User:Seanadams79/Xiphydriidae
Xiphydriidae
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Xiphydriidae are a family of wood wasps that includes around 150 species. They are located all over the world including North and South America, Australia, Europe, and others. Xiphydriidae are known for being a form of wood borer in dead trees or branches[1].They are characterized as having long and skinny necks with dome-shaped heads.
Taxonomy
[edit]| Scientific classification[2] | |
|---|---|
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Suborder | Symphyta |
| Superfamily: | Xiphydrioidea |
| Family: | Xiphydriidae |
Genera
[edit]These 28 genera belong to the family Xiphydriidae:
- Alloxiphia Wei, 2002
- Austrocyrta Riek, 1955
- Brachyxiphus Philippi, 1871
- Calexiphyda Smith, 2008
- Carinoxiphia Wei, 1999
- Derecyrta Smith, 1860
- Eoxiphia Maa, 1949
- Euxiphydria Semenov-Tian-Shanskii & Gussakovskii, 1935
- Genaxiphia Maa, 1949
- Gryponeura Benson, 1954
- Heteroxiphia Saini & Singh, 1987
- Hyperxiphia Maa, 1949
- Indoxiphia Maa, 1949
- Lataxiphyda Smith, 2008
- Lissoxiphyda Smith, 2008
- Megaxiphia Wei, 1999
- Moaxiphia Maa, 1949
- Obesaxiphyda Smith, 2008
- Platyxiphydria Takeuchi, 1938
- Rhysacephala Benson, 1954
- Steirocephala Benson, 1954
- Trixiphidia Wei, 1999
- Xiphidiaphora Benson, 1954
- Xiphydria Latreille, 1802
- Xiphydriola Semenov-Tian-Shanskii, 1921
- Yangixiphia Wei, 2002
- † Dryxiphia Maa, 1949
- † Paraxiphia Maa, 1949
Anatomy and morphology
[edit]
Head:
[edit]Most of the species of Xiphydriidae have antennae that are filiform and various in length[3]. The antennal segments vary in number ranging from 14 to 22.[3]The maxillary and labial palpi shape and length varies by species.They have an occipital carina which is a ridge in the back of the head.[3] The head is somewhat spherical and is shiny.[4]
Thorax:
[edit]The pronotum is medially constricted in Xiphydriidae.[4] The defined axillae completely separates the scutum laterally from the mesoscutellum.[5] Parts of the thorax for Xiphydriidae are generally smooth and shiny.[3]
Abdomen:
[edit]The segment of the abdomen called the gaster can have an orange, red, or yellow coloring pattern.[5]
A study by David R. Smith broke the Xiphydriidae into different groups by their abdomen. The groups were as follows:
- Xiphydriidae that have a maxillary palpus segmented into 7.[3]
- Xiphydriidae that have short maxillary palpi and contain female fore claws with inner tooth.[3]
- Xiphydriidae that have short maxillary palpi and also contain claws of both sexes with inner tooth.[3]
Life cycle and development
[edit]Larva
[edit]The Xiphydriidae larvae phytophagous, meaning bore into dead or weak trees and plants.[5] When they are buried in these trees, they rely on symbiotic fungi for food in the tunnels that they made.[6] The larva either do not have legs or they have vestigial legs. During the larval stage, the head of Xiphydriidae is as long as broad.[7] As a larva, the antenna contains either three or four segments. The first segment of the antenna does not have setae and is not enlarged.[7]
A picture from Grampians National Park in Australia of the Xiphydriidae larvae eating a leaf is on the following link:
Adult
[edit]Adults are 6-21mm long. Adult Xiphydriidae are most commonly found in shadowy places and run on the surface of leaves.[8]
Ecology
[edit]Xiphydriidae bore and feed into dying or weakened trees so they do not have a negative effect to the environment.[9] They can be a secondary pest to humans because of the dead wood people may bring into their homes.[7]
In Japan, female Xiphydriidae were dissected and fungal spores were found.[10] The spores were 5 to 30 micrometers in diameter and had a globular shape. Mucus was also in the glandular organs of some of the wood wasps.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ Smith, David (January 2014). "NOTES ON TWO UNUSUAL SPECIES OF SYMPHYTA (HYMENOPTERA: PERGIDAE, XIPHYDRIIDAE) FROM CHILE, WITH THE FIRST REPORT OF A GALL-INDUCING SAWFLY FROM THE NEOTROPICAL REGION" (PDF). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa. 54: 171–174.
{{cite journal}}: line feed character in|title=at position 55 (help) - ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Xiphydriidae". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
- ^ a b c d e f g Smith, David R. (2008-07-15). "Xiphydriidae of the Philippines, Insular Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, and Fiji (Hymenoptera)". Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology. 58 (1): 15–95. doi:10.21248/contrib.entomol.58.1.15-95. ISSN 2511-6428.
- ^ a b "Xiphydriidae | Sawfly GenUS". idtools.org. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
- ^ a b c "Insects of Britain and Ireland: Hymenoptera families - Xiphydriidae". www.delta-intkey.com. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
- ^ JENNINGS, JOHN T.; AUSTIN, ANDREW D.; SCHIFF, NATHAN M. (2007-06-28). "Rhysacephala novacaledonica sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae), the first xiphydriid woodwasp from New Caledonia". Zootaxa. 1516 (1): 23–30. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1516.1.2. ISSN 1175-5334.
- ^ a b c Smith, David (July, 1 1976). "The xiphydriid woodwasps of North America (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae)" (PDF). Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 102: 101–131.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Boevé, Jean-Luc; Domínguez, Diego F.; Smith, David R. (2018-06-25). "Sawflies from northern Ecuador and a checklist for the country (Hymenoptera: Argidae, Orussidae, Pergidae, Tenthredinidae, Xiphydriidae)". Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 64: 1–24. doi:10.3897/jhr.64.24408. ISSN 1314-2607.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Smith, David R. (2 October 2001). "A NEW SPECIES OF XIPHYDRIA LATREILLE (HYMENOPTERA: XIPHYDRIIDAE) REARED FROM RIVER BIRCH, BETULA NIGRA L., IN NORTH AMERICA" (PDF). Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 103: 962–967.
{{cite journal}}: line feed character in|title=at position 37 (help) - ^ a b Kajimura, Hisashi (2000-03-01). "Discovery of Mycangia and Mucus in Adult Female Xiphydriid Woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) in Japan". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 93 (2): 312–317. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0312:domami]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0013-8746.