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This is a test cite book Bonney, Orrin (1992). The Grande Controversy. New York: The AAC Press. ISBN 0-93040410-45-9. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

cite journal Langford, Nathenial (June 1873). "The Ascent of Mount Hayden". Scribner & Co., 1873. 6: 129–157.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

In April 1859, an expedition of U. S. Corp of Topographical Engineers led by Captain James H. Simpson left Camp Floyd to establish an army supply route across the Great Basin to the eastern slope of the Sierras. Upon return in early August, Simpson reported that he had surveyed two direct and parallel wagon routes. His Northern route from Camp Floyd to Genoa was 283 mile shorter and his Southern route was 312 miles shorter than the old route,(Camp Floyd, Salt Lake City, City of Rocks, Humbolt to Genoa). Also, Simpson claimed the distance from the Missouri River to San Francisco would be shortened 41 miles by his shortest route (South Pass, Salt Lake City, and across the Great Basin) from a second route (Lander's Cuttoff and the Carson River route) and 55 miles from a third (Lander's Cuttoff and the Honey Lake road).

Activity on the new routes began immediately. The telegraph from Placerville and Saint Joseph Telegraph Company began expansion towards Salt Lake City, a large cattle herd purchased from the government was driven to California, and the Chaorpennning mail route, or Egan Road, which crossed the desert to the Humbolt was shortened 124 miles by using the direct route. The new route was advocated by not only Green River and Mormon traders but also by government officials. After investigating numerous Indian massacres on the California road near Fort Hall, Federal Judge D.H. Eckles notified the Secretary of the Interior of the danger for emigrant travel despite army patrols from the Bear to the Humbolt rivers. Although introduced late in the season for the large emigrant migration of 1859, hundreds saw an advantage of the new route with Simpson supplying an itinerary, advising them to carry extra water kegs and cattle grain feed for the long desert crossings.

In April 1860, the Pony Express began operations to carry mail to and from St. Joseph, MO, to Sacramento, CA. The route generally followed the the Oregon & California Trail to Fort Bridger, the Mormon Trail to Salt Lake City, the Central Overland route to the Sierras and then to Sacramento. The discovery of minerals on the Eastern slope of the Sierras led to an infusion of whites to the area depriving the Indians of valuable resources. Indian attacks stymied transportation on both the main trail and central route causing the express to stop service between Salt Lake City and Carson City during June and July until the army was able to provide escort service and peace negotiations ended the Pyramid Lake War allowing the express and transportation on both routes to continue.

Shortly before the Civil War in 1861, the Congress ordered the overland mail route changed from the southern Butterfield Overland Mail route, or Oxbow route, to a central route, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, across the basin to San Francisco. The army in the West was decimated with the majority of the army transferred East and officers with Southern ties resigning their commissions and Camp Floyd was abandoned in July. The First Transcontinental Telegraph was completed in October and the Pony Express ended after eighteen months.

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1859 Wagon Routes in Utah Territory: ftp://nas.library.unr.edu/Keck/histtopoNV/Historic_Maps/map_of_wagon_routes1859.djvu

http://www.historicoregoncity.org/HOC/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=107:oregon-trail-chronology&catid=70:oregon-trail-history-libary&Itemid=98

http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ne/topic/resources/OLLibrary/mrfk/index.htm

http://www.archive.org/details/additionalestim00integoog

http://www.archive.org/details/fairfieldspionee01fair

Ref: Thompson, Jacob (1860), Message of the President of the United States: communicating, in compliance with a resolution of the Senate, information in relation to the massacre at Mountain Meadows, and other massacres in Utah Territory, 36th Congress, 1st Session, Exec. Doc. No. 42, Washington, D.C. (eckles): U.S. Dept. of the Interior.

Ref: Simpson, Capt. J.H. (1876), Report of Explorations across the Great Basin of the Territory of Utah, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Goverment Printing Office.

Ref: Acting Secretary of the interior (1861), Maps and reports of the Fort Kearney, South Pass, and Honey Lake wagon road, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior.

Ref: Lander, Fredrick West (1861), Additional Estimate for Fort Kearney, South Pass, and Honey Lake Wagon Road, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior.

What Simpson said: (page 26,note g) It will be noticed that in my project of explorations to the War Department, of January 6,1859, I stated that I hoped to shorten the old route from Camp Floyd, 260 miles. The actual shortening has been 283 miles.

(page 26,note h) I would also state that the distance from the Missouri River, via South Pass, Great Salt Lake City, and my shortest route across the basin, is 41 miles shorter than that by Landers's "Cut-off" and the Carson River route, to San Francisco, and 55 miles shorter than by his "cut-off" and the Honey Lake road.

Travel Distances

There seems to be some confusion concerning the distances between South Pass, Raft River and Cathedral Rocks. Maybe the following will help.

See: Stewart, George R. (1962). The California Trail. Bison Books. pp. 127 to 141. ISBN 0-8032-9143-4. Retrieved 01/31/2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

A- Old Oregon Trail South Pass to Raft River

(1) South Pass to the Little Sandy = 20 miles. (2) Little Sandy to Fort Bridger = 110 miles. (3) Fort Bridger to Smith's Fork = 85 miles. (4) Smiths Fork to Soda Springs = 70 miles. (5) Soda Springs to Fort Hall = 55 miles. (6) Fort Hall to Raft River = 40 miles.

Total: = 380 miles.

B- Old California Trail South Pass to Cathedral Rocks

(1) South Pass to Raft River 380 miles. (2) Raft River to Cassia Creek = 40 miles. (3) Cassia Creek to Cathedral Rocks = 25 miles.

Total: = 445.

C- 1844 Sublette-Greenwood Cutoff

(1) South Pass to Little Sandy = 20 Miles. (2) Little Sandy to Smith's Fork = 110 miles. (3) Smith's Fork to Raft River = 165 miles.

Total: South Pass to Raft River = 295 miles.

(4) South Pass to Raft River = 295 miles. (5) Raft River to Cathedral Rocks = 65 miles.

Total: South Pass to Cathedral Rocks = 360 miles.

D- Hudspeth's Cutoff

(1) South Pass to Soda Springs via Fort Bridger = 285 miles. (2) South Pass to Soda Springs via Sublette's Cutoff = 200 miles. (3) Soda Springs to Cassia Creek = 130 Miles. (4) Cassia Creek to Cathedral Rocks = 25 miles.

Total: South pass to Cathedral Rocks via Fort Bridger = 440 miles.

Total: South Pass to Cathedral Rocks via Sublette's Cutoff = 355 miles.

E- Hastings's and Hensley's Cutoffs.

(1) South Pass to Fort Bridger = 130 miles. (2) Hastings's Cutoff to Salt Lake City = 120 miles. (3) Hensley's Cutoff to Cathedral Rocks = 190 miles. (4) Cathedral Rocks to Raft River = 65 miles.

Total: South Pass to Cathedral Rocks = 440 miles.

Total: South Pass to Raft River = 505 miles

F- Lander's Cutoff

(1) South Pass to Fort Hall = 265 miles. [2] (2) Fort Hall to Raft River = 40 miles. (3) Fort Hall to Cathedral Rocks = 65 miles.

Total: South Pass to Raft River = 305 miles.

Total: South pass to Cathedral Rocks = 370 miles.

See: Marcy, Capt. Randolph (1859). The Prairie Travler. New York: Harper & Brothers. Retrieved 02/07/2010. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

List of Itineraries (p.254)

(1) IV. From Leavenworth City to Great Salt Lake City (p.206)

(2) V. From Salt Lake City to Sacramento and Benicia, California.. (p.273)

(3) VII. From Fort Bridger to the "City of Rocks." From Captain

Handcock's Journal. (p.279)

(4) VIII. From Soda Springs to the City of Rocks, known as Hudspeth's

Cut-off (p.282)

(5) IX. Sublet's Cut-off, from the junction of the Salt Lake and Fort

Hall Roads (p.282)

(6) XXII A new route from Fort Bridger to Camp Floyd, opened by

Captain J. II. Simpson, U. S. A., in 1868 (p.317)

1859

In May of 1859, Major James H. Carleton, of the U.S. Army, and calvary arrived at Mountain Meadows with orders to bury the bones of the late massacre. After searching the area, the remains of 34 victims were identified and buried on the North side of the "ditch". (The ditch was a defensive trench made by the Americans to protect themselves from the attacking riflemen.) Around and above this grave a rude monument was built of loose granite stones. It was conical in form, fifty feet in circumference at the base, twelve feet in height and supported a cross hewn from red cedar wood. From the ground to the top of the cross was twenty-four feet. On the transverse part of the cross, facing towards the north, was an inscription carved in the wood.

Vengeance is mine, I will repay saith the Lord

On a crude slab of granite set in the earth and leaning against the northern base of the monument were cut the following words:

Here 120 men, women, and children were massacred in cold blood early in September, 1857. They were from Arkansas

Waiting to rendevous with Carleton at Mountain Meadows, assistant surgeon C. Brewer was placed in charge of a burial detail by Captian R. Campbell of Camp Floyd. Brewer gathered the remains of 39 victims, burying the remains in three mass graves. Each gravesite was marked by a mound of stones.

Geo Price, Capt. 2d Ca. Cav.

(http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/vedette&CISOPTR=4778&CISOSHOW=4798)

Leading a company of Calvary, Capt. Geo Price found the memorial and grave that had been constructed in 1859 to honor the victims of the Mountain Meadows Massacre of 1857 desecrated. The monument was torn down, the cross taken away and the stones forming the monument scattered on the valley floor as well as those stones that protected the victim's remains from the elements.

Capt. Price and the Calvary immediately proceeded to repair the grave and rebuild the the monument. The new monumant was built next to the grave site. The structure erected was of stone measuring twelve feet square at the base and four feet high, compactly filled in with loose stone and earth. From the the square rose a pyramidal column seven feet high. The the center of column supported a cedar pole with a horizontal member attached representing the Christian Cross and making the height of the monument fourteen feet. On the side of the cross facing East were inscribed the words

Vengeance is mine, I will repay saith the LordMountain Meadows Massacre, September 1857

On the opposite side were the words

Erected by the officers and men of Company M, 2d California Calvary May 24 and 25th, 1863.

The grave was repaired by filling it with earth, rounding it on the surface and covering it with a layer of protective stones.

References

http://udn.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/slt2&CISOPTR=3587&CISOSHOW=3611

cite book

cite book MacKinnon, William (2008). At Swords Point. Norman, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Press. pp. 235–236. ISBN 978-0-87062-353-0.

id="CITEREFMacKinnon">MacKinnon, William (2008), At Swords Point, Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 978-0-87062-353-0.

id="CITEREFBagley2008">Bagley, Will (2008), Innocent Blood, Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 978-0-87062-362-2.

1. Forney, J[acob]. (May 5, 1859), "Visit of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs to Southern Utah", Deseret News 9 (10): 1, May 11, 1859.

{{cite book}}: Empty citation (help)

rel

According to a report produced by the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life the self-identified religious affiliations of Idahoans over the age of 18 as of 2008 are:

• Mormon 23%
• Evangelical Protestant 22%
• Catholic 18%
• Unaffiliated 18%
• Mainline Protestant 16%
• Other Faiths 2%
• Jehovah's Witness 1%
• Eastern Orthodox <0.5%
• Other Christian <0.5%
• Jewish <0.5%
• Muslim <0.5%
• Buddhist <0.5%
• Hindu <0.5%
• Other World <0.5%
• Don't know/Refused <0.5%