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Meal Replacement Edit

Effectiveness

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Weight Loss

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There is evidence that the meal replacement diet have been shown to be effective on incurring weight loss and treating obesity. It has been found that the meal replacement diet is effective at lowering body weight, fat mass, and the amount of LDL cholesterol particles in obese individuals. Effects on weight loss can be seen within 12 weeks or 3 months for the short term. [1] For the long term, meal replacement programs can maintain weight loss in overweight and obese individuals for 12 months but gradual weight gain can occur over the next 3 years, following up. The management and effectiveness of weight loss by meal replacement is dependent on the motivation and food environment that an individual is surrounded by. [2]

A 2002 systematic review of randomized controlled studies that compared weight management using meal replacement strategies to reduced calorie diets found that subjects that used meal replacement strategies lost a significant amount of weight during the studies. The overweight and obese subjects were divided into two groups: the partial meal replacement program and the reduced calorie diet. Overweight and obese subjects that were put on a partial meal replacement program had greater significant weight loss than subjects that were put on a reduced calorie diet although both groups had significant weight loss. There was no significant difference in attrition rate between those in the partial meal replacement program or those on the reduced calorie diet at the 3 month mark for the studies. However, there was a greater attrition rate for the reduced calorie diet group than the partial meal replacement group at the 1 year mark. [3]

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Meal replacements can be used to treat diabetes by maintaining weight loss. According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), meal replacement products can be used once or twice a day, in lieu of regular meals, to maintain weight loss for individuals with diabetes. However, that weight loss can only be maintained as long as the individual keeps up with the meal replacement plan. [4] The effects of meal replacements on weight loss for individuals with mental illness are inconclusive. Studies have shown that participants of varying ages and each afflicted with a different mental illness such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and other mental illnesses were able to lose weight through a program of meal replacement shakes. However, the weight loss results only applied to a small minority of the participants that were able to follow study parameters and procedures. There was a high attrition rate with the vast majority of participants dropping out of the study due to either personal or psychiatric reasons or unwillingness to comply with the parameters of the study.[5]

*The citations are the first five in the Reflist.

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  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Reflist

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[1][2][3] [4] [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]

  1. ^ Allison, D B; Gadbury, G; Schwartz, L G; Murugesan, R; Kraker, J L; Heshka, S; Fontaine, K R; Heymsfield, S B (2003/04). "A novel soy-based meal replacement formula for weight loss among obese individuals: a randomized controlled clinical trial". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 57 (4): 514–522. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601587. ISSN 1476-5640. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ Lowe, Michael R; Butryn, Meghan L; Zhang, Fengqing (2018-01-01). "Evaluation of meal replacements and a home food environment intervention for long-term weight loss: a randomized controlled trial". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 107 (1): 12–19. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqx005. ISSN 0002-9165.
  3. ^ Heymsfield, S B; Mierlo, C A J van; Knaap, H C M van der; Heo, M; Frier, H I (2003/05). "Weight management using a meal replacement strategy: meta and pooling analysis from six studies". International Journal of Obesity. 27 (5): 537–549. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802258. ISSN 1476-5497. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Craig, Jacqueline. "Meal replacement shakes and nutrition bars: do they help individuals with diabetes lose weight?" Diabetes Spectrum, Summer 2013, p. 179+. Health Reference Center Academic, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A343364238/HRCA?u=nysl_sc_cornl&sid=HRCA&xid=c0678891. Accessed 15 Mar. 2018.
  5. ^ "Meal replacements as a weight loss tool in a population with severe mental illness". Eating Behaviors. 19: 61–64. 2015-12-01. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.06.009. ISSN 1471-0153.
  6. ^ "SUN-P097: Effects of Meal Replacement Therapy on Clinical and Metabolic Outcomes in Thai Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial". Clinical Nutrition. 35: S80. 2016-09-01. doi:10.1016/S0261-5614(16)30440-X. ISSN 0261-5614.
  7. ^ Poston, W S C; Haddock, C K; Pinkston, M M; Pace, P; Karakoc, N D; Reeves, R S; Foreyt, J P (2005/09). "Weight loss with meal replacement and meal replacement plus snacks: a randomized trial". International Journal of Obesity. 29 (9): 1107–1114. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803007. ISSN 1476-5497. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Miller, Wendy M, et al. "Nutraceutical meal replacements: more effective than all-food diets in the treatment of obesity." Therapy, vol. 4, no. 5, 2007, p. 623+. Health Reference Center Academic, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A225355282/HRCA?u=nysl_sc_cornl&sid=HRCA&xid=260b301f. Accessed 15 Mar. 2018.
  9. ^ Craig, Jacqueline. "Meal replacement shakes and nutrition bars: do they help individuals with diabetes lose weight?" Diabetes Spectrum, Summer 2013, p. 179+. Health Reference Center Academic, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A343364238/HRCA?u=nysl_sc_cornl&sid=HRCA&xid=c0678891. Accessed 15 Mar. 2018.
  10. ^ Ashley, Judith M.; Herzog, Holly; Clodfelter, Sharon; Bovee, Vicki; Schrage, Jon; Pritsos, Chris (2007-06-25). "Nutrient adequacy during weight loss interventions: a randomized study in women comparing the dietary intake in a meal replacement group with a traditional food group". Nutrition Journal. 6: 12. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-6-12. ISSN 1475-2891.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ Koohkan, Sadaf; Schaffner, Denise; Milliron, Brandy J.; Frey, Ingrid; König, Daniel; Deibert, Peter; Vitolins, Mara; Berg, Aloys (2014-03-12). "The impact of a weight reduction program with and without meal-replacement on health related quality of life in middle-aged obese females". BMC Women's Health. 14: 45. doi:10.1186/1472-6874-14-45. ISSN 1472-6874.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. ^ Vazquez, C., et al. "Meal replacement with a low-calorie diet formula in weight loss maintenance after weight loss induction with diet alone." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 63, no. 10, 2009, p. 1226+. Health Reference Center Academic, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A209409212/HRCA?u=nysl_sc_cornl&sid=HRCA&xid=aa8806aa. Accessed 15 Mar. 2018.
  13. ^ Li, Zhaoping; Treyzon, Leo; Chen, Steve; Yan, Eric; Thames, Gail; Carpenter, Catherine L. (2010-12-31). "Protein-enriched meal replacements do not adversely affect liver, kidney or bone density: an outpatient randomized controlled trial". Nutrition Journal. 9: 72. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-9-72. ISSN 1475-2891.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ Huerta, S; Li, Z; Li, H C; Hu, M S; Yu, C A; Heber, D (2004/12). "Feasibility of a partial meal replacement plan for weight loss in low-income patients". International Journal of Obesity. 28 (12): 1575–1579. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802792. ISSN 1476-5497. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Coleman, Christopher D.; Kiel, Jessica R.; Mitola, Andrea H.; Langford, Janice S.; Davis, Kevin N.; Arterburn, Linda M. (2015-08-06). "Effectiveness of a Medifast meal replacement program on weight, body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults: a multicenter systematic retrospective chart review study". Nutrition Journal. 14: 77. doi:10.1186/s12937-015-0062-8. ISSN 1475-2891.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  16. ^ Davis, Lisa M.; Coleman, Christopher; Kiel, Jessica; Rampolla, Joni; Hutchisen, Tammy; Ford, Laura; Andersen, Wayne S.; Hanlon-Mitola, Andrea (2010-03-11). "Efficacy of a meal replacement diet plan compared to a food-based diet plan after a period of weight loss and weight maintenance: a randomized controlled trial". Nutrition Journal. 9: 11. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-9-11. ISSN 1475-2891.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  17. ^ Ashley, Judith M.; Herzog, Holly; Clodfelter, Sharon; Bovee, Vicki; Schrage, Jon; Pritsos, Chris (2007-06-25). "Nutrient adequacy during weight loss interventions: a randomized study in women comparing the dietary intake in a meal replacement group with a traditional food group". Nutrition Journal. 6: 12. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-6-12. ISSN 1475-2891.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  18. ^ Cheskin, Lawrence J., et al. "Efficacy of meal replacements versus a standard food-based diet for weight loss in type 2 diabetes a controlled clinical trial." The Diabetes Educator, vol. 34, no. 1, 2008, p. 118+. Health Reference Center Academic, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A174288578/HRCA?u=nysl_sc_cornl&sid=HRCA&xid=83bf8b59. Accessed 15 Mar. 2018.
  19. ^ Koohkan, Sadaf; Schaffner, Denise; Milliron, Brandy J.; Frey, Ingrid; König, Daniel; Deibert, Peter; Vitolins, Mara; Berg, Aloys (2014-03-12). "The impact of a weight reduction program with and without meal-replacement on health related quality of life in middle-aged obese females". BMC Women's Health. 14: 45. doi:10.1186/1472-6874-14-45. ISSN 1472-6874.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  20. ^ Li, Z; Hong, K; Saltsman, P; DeShields, S; Bellman, M; Thames, G; Liu, Y; Wang, H-J; Elashoff, R (2005/03). "Long-term efficacy of soy-based meal replacements vs an individualized diet plan in obese type II DM patients: relative effects on weight loss, metabolic parameters and C-reactive protein". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 59 (3): 411–418. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602089. ISSN 1476-5640. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ Metzner, Christine E.; Folberth-Vögele, Anke; Bitterlich, Norman; Lemperle, Martin; Schäfer, Sandy; Alteheld, Birgit; Stehle, Peter; Siener, Roswitha (2011-09-22). "Effect of a conventional energy-restricted modified diet with or without meal replacement on weight loss and cardiometabolic risk profile in overweight women". Nutrition & Metabolism. 8: 64. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-8-64. ISSN 1743-7075.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  22. ^ Khoo, J; Ling, P-S; Tan, J; Teo, A; Ng, H-L; Chen, R Y-T; Tay, T-L; Tan, E; Cheong, M (2014/03). "Comparing the effects of meal replacements with reduced-fat diet on weight, sexual and endothelial function, testosterone and quality of life in obese Asian men". International Journal of Impotence Research. 26 (2): 61–66. doi:10.1038/ijir.2013.36. ISSN 1476-5489. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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