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SECOND DRAFT

Stinging trichromes

Stinging trichomes vary in their morphology and distribution between species, however similar effects on large herbivores implies they serve similar functions. In areas susceptible to herbivory, higher densities of stinging trichomes were observed. In Urtica, the stinging trichomes induce a painful sensation lasting for hours upon human contact. This sensation has been attributed as a defense mechanism against large animals and small invertebrates, and plays a role in defense supplementation via secretion of metabolites. Studies suggest that this sensation involves a rapid release of toxin upon contact and penetration via the globular tips of said trichomes.

ARTICLE DRAFT

Trichomes

Stinging trichomes vary their morphology and distribution between species, however similar effects on large herbivores implies they serve similar functions. For example, toxins present in these trichomes confer a painful/stinging sensation (hence the name) upon human contact (Fu et al. 2003). A study focusing on the major stinging species in Taiwan found calcium carbonate and oxalate despositions in the stinging cells. of said species.

Dalin, P., Ågren, J., Björkman, C., Huttunen, P., & Kärkkäinen, K. (2008). Leaf trichome formation and plant resistance to herbivory. In Induced plant resistance to herbivory (pp. 89-105). Springer Netherlands.

Fu, Han-Yi, Shiang-Jiuun Chen, and Ling-Long Kuo-Huang. "Comparative study on the stinging trichomes and some related epidermal structures in the leaves of Dendrocnide meyeniana, Girardinia diversifolia, and Urtica thunbergiana." Taiwania 48.4 (2003): 213-223.

Levin, D. A. (1973). The role of trichomes in plant defense. The quarterly review of biology, 48(1, Part 1), 3-15.

Lookadoo, S. E., & Pollard, A. J. (1991). Chemical contents of stinging trichomes ofCnidoscolus texanus. Journal of chemical ecology, 17(9), 1909-1916.

IDEAS DRAFT

Talk:

Discussion on marijuana (obviously a very popular topic) should be avoided as it holds weak relevance to trichomes in general (However, may commerical use of marijuana trichomes may be described as long as it pertains to field use?)

"Trichomes are generally grouped into glandular, non-glandular, and stinging trichomes"

- Consider contributing information on these classifications in the article?

- Further expansion: "...the stinging trichomes are also known to occur in the families of Euphorbiaceae, Loasaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, and Urticaceae (Thurston and Lersten, 1969)"

- Perhaps contribute information on functional morphology of the different types of trichomes

Stinging trichome morphology appears to be popular, details on glandular hairs is elaborated on in absence of stinging

Where to put it? (Under plant trichromes? Defense section?)

Defense

"Studies...deterring herbivores (Brookes et al. 2016)"

- Citation is slightly incorrect (multiple publications?):

Karley, A. J., Mitchell, C., Brookes, C., McNicol, J., O'neill, T., Roberts, H., ... & Johnson, S. N. (2015). Exploiting physical defence traits for crop protection: leaf trichomes of Rubus idaeus have deterrent effects on spider mites but not aphids. Annals of applied biology.

- Slightly confusing/misleading, is deterring herbivores not a method of crop protection?

Uses

Commercial use of trichomes in "Modern medicine?"

EXAMPLES:

Defense:

Glandular trichomes are capable of exerting volatile compounds such as alkaloids and phenolics involved in the signaling of typical plant-to-plant defense responses in the presence of herbivory (1).

Stinging trichomes (new section for the sake of separating defense against insects and large herbivores):

For example, stinging trichomes containing toxins delivering pain and/or stingign sensations upon human contact (3)

CITATIONS:

(1)Levin, D. A. (1973). The role of trichomes in plant defense. The quarterly review of biology, 48(1, Part 1), 3-15.

(2)Dalin, P., Ågren, J., Björkman, C., Huttunen, P., & Kärkkäinen, K. (2008). Leaf trichome formation and plant resistance to herbivory. In Induced plant resistance to herbivory (pp. 89-105). Springer Netherlands.

(3)Fu, Han-Yi, Shiang-Jiuun Chen, and Ling-Long Kuo-Huang. "Comparative study on the stinging trichomes and some related epidermal structures in the leaves of Dendrocnide meyeniana, Girardinia diversifolia, and Urtica thunbergiana." Taiwania 48.4 (2003): 213-223.

(4)Lookadoo, S. E., & Pollard, A. J. (1991). Chemical contents of stinging trichomes ofCnidoscolus texanus. Journal of chemical ecology, 17(9), 1909-1916.

(Previous) Ideas Draft:

Cryptochrome & SA

Cryptochrome:

Add critical examples of foundaional research findings surrounding everyones favorite: Arapidopsis.

Role in phototropism, possibly add notes on actual mechanism from literature reviews

Interaction with the blue-light response, discussions on crosstalk (if any)

SA:

Expand/combine with separate article SA (Plant hormone)

"SA also induces specific changes in leaf anatomy and chloroplast structure" seems vague

Explore mechanism based on literature review, (Self note) check archive of citations from ENGL299 (Paper on Blue Light Response)

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