Patrik (2012-03-16). "Diabetes mellitus and the β-cell: the Last Ten Years". Cell. 148 (6): 1160–1171. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.010. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 5890906. PMID 22424227.
- ^ Boland, Brandon B.; Rhodes, Christopher J.; Grimsby, Joseph S. (2017-09). "The dynamic plasticity of insulin production in β-cells". Molecular Metabolism. 6 (9): 958–973. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2017.04.010.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Wilcox, Gisela (2005-5). "Insulin and Insulin Resistance". Clinical Biochemist Reviews. 26 (2): 19–39. ISSN 0159-8090. PMC 1204764. PMID 16278749.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Westermark, Per; Andersson, Arne; Westermark, Gunilla T. (2011-07). "Islet amyloid polypeptide, islet amyloid, and diabetes mellitus". Physiological Reviews. 91 (3): 795–826. doi:10.1152/physrev.00042.2009. ISSN 1522-1210. PMID 21742788.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Sakran, Nasser; Graham, Yitka; Pintar, Tadeja; Yang, Wah; Kassir, Radwan; Willigendael, Edith M.; Singhal, Rishi; Kooreman, Zoë E.; Ramnarain, Dharmanand; Mahawar, Kamal; Parmar, Chetan; Madhok, Brijesh; Pouwels, Sjaak (2022-01-07). "The many faces of diabetes. Is there a need for re-classification? A narrative review". BMC Endocrine Disorders. 22 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/s12902-021-00927-y. ISSN 1472-6823. PMC 8740476. PMID 34991585.
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