User:WikiTikiTavi63/Mater Matuta
| Mater Matuta | |
|---|---|
deity of the dawn, ripening grain, associated with sea harbors/ports and female maturation also protector in childbirth. | |
| Major cult centre | Satricum |
| Day | June 11, Matralia festival |
| Gender | Female |
| Region | Latium |
| Temples | Temple on the North side of the Forum Boarium, also Campania |
| Equivalents | |
| Greek equivalent | Eos |
| Roman equivalent | Aurora |
Mater Matuta was an indigenous Latin goddess, whom the Romans eventually made equivalent to the dawn goddess Aurora, and the Greek goddess Eos.[1] She was the goddess of female maturation and later also of the dawn.[2] Her cult is attested several places in Latium; her most famous temple was located at Satricum. In Rome, she had a temple on the north side of the Forum Boarium, allegedly built by Servius Tullius, destroyed in 506 B.C., and rebuilt by Marcus Furius Camillus in 396 B.C.[3] and she was also associated with the sea harbors and ports, where there were other temples to her.
Another remarkable place of worship was located in Campania, outside modern Capua. Dozens of votive statues representing matres matutae were found in the so-called "Fondo Patturelli" (a private estate) during excavations in the 19th century.[4] An extensive collection of these votives is housed in the Museo Campano in Capua.[5]
At her temple at Satricum many anatomical votives were excavated; terracotta models associated with female fertility and childbirth offered as ex-voto.
Etymology
[edit]Mater derives from the Latin for mother. Matuta is connected to Latin, mane, matutinus, "morning". [6]
Identities
[edit]Mater Matuta is one of the most enigmatic female deities in the Etrusco-Italic pantheon. Even though snippets of information are preserved in various Roman texts, it is prudent to remember that all of the primary sources for Mater Matuta are of late Republican and Imperial date, and some of them are ‘a fraught reflection’ on a cult that, by that time, was no longer entirely understood or perhaps had ceased to be practiced as it might have been in the past. Earlier written testimonies are absent. Cicero also equated Leukothea with Matuta and in Ovid's Fasti (6.545–6) we learn further that Ino was ‘called Leukothea by the Greeks and Matuta by our people’. Ino was the daughter of King Cadmus of Thebes; her sister Semele, having been impregnated by Zeus and given birth to Dionysos, was driven mad by Hera, jealous wife of Zeus. The child Dionysos was rescued by Ino who fled to the sea and was washed ashore in Italy where she was welcomed into the company of marine gods and renamed Leukothea, ‘white goddess’ (Ovid, Fast. 6.485–550. This blending of the Greek goddess Ino/Leukothea and the Latin deity Matuta, however, may be a late phenomenon, possibly of the second or first century BC. Also, a late inference is the association of Mater Matuta with the sea or seafaring, perhaps on account of the maritime flight of Leukothea. Because the translation of divine names was based on distinct attributes of the gods/goddesses, ‘once a translation of divine names was established and commonly accepted, a deity might attract meanings or characteristics of his/her counterpart. Mater Matuta was an indigenous Italic deity, and a flight from Thebes cannot have been part of her ‘story’, but some common elements of Mater Matuta and Leukothea, perhaps the connection to motherhood and the protection of children, allowed the two to be translated and equated.[7]
Matralia
[edit]In Rome her festival was the Matralia, celebrated on June 11 at her temple in the Forum Boarium.[6] The festival was only for single women or women in their first marriage (univirae),[8] who offered prayers for their nephews and nieces. [9] This was a female only endeavor. The crowning of garlands on the deity's image was for these revelers. Other aspects of the festival included praying for nieces and nephews and eating specially prepared cakes. Notably a singular female slave participated in a ritual whereupon the woman was beaten and driven from the area by the freeborn women.
In book VI (June) of Ovid's Fasti he describes in detail the specifics of the ancient festival.
" Go, good mothers (the Matralia is your festival), and offer to the Theban goddess the yellow cakes that are her due. Adjoining the bridges and the great Circus is an open space of far renown, which takes its name from the statue of an ox there, on this day, it is said, Servius consecrated with his own sceptered hands a temple of Mother Matuta. Who the goddess is, why she excludes (for exclude she does) female slaves from the threshold of her temple, and why she calls for toasted cakes..."[10]
- ^ "Cicero, Marcus Tullius: De natura deorum; De divinatione; De legibus; Academica; De finibus; De fato; Timaei Platonici versio; De re publica. — Cicero, Quintus Tullius: Commentariolum petitionis consulatus", Die Inkunabeln in der Universitätsbibliothek Bern, BOP Books, 2023, ISBN 978-3-03917-072-2, retrieved 2023-12-01
- ^ Forsythe, Gary (2005). A critical history of early Rome. berkley: Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-520-94029-1.
- ^ Livius], Livy [Titus (2016-05-19), "Ab Urbe Condita", Oxford Classical Texts: Titi Livi: Ab Urbe Condita, Vol. 3: Libri XXI-XXV, Oxford University Press, pp. 1–1, retrieved 2023-12-01
- ^ Kazantzidis, George; Spatharas, Dēmos, eds. (2020). Hope in ancient literature, history, and art: ancient emotions I. Trends in classics Supplementary volumes. Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-059825-4.
- ^ "The Mothers". dx.doi.org. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
- ^ a b "Chisholm, Hugh, (22 Feb. 1866–29 Sept. 1924), Editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica (10th, 11th and 12th editions)", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2023-12-01
- ^ Carroll, Maureen (2019). "Mater Matuta, 'Fertility Cults' and the Intergration of Women in Religious Life in Italy in the Fourth to Fisrt Centuries BC". Papers of the British School at Rome. v.87: 1–45. doi:10.1017/S0068246218000399. ISSN 0068-2462.
- ^ Mantzilas, Dimitris (2018). "Mater Matuta: An Overview of her Cult". 30 Articles and Essays: 487–540 – via Carpe Diem Publications.
- ^ Neumann, Christian (2019-10-21). "„Bei uns in Chaironeia …"". Millennium. 16 (1): 47–74. doi:10.1515/mill-2019-0005. ISSN 1867-0318.
- ^ "BOOK VI", Fastorum libri sex, Cambridge University Press, pp. 299–357, 2015-01-31, retrieved 2023-12-01