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Tražim da se Geiger proglasi nevjerodostojnim i zbog posve istog razloga s kojim Geiger pokušava diskreditirati Goldsteina - tj, zamjerkom da koristi i svjedočanstva iz doba komunizma (dok posve ignorira Goldsteinove brojne citate njemačkih izvora, izvora iz Crkve, žestokih antikomunista, itd.). Npr. Geiger citira knjigu Čolića koja tvrdi da je JA u zadnjim operacijama zarobila 340.000 vojnika. Nije jasno zašto bi taj izvor “iz komunizma” bio vjerodostojan. Naime široko citirani Tomasevich i Žerjavić oboje citiraju Kostu Nadja, koji je izvijestio da je njegova III. Armija, koja je vodila sve borbe na austrijskoj granici, zarobila 109.000, od kojih 40.000 Nijemaca, 40.000 ustaša i domobrana, 5.000 četnika, itd. Žerjavić o tom internom izvještaju naglašava: “Nije vjerojatno da bi se tada moglo imati nekih spekulacija s tim brojkama” (povjesničari takodjer navode da su partizani priključili svojim jedinicama mnoge zarobljene domobrane, poslali civile kuci, kasnije otpuštali dodatne zarobljenike. Plus hrvatska državna komisija iz 90-ih navodi ukupno 13.300 hrvatskih žrtava Bleiburga, što citira i Geiger, no “zaboravi” navesti da su ogromna većina tih NDH vojnici, i tek 2.200 “ostali i nepoznati”)

Sam Geiger drugdje čak piše da su brojni izvori iz komunizma “nezaobilazni”[1] (što HJP definira kao “koji se ne smije zanemariti kad se što radi ili kad se o čemu razmišlja, bez kojega se ne može, koji se ne može ili ne smije previdjet”) Uglavnom, Geiger selektivno citira “komunističke izvore”, ali samo kad mu odgovaraju, dok posve ignorira druge koje povjesničari navode kao vjerodostojnije. On čak ignorira važne podatke iz ne-komunističkih izvora. No već samo zbog njegovog citiranja “komunističkih izvora” - tj posve isto zbog čega Geiger licemjerno napada Goldsteina - dodatno tražim da ga se proglasi nevjerodostojnim i zabrani citiranje Geigera 

U ljeto 1992. HVO sprovodi čistku Bošnjaka iz svojih postrojbi.[2] Dana 9. maja 1993., HVO je izveo opšti napad na istočni Mostar, čime započinje hrvatsko-bošnjački rat.[3][4] Tokom prvih dana HVO minira Baba Beširovu džamiju iz 16. stoljeća.[5] Hag je utvrdio da su od lipnja 1993. do travnja 1994. “istočni Mostar i područje Donje Mahale na zapadu bili izloženi dugotrajnom vojnom napadu HVO-a, uključujući intenzivnu i neprekidnu paljbu i granatiranje”, koji su “uzrokovali mnoge žrtve, uključujući smrt brojnih civila i predstavnika međunarodnih organizacija. Deset džamija je teško oštećeno ili uništeno… Vojnici HVO-a silovali su mnoge žene..."[6] HVO je ispalio više od 100.000 granata na istočni Mostar,[7] sistematski protjerao Bošnjake iz zapadnog Mostara,[5] dok su tisuće zatočili u logorima Heliodrom, Dretelj i Gabela, gdje su mučeni i ubijani. 8. studenog 1993. HVO tenkovskom vatrom rušiStari most.[8][9]

U predmetu "Prlić, Praljak itd" Hag je pravomoćno presudio udruženi zločinački pothvat, koji je uključivao Tuđmana i Šuška,[10][11] te zločine protiv čovječnosti s ciljem "dominacije Hrvata u Hrvatskoj Republici Herceg-Bosni putem etničkog čišćenja muslimanskog stanovništva”[10] Apelacioni sud ocijenio je da je rušenje Starog mosta imalo i vojne svrhe, dok su potvrdili da je HVO granatiranje istočnog Mostara predstavljalo terorisanje stanovištva, te su izjavili da je pretresno vijeće trebalo izreći osuđujuće presude za bezobzirno HVO razaranje ili znatno oštečenje 10 džamija u istočnom Mostaru.[10] Mnogi zapadni promatrači pak navode da je rušenje Starog mosta predstavljalo “napad na sam koncept multietničnosti i povezanih zajednica koje je [most] utjelovio.”[12]

HVO je ispalio preko 100.000 granata na istočni Mostar, nasilno izgnao Bosnjake iz zapadnog Mostara, dok su tisuce zarobili u logorima Heliodrom, Dretelj i Gabela, gdje su ih mucili, silovali i ubijali. 8. Studenog 1993. HVO tenkovskom paljbom razara Stari most.  U slucaju “Prlic, Praljak, itd” Hag je pravomocno presudio udruzeni zlocinacki, koji je ukljucivao Tudjmana, Suska i druge, te zlocine protiv covjecnosti, ciji cilj je bio otcjepljenje Herceg-Bosne. Za razaranje Starog mosta apelacioni sud je presudio da je imao i vojne svrhe, dok za razaranje 10 dzamija su presudili da je prvostepenski sud trebao presuditi. Mnogi zapadni pomatraci smatraju da je razaranje Starog mosta predstavljao “napad na sam koncept multietničnosti i povezanih zajednica koje je trebao utjeloviti.”

Ujesen1941 ustaše su od nacista tražili da otpreme NDH Židove u istočnu Europu[46] Nijemci su to isprva odbili, Tek nakon što su nacisti usvojili "Konačno rješenje: na Wannsee konferenciji, veljače 1942., nastojali su otrpemiti NDH Židove i u njemačke logore. Glavni transporti NDH Židova obavljeni kolovoza 1942. [2], punu godinu dana nakon što su ustaše počele masovno ubijati Židove u vlastitim koncentracijskim logorima. Podaci o broju NDH Židova poslanih u nacističke logore su razvidni iz svota koje je ustaška država platila nacistima za svakog Židova transportiranog u njemačke logore, a zauzvrat su ustaše konfiscirale židovsku imovinu. Tako je prema statistici Himmlerovog SS stožera, cijele 1942. godine NDH isplatila nacistima da otpreme 4.967 NDH Židova u njemačke logore smrti.[2]

Zagrebačka policija je u kolovozu 1942., uz intenzivnu antisemitsku propagandu u ustaškom tisku, uhitila 1700 Židova.[47] Većinu su ih ustaše držale u zagrebačkoj Klasičnoj gimnaziji u Križančevoj ulici, zatim su ih pješke sproveli do Glavnog zagrebačkog kolodvora i otpremili u Auschwitz. Ostatak od 4.967 otpremljen je u Njemačku iz ustaških logora Tenja, Loborgrad i Vinkovci. Još jedan transport sproveden je svibjnja 1943., kad su ustaše i nacisti uhitili i otpremili u Njemačku 1.200 Židova.. Nakon toga nije bilo više deporatacija jer je večina u posljednjim deportacijama u svibnju 1943., za ukupno 6200 (poslije nije bilo deportacija, budući da je većina NDH Židova do tada ubijena, i 1941. Židovi su deportirani i ubijani samo u ustaškim logorima smrti).[48]

Tih 6 200 Židova NDH deportiranih u Njemačku (od kojih su neki preživjeli) pretstavlja tek manji dio od 30 000 ukupnih židovskih žrtava u NDH, potvrđujući Žerjavića[49] i procjene da su veliku većinu Židova NDH pobile ustaše, uglavnom do kolovoza 1942. Tako Vladirim Zerjavic procjenjuj [1]da je 73% Zidova ubijeno unutar NDH: Kao rezultat toga, na sastanku u Ukrajini u rujnu 1942., ustaški poglavnik Ante Pavelić rekao je Adolfu Hitleru da je “židovsko pitanje praktički riješeno u velikom dijelu Hrvatske.”[50]

Ustaše su stvorile dodatni sustav logora za prikupljanje, držanje i transport Židova u ustaške i nacističke logore smrti:

Zagrebački zbor. Prvi tranzitni logor osnovan je u lipnju 1941. na Zagrebačkom velesajmu u Savskoj ulici (sadašnji zagrebački Studentski centar).[13] Odavde su ustaše u lipnju – kolovozu 1941. poslale 2500 Židova u smrt u logore Jadovno-Pag.[14] Budući da su prolaznici mogli vidjeti što se događa, ustaše su osnovale logor Zavratnicu u udaljenom istočnom Zagrebu,[15] kako bi mnoge zagrebačke Židove otpremili u Jasenovac.

Kruščica, kod Viteza u Bosni, bila je tranzitni logor u kojem su ustaše držale 3.000 do 5.000 zatočenika, od čega 90% bosanskih Židova, nakon što su Talijani zatvorili sustav ustaških logora smrti Jadovno-Pag.[16] Većina tih zatočenika kasnije je prebačena u koncentracijske logore Đakovo, Loborgrad i Jasenovac.

Đakovo. Ustaše su osnovale koncentracijski logor Đakovo u jesen 1941. U njemu je bilo zatočeno 3.800 židovskih žena i djece, uglavnom iz Sarajeva, ali i iz Zagreba i drugdje.[17] Žene i djeca su izgladnjivani i pretučeni. Njih 800 umrlo je u logoru. U lipnju 1942. preostalih 3.000 židovskih žena i djece otpremljeno je u Jasenovac, gdje su ih ustaše poubijale s krajnjom okrutnošću.[17]

Loborgrad. U logoru je bilo zatočeno 1.700 židovskih i 300 srpskih žena i djece, od čega 300 djece.[18] Mnogi su tamo otpremljeni iz ustaškog logora Krušica, a neki izravno iz Zagreba. Do 200 ih je umrlo u logoru zbog maltretiranja i bolesti. U kolovozu 1942. ustaše su predali Nijemcima svu preživjelu židovsku djecu i žene, koji su ih odveli u Auschwitz.[19]

Tenja kod Osijeka. Ustaše su prisilile lokalnu židovsku zajednicu da financira i prisilnim radom izgradi vlastiti koncentracijski logor.[20] Onamo je u lipnju 1942. dovedeno 3.000 Židova iz Osijeka i okolice.[21] Zbog prenapučenosti i nedostatka hrane uvjeti u logoru bili su krajnje nepodnošljivi. U kolovozu 1942. svi Židovi iz logora prebačeni su u Jasenovac i Auschwitz.[21]

Vinkovci. Transitni logor na terenu kluba Cibalije kud su ustaše 1942. dopremile 1.000 Zidova iz hrvatskog i NDH-okupiranog srpskog Srijema. Tu su in držali dok su ih tjerali na prislini rad po gradu i okolini.18. kolovoza ustaše su poslale te Židove vlakom preko Zagreba u Auschwitz.[22]

Vladimir Zerjavic, the most widely cited source, estimated the total number of victims associated with Bleiburg and is aftermath, at 45 thousand to 55 thousand Croats and Moslems, 8 thousand Slovene Home Guards and 1,500-2,000 Chetniks.

Working with the Catholic Church and its priests from across Croatia and Bosnia, Ustase emigre organizations and Croatian institutes and researchers. The Commission focused on victims of Partisans, while ignoring victims of Ustashe. In its

The role of the Catholic Church and its Croatina Prelate, Archbishop Stepinac, during the Holocaust, has been controversial. Archbishop Stepinac welcomed the Nazi-installed Ustashe regime, and after the Ustashe had already destroyed the Osijek synagogue, Stepinac issued an ecyclical asking his clergy to pray for its leader, Ante Pavelic,[23] despite the Ustase’s virulently antisemitic and anti-Serb program. Two days after his encyclical, Pavelic and the Ustase instituted Nazi-style Race Laws. At first Stepinac only sought to exempt from the laws only Jews who had converted to Catholicism. When the Ustashe soon started shipping Jews to concentration camps, Stepinac initially only requested that the “non-Aryans” (i.e. Jews), be sent to concentration camps in a more “humane” manner. In November the Croatian Bishop’s Conference issued a proclamation, but again only mentioning Jews who had converted to Catholicism.

Later the Archbishop’s private protestations against the treatment of Jews became more frequent, and he even spoke out publicly to limited audiences, albeit never condemning the Ustashe by name. He sought to intervene for individual Jews, extract them from Ustashe death camps, but this frequently was not successful.. Simultaneously Stepianc continued to publicly support the same NDH state which was carrying the genocides against Jews, Serbs and Roma. He was frequently photographed next to Ustashe leaders, and celebrated Te Deum’s on the founding date of the NDH, including on April 10, 1945, even as that same NDH state was carrying out the final mass killings of Jews and others at its Jasenovac concentration camp.

The historian Ivo Goldstein The historian Jozo Tomashevich writes that the vast majority of the Croatian Catholic Church supported the ustashe regime, until the very end, and that the Vatican also played a vacilliating role, hoping to establish a “Catholic state” within the NDH. More recently Jewish, Serb and Croat anti-fascist groups have criticized the Church for promoting genocide- and Holocaust-denial in its leading Church publication, by claiming that no mass killings took place in Jasenovac, contrary to the what the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and many international historians write.



The camp was constructed, managed and supervised by Department III of the "Ustaše Supervisory Service" (Ustaška nadzorna služba, UNS), a special police force of the NDH. Among the main Jasenovac commanders were the following:

The anti-Communist, anti-Yugoslav exile, and former Jasenovac inmate, Ante Ciliga described Jasenovac as a "huge machine" with the sole purpose, that "some be killed as soon as they enter - others, over time”.[24] He identified Gradina as the main killing-ground, “our Styx - whoever crossed the river and stepped onto Gradina, there was no return among the living”.[25] He also stated that the life expectancy of inmates in the Jasenovac III C sub-camp was 2 weeks,[26] and described witnessing the mass execution of Roma who attempted to escape the sub-camp. He and other inmates noted that the occupancy of Jasenovac was kept at 3.000 to 5.000 men, and all those brought into the camp in excess of that number were continuously killed.[27] Ciliga and others described cannibalism in the camp, i.e. inmates eating their dead comrades, due to extreme starvation.[28]

Commander

Among the key camp commanders were the following:

  • Vjekoslav "Maks" Luburić. Upon returning from exile, Luburić in May-July 1941 commanded multiple massacres of hundreds of Serb civilians in LIka,[29][30] thus igniting the Serb uprising.[31] Promoted to Head of Bureau III of the Ustaše Surveillance Service, which oversaw all NDH concentration camps, he travelled to Germany in September 1941 to study SS concentration camps,[32][33] using these as a model for Jasenovac. A German memorandum described Luburić as "a neurotic, pathological personality",[34] Following the Kozara offensive in which Luburić's troops slaughtered hundreds of Serb civilians[35][36] and the Ustaše imprisoned tens-of-thousands in Jasenovac, he "adopted" 450 displaced Serb boys, dressed them in black Ustaše uniforms, dubbing them his "little janissaries" [37] (according to the Ottoman system, in which boys taken from Christian families in the Balkans were inducted into the Ottoman military). Luburić's experiment failed to turn the boys into Ustaše, most died in Jasenovac of malnutrition and diseases.[37]
  • Ljubo Miloš was appointed commander of Jasenovac in October of 1941. Croatian politician Vladko Maček, imprisoned by the Ustaše in Jasenovac, later wrote that he asked Miloš if he "feared God's punishment" for the atrocities he committed in Jasenovac. Miloš replied, "I know I will burn in hell for what I have done. But I will burn for Croatia."[38][39] Many Jasenovac inmates testified to Miloš's crimes, including pretending to be a doctor, then cutting inmates open with a knife, from throat to stomach.[40] After leading Jasenovac guards in the slaughter and pillaging of nearby Serb villages, Miloš was tried and jailed at German insistence,[41] but soon released on Luburić's intervention
  • Miroslav Filipović. Luburić brought Filipović to Jasenovac, after the Germans jailed Filipović for participating as an Ustaše chaplain in the mass slaughter of up to 2.300 Serb civilians near Banja Luka in February 1942, including killing an entire class of school children, which Filipović personally instigated by slitting the throat of a schoolgirl.[42] He rose to commander of Jasenovac-III in May of 1945, and in October of Stara Gradiška.[43] Many Jasenovac inmates testified that Filipović personally killed numerous prisoners, including children.[44] While Ljubo Miloš blamed Filipović for ordering mass killings, Filipović in turn blamed Luburić, who he said instructed him "that Serbs must be ruthlessly exterminated", portraying himself as merely an obedient Ustaše follower.[45]
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  • Ivica Matkovic
  • Ante Vrban

On 8 December 1941, all remaining Belgrade Jews were ordered to report to the offices of the Judenreferat (Gestapo Jewish Police) in George Washington Street.[46] After handing over the keys to their homes, the Germans took them via the pontoon bridge over the Sava to the newly established Judenlager Semlin. 7,000 Jewish women and children were thus interred in the bombed-out camp fairgrounds over a brutal winter, when many started to die.

The first victims of the German gas van were the staff and patients at the two Jewish hospitals in Belgrade.[46] Over two days in March 1942, over 800 people, mostly patients, were loaded into the gas van, in groups of between 80 and 100. They died of carbon-monoxide poisoning as the van drove to the killing grounds in Jajinci.[46] After the Jewish hospitals were emptied, the destruction of the Jewish women and children at Semlin began.  As the historian Christopher Browning explains:

'Once loaded, the [gas van] drove to the Sava bridge just several hundred meters from the camp's entrance, where Andorfer [the camp commander] waited in the car so as not to have to witness the loading […] On the far side of the bridge, the gas van stopped and one of the drivers climbed out and worked underneath it, connecting the exhaust to the sealed compartment. The baggage truck turned off the road while the gas van and the commandant's car drove through the middle of Belgrade to reach a shooting range...ten kilometres south of the city.'.[46]

Between 19 March and 10 May, the drivers, Götz and Meyer, accompanied by the camp commander Herbert Andorfer, made between 65 and 70 trips between Semlin and Jajinci, killing 6,300 Jewish inmates.[46] Of the almost 7000 Jews interned at Semlin, fewer than 50 women survived.

By the end of Summer 1941, the Gestapo and local Volksdeutsche had already rounded up all the Jews in the Banat and transferred them to the Topovske Šupe and Sajmiste concentration camps.[47] The Germans carried out the first arrest of hostages in Belgrade in April 1941. From August to November 1941 Germans rounded up adult Jewish males from the rest of Serbia, and interred them at Topovske Šupe.[47] These formed the main reservoir of Jewish hostages to be shot as part of the German retaliation policy of executing Serbian civilians. Many were executed at Topovske Šupe, while some Jews were also killed as part of mass German executions elsewhere, like the Kragujevac and Kraljevo massacres.[48] Thus, by the November of 1941 “there were almost no living male Jews who could be used as hostages.”[49]

0G Already in the initial days of the occupation, members of the German Einsatzgruppe Jugoslawien started breaking into and looting Jewish businesses.[50] Later these businesses were confiscated, per German anti-Semitic regulations, and often turned over to the control of local Volksdeutsche.[50] All other Jewish real estate and personal property, plus religious properties, were also confiscated. A special form of theft was “the contribution”, amounting to 12 million dinars, which Belgrade Jews were forced to pay, for the “damages to Germans of the April War, which the Jews caused”.[50] In addition, the Germans forced Belgrade Jews to pay 1,400,000 dinars into a “Fund for the suppression of Jewish-Communist actions”.[50] Germans and Volksdeutsche demeaned, mistreated and beat Jews on the streets, while in Belgrade Volksdeutsche and Ljotić-ites captured older Jews, bestially mistreating them.[51] Germans, with the help of Volksdeutsche and Ljotić-ites destroyed and desecrated Jewish temples.[52] The Germans conscripted all Jewish men between ages 14 and 60, and all Jewish women between 16 and 40, to perform forced labor for 17 and 18 hours a day, without rest. [53] They were required to do the most difficult work, including the removal with their bare hands of the debris and bodies left from the extensive German bombardment of Belgrade.[54] Those who could not keep up, were shot by the German guards.

To assist in the fight against the growing Partisan-led resistance in Serbia, the German military set up an entirely subservient, collaborationist administration, with limited power.[55].While the Germans fully directed the Holocaust in Serbia, and carried out the mass-killing of Jews.[56][48] collaborationist forces assisted in a number of ways. At German command the quisling Special Police registered Jews, and enforced Nazi regulations, like wearing of yellow stars.[57] Later the German military performed mass round-ups of Jews to take them to concentration camps.[58][46] , but relied on quisling forces to find and capture Jews who managed to elude the round-ups. Thus from 1942 to 1944 collaborationist forces captured and turned over at least 455 Jews to the Germans[59]. Some Jews who hid in the countryside were killed and robbed by Chetniks.[60] The Germans and collaborationists jointly ran the Banjica concentration camp, where among the at 23,697 recorded inmates, 688 were Jews..[61] The Gestapo killed 382 of these Jews in Banjica, taking the rest to other concentration camps.[61] Collaborationists, particularly members of the fascist Zbor, carried out antisemitic propaganda,[62] [63] while Chetnik propaganda claimed that the Partisan resistance consisted of Jews.[64] Following the Nazi extermination of most Serbian Jews, a Nedic collaborationist document noted that “owing to the occupier, we have freed ourselves of Jews, and it is now up to us to rid ourselves of other immoral elements standing in the way of Serbia’s spiritual and national unity”[65]

The Germans placed the Banat region under the control of local, German-minority collaborationists.[48] These performed the first mass round-ups of Serbian Jews, sending local Jews to German concentration camps near Belgrade, where they were among the first to be killed by German forces.[48]

Throughout the war, 23,697 individuals were detained in Banjica, including 688 Jews.[61][66] At least 3,849 inmates—including a minimum of 382 Jews—died at the camp.[66][67][68]

Fleeing the Partisans, in March 1945 Pavle Djurisic’s Chetniks signed an agreement with the Ustase-supported Montenegrin separatist, Sekula Drljevic, to form a Montenegrin National Army, in order to provide safe conduct to the Chetniks across the NDH. The ustashe agreed to this, but when the Chetniks failed to follow the agreed-upon withdrawal route, the Ustashe attacked the Chetniks at Lijevče Field, afterward killing the captured commanders, while attaching the remaining Chetniks to their troops.

Ustase leader, Ante Pavelić ordered the NDH military to give Momcilo Đujić and his Chetniks "orderly and unimpeded passage",[69] with which Djujic and his forces fled across the NDH to Slovenia to Italy. By his own admission, in April of 1945, Ante Pavelić received “two generals from the headquarters of Draža Mihailović and reached an agreement with them on a joint fight against Tito's communists". In early May of 1945 Chetnik forces withdrew through Ustase-held Zagreb; many of these were later killed, along with captured Ustashe, by the Partisans as part of the Bleiburg reptatriations.

Here is a source

Other Ustaše concentration camps

The system of Ustase camps used to hold and transport Jews to Ustase and Nazi death camps, included the following]

Zagreb transit camps. The first transit camp was created in on the site of the old Zagreb Fairgrounds on Savska street (current site of the Zagreb Student Center), From here 2,500 Jews were sent to their deaths in the Jadovno-Pag Island system of concentration camps in July of 1941. Since nearby residents could see what was going on in this camp, the Ustase then established the Zavratnica camp in a more remote part of eastern Zagreb, from which many Zagreb Jews were shipped to the Jasenovac-Stara Gradiska death camps

Krušica, near Travnik in Bosnia was a transit camp in which the Ustashe held 3,000 to 5,000 prisoners, 90% of them Bosnian Jews, after the Italians closed down the Jadovno-Pag Island system of Ustaše death camps. Most of these prisoners were later transferred to Djakovo, Loborgrad and Jasenovac concentration camps.

Djakovo. The Ustaše established the Djakovo concentration camp in Fall of 1941. It held 3,800 Jewish women and children, mainly from Sarajevo, but also from Zagreb and other ISC cities. The women and children were starved and beaten, and as a result 800 of them died in the camp. In June 1942, the 3,000 remaining Jewish women and children were shipped to Jasenovac, where the Ustashe killed all of them with extreme cruelty.

Loborgrad. This concentration camp, 50km north of Zagreb, held 1,700 Jewish and 300 Serb women and children, of which 300 were children being below age 16. Many were shipped there from the Ustashe camp in Krusica, plus additional prisoners were shipped directly from Zagreb. Up to 200 died in the camp because of mistreatment and disease. In August 1942 all surviving Jewish children and women were transported to Auschwitz concentration camp

Tenja. The Ustase constructed the Tenja concentration camp south of Osijek, at the expense of the local Jewish religious community, and with forced Jewish labor.[70] Some 3,000 Jews from Osijek and surrounding areas were brought there in June 1942.[70] Due to overcrowding and lack of food, the conditions in the camp were extremely unbearable. In August 1942 all the Jews from the camp were transferred to Jasenovac and Auschwitz.[70]

Tenja.

Tenja.

Some 5,000 ISC Jews managed to escape the Ustase-Nazi portion of the ISC,[71] to Italian-held ISC territory, from where the Italians had expelled the Ustase, after the Ustase mass-murder of 24,000, mostly Serbs, but also 2,500 Jews[72]in the Jadovno-Pag Island system of concentration camps, in July-August of 1941, because this Ustase slaughter fueled Partisan resistance. All these Jews were held in Italian internment camps, most, 3,500, on Rab Island.[73] Following Italian capitulation, the area was taken over by the Nazis and Ustase, and some of these Jews were captured and killed, thus not all the 5,000 survived the war (plus the 5,000 figure included some Jews from Serbia who escaped to Italian territory, thus the survivors included Jews from outside the ISC).[74]

The largest number managed to survive by joining the Partisan. Of the 3500 Jews at the largest Italian camp on Rab, 3,151 joined the partisans, 1,339 as combatants, 1,812 as noncombatants, of whom 2,874 survived the war, the rest being killed in Ustase and Nazi attacks.[75]  Altogether in Croatia and Bosnia 3,143 ISC Jews joined the Partisans, of whom 804 were killed, and 2.339 managed to survive.[76] An additional 2,000 Jewish non-combatants managed to survive by escaping to Partisan territory, for a total of 4,339 Jews saved by the Partisans, or nearly half the 9.000 Jewish survivors in the ISC. Proportionately this represented "the largest Jewish participation in resistance movements in ...Europe, and also the proportionately the largest number of Jews saved by ant-Fascist resistance"[76]

RfC on how  to improve the RfC process

Mass Terror and the First Concentration Camps

Actions against Jews began immediately after the Independent State of Croatia was founded. On 10–11 April 1941, Ustaše arrested a group of prominent Zagreb Jews and held them for ransom. On 13 April the same was done in Osijek, where Ustaše and Volksdeutscher mobs also destroyed the synagogue and Jewish graveyard.[77] This process was repeated multiple times in 1941 with groups of Jews. Simultaneously the Ustaše initiated extensive antisemitic propaganda, with ustashe papers writing that Croatians must "be more alert than any other ethnic group to protect their racial purity, ... We need to keep our blood clean of the Jews". They also wrote that Jews are synonymous with "treachery, cheating, greed, immorality and foreigness", and therefore "wide swaths of the Croatian people always despised the Jews and felt towards them natural revulsion".[78]

The first mass killing of Serbs was carried out on April 30, when the Ustashe rounded up and killed 196 Serbs at Gudovac. Many other mass killings soon followed. Here is how the Croatian Catholic Bishop of Mostar, Alojzije Misic, described the mass killings of Serbs just in one small area of Herzegovina, just during the first 6 months of the war:

People were captured like beast. Slaughtered, killed, thrown live into abyss. Women, mothers with children, young women, girls and boys were thrown into pits. The mayor of Mostar, Mr. Baljić, a Mohammedan, publicly states, although as an official he should be silent not talk, that in Ljubinje alone 700 schismatics [i.e. Serb Orthodox Christians] have been thrown into one pit. Six full wagons of women, mothers and girls, children under age 10, were taken from Mostar and Čapljina to the Šurmanci station, where they were unloaded an taken into the hills, where live mothers with their children were tossed into the canyons. Everyone was tossed and killed. In the Klepci parish, from the surrounding villages, 3,700 schismatics were killed. Poor souls, they were calm. I will not enumerate further. I would go too far. In the city of Mostar, hundreds were tied up, taken outside the city and who killed the animals.

On April 15, only 5 days after the creation of the NDH, the Ustashe established the first concentration camp, Danica[79]. In May 1941, the Ustaše rounded up 165 Jewish youth in Zagreb, ages 17-25, most of them members of the Jewish sports club Makabi, and sent them to the Danica concentration camp (all but 3 were later killed by the Ustaše).[80]. The Croatian historian, Zdravko Dizdar, estimates that some 5,600 inmates passed through the Danica camp, mostly Serbs, but also Jews and Croat Communists. Of the 3,358 Danica inmates that Dizdar was able to trace by name, he determined that 2,862, i.e. 85%, were later killed by the Ustashe at the Jadovno and Jasenovac concentration camps, again mostly Serbs, but also hundreds of Jews and some Croats

In June of 1941, the Ustashe established a new system of concentration camps, stretching from Gospic to the Velebit mountains, to the island of Pag. Ustashe sources state that they sent 28,700 people, mostly Serbs, but also a few thousand Jews, to these camps in the summer of 1941. Of these, ustashe records show only 4,000 returned, after the Ustashe were forced by the Italians to close down the camps and withdraw from the area, because of the strong resistance their mass killings had sparked. Thus the likely death toll for these camps is around 24,000, although some sources put it as high as 40,000. After residents reported the poisoning of drinking water sources due to large numbers of corpses rotting across Velebit, the Italians sent medical officers to investigate. They found multiple death pits and mass graves, in which they estimated some 12,000 victims were killed. On the island of Pag they dug up one mass grave, with nearly 800 corpses, of whom half were women and children, the youngest being 5 months old. Most victims of these camps were Serbs, but among them were also 2.000 - 3.000 Jews. Thus the Ustashe initiated the mass killing of Jews at approximately the same time as Nazi Einzatzgruppen in Eastern Europe, and months before the Nazis started the mass killings of German Jews.



Dr. Dizdar je zaključio da su stradala 2 862 logoraša “Danice” od logoraša za koje je do sada uspio prikupiti podatke.

Pročitajte više na: https://blog.vecernji.hr/zvonimir-despot/kako-je-osnovan-prvi-ustaski-logor-u-ndh-991 - blog.vecernji.hr

Koprivnica), Kruščica concentration camp near Travnik[81] and Kerestinec, where along with communists and other political opponents, the Ustaše imprisoned Jews.

In May 1941, the Ustaše rounded up 165 Jewish youth in Zagreb, ages 17–25, most of them members of the Jewish sports club Makabi, and sent them to the Danica concentration camp (all but 3 were killed by the Ustaše).[80]

In May and June the Ustaše established new camps, primarily for Jews who came to Croatia as refugees from Germany and countries which Germany had previously occupied, and some of these were quickly killed. Also arrested and sent to the Ustaše camps were larger groups of Jews from Zagreb (June 22), Bihac (June 24), Karlovac (June 27), Sarajevo, Varaždin, Bjelovar, etc.[citation needed]

On 8 July 1941 the Ustaše ordered that all arrested Jews be sent to Gospić, from where they took the victims to death camps Jadovno on Velebit, and Slano on the island of Pag,[82] where they carried out mass executions. The historian Paul Mojzes lists 1,998 Jews, 38,010 Serbs, and 88 Croats killed at Jadovno and related execution grounds,[83] among them 1,000 children.

Other sources generally offer a range of 10,000–68,000 deaths at the Jadovno system of camps, with estimates of the number of Jewish deaths ranging from several hundred[83] to 2,500–2,800.[84]

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