User:Vchernandez2022/Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Women[edit]
Studies in China have shown that females have high risk factors of physiological impact including stress, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress that intensify due to the pandemic[1].
Mothers, who are most commonly in charge of caregiving and childcare reported feeling agitated, scared, depressed, and anxious due to the lack of resources during the Covid-19 pandemic[1].
Many women lost their jobs or quit their jobs to avoid infecting family members. Through becoming unemployed, women faced an increase in caregiving roles at home. Women also dealt with grief of losing loved ones to the pandemic which took a toll on their mental health[2].
A 2020 Kaiser Family Foundation survey found that 57% of women reported mental health issues due to the stress the pandemic caused them[2].
Studies show that women are highly susceptible to physical violence and suffer from economic inequality during the pandemic[3].
Single women have less support and more roles to take on so the pandemic promoted more stress and less time to work on their mental health[3].
Pregnant Women[edit]
At the time of pregnancy, women who undergo mental distress negatively impact themselves and their child, therefore the Covid-19 pandemic plays a role in affecting women and their child through increased feelings of anxiety and depression[4].
Covid-19 increases fear and worries of vulnerability due to the unclear understanding of how Covid-19 impacts pregnancy. A 2020 study in China of 4,124 pregnant women found that after they learned that Covid-19 could be spread from human to human their scores on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were much higher. They showed increased anxiety levels, depression levels, and suicidal thoughts[1].
A 2020 study in Canada of 1,987 pregnant women showed results that 37% of the women showed depression symptoms, 46.3% showed high anxiety levels, and 67.6% showed an increase in pregnancy-correlated anxiety[1].
Pregnant woman that tested positive for Covid-19 faced complications including preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, fetal distress, stillbirth, and placental infections[1].
More than one third of Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores in pregnant women were above normal during the pandemic in a study conducted by Durankus[4].
The possible threats that Covid-19 put on the mother and child's life and how it could possibly impact proper prenatal care correlated to higher levels of stress, depression and anxiety[5]. Anxiety in pregnant women increased as they thought about the possibility of being infected, changing birth plans, running out of food or essentials, and the uncertainty of how Covid would impact their labor process[5].
Latina Immigrant Women[edit]
A 2018-2020 study found that Latina immigrants declared facing discrimination and stigma from others who believed that they had the Covid-19 disease. This kind of treatment impacted or even worsened their mental health[6]. Latina immigrants were given an increase in caregiving roles with little support from others during the pandemic which played a role in their poor mental health and wellbeing[6].
Studies have shown higher levels of depression and anxiety in Latina immigrants compared to before the pandemic. Latina immigrants already dealt with economic stress before the pandemic but Covid-19 escalated their stress through isolation, fear, lack of support, services and resources.[6].
Spanish Women[edit]
A 2020 study of Barcelona women compared their anxiety and depression levels during the initial days of lockdown and then 5 weeks after lockdown during the Covid-19 pandemic. Results showed that their anxiety levels went from 8.5% to 17.6% and their depression levels went from 7.7% to 22.5%[7].
Their results showed a correlation of higher risks of anxiety and depression with women who have unstable personalities and women who can't easily control negative emotions. The pandemic increased stress which impacted those vulnerable to handling stressful situations[7].
Women who dealt with economic issues, and unemployment during the pandemic showed poor mental health but women with the neuroticism trait were most vulnerable to mental health issues during pandemic[7].
Turkish Women[edit]
A survey conducted in Turkey in 2020 concluded that younger women and women who are in school showed higher mental burnout. The shift from in-person learning to online learning negatively affected women's mental health[3].
Women had to balance school, work, and caregiving during the pandemic which caused them to burnout and have an increase in stress. They also worried about testing positing and possibly spreading the disease since they were working and coming home during the pandemic[3].
Staying at home while being restricted from socializing created a negative impact on women's mental wellbeing; they become exhausted, lonely, stressed, and worried[3].
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1
- ^ a b c d e Almeida, Marcela; Shrestha, Angela D.; Stojanac, Danijela; Miller, Laura J. (2020-12-01). "The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women's mental health". Archives of Women's Mental Health. 23 (6): 741–748. doi:10.1007/s00737-020-01092-2. ISSN 1435-1102. PMC 7707813. PMID 33263142.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b Foxwell, Anessa M.; Kennedy, Erin E.; Naylor, Mary (2021-07-01). "Investment in Women's Mental Health During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic". Journal of Women's Health. 30 (7): 918–919. doi:10.1089/jwh.2021.0224. ISSN 1540-9996. PMC 8290297. PMID 34077682.
- ^ a b c d e Tekkas Kerman, Kader; Albayrak, Selvinaz; Arkan, Gulcihan; Ozabrahamyan, Serena; Beser, Ayse (August 2022). "The effect of the COVID‐19 social distancing measures on Turkish women's mental well‐being and burnout levels: A cross‐sectional study". International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 31 (4): 985–1001. doi:10.1111/inm.13009. ISSN 1445-8330. PMC 9111787. PMID 35466490 – via EBSCOhost.
- ^ a b Turan, Gokce; Taner, Mehmet Zeki; Eser, Ayla; Tufan, Ayse Duygu; Terece, Cem; Uckan, Hasan Huseyin; Nas, Tuncay (March 2022). "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Anxiety and Depression Levels in Pregnant Women: COVID-19 Pandemisinin Gebelerdeki Anksiyete ve Depresyon Düzeylerine Etkisi". Dicle Medical Journal / Dicle Tip Dergisi. 49 (1): 53–65. doi:10.5798/dicletip.1086193 – via EBSCOhost.
- ^ a b Eleftheriades, Makarios; Vousoura, Eleni; Eleftheriades, Anna; Pervanidou, Panagiota; Zervas, Iannis M.; Chrousos, George; Vlahos, Nikolaos F.; Sotiriadis, Alexandros (May 2022). "Physical Health, Media Use, Stress, and Mental Health in Pregnant Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic". Diagnostics (2075-4418). 12 (5): N.PAG–N.PAG. doi:10.3390/diagnostics12051125 – via EBSCOhost.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Ornelas, India J.; Tornberg-Belanger, Stephanie; Balkus, Jennifer E.; Bravo, Perla; Perez Solorio, S. Adriana; Perez, Georgina E.; Tran, Anh N. (December 2021). "Coping With COVID-19: The Impact of the Pandemic on Latina Immigrant Women's Mental Health and Well-being". Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education. 48 (6): 733–738. doi:10.1177/10901981211050638. ISSN 1090-1981. PMC 9241170. PMID 34672827 – via EBSCOhost.
- ^ a b c Muro, Anna; Feliu-Soler, Albert; Castellà, Judit (2021-08-09). "Psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdowns among adult women: the predictive role of individual differences and lockdown duration". Women & Health. 61 (7): 668–679. doi:10.1080/03630242.2021.1954133. ISSN 0363-0242. PMID 34284689.