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Euryarchaeota is one of two phyla of archaea, the other being crenarchaeota.^[1] The Euryarchaeota are highly diverse and include methanogens, which produce methane and are often found in intestines, halobacteria, which survive extreme concentrations of salt, and some extremely thermophilic aerobes and anaerobes, which generally live at temperatures between 41 and 122º C. They are separated from the other archaeans based on rRNA sequences and their unique DNA polymerase.^[2]

Description

Others live in the ocean, suspended with plankton and bacteria. Although these marine euryarchaeota are difficult to culture and study in a lab, genomic sequencing suggests that they are motile heterotrophs.^[3]

Though it was previously thought that euryarchaeota only lived in extreme environments (in terms of temperature, salt content and/or pH), a paper by Korzhenkov et al published in January 2019 showed that euryarchaeota also live in moderate environments, such as low-temperature acidic environments. In some cases, euryarchaeota outnumbered the bacteria present.^[4] Euryarchaeota have also been found in other moderate environments such as water springs, marshlands, soil and rhizospheres.^[1] Some euryarchaeota are highly adaptable; an order called Halobacteriales are usually found in extremely salty and sulfur-rich environments but can also grow in salt concentrations as low as that of seawater 2.5%.^[1] In rhizospehres, the presence of euryarchaeota seems to be dependent on that of mycorrhizal fungi; a higher fungal population was correlated with higher euryarchaeotal frequency and diversity, while absence of mycorrihizal fungi was correlated with absence of euryarchaeota.^[1]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bomberg, M., & Timonen, S. (2007). Distribution of cren- and euryarchaeota in scots pine mycorrhizospheres and boreal forest humus. Microbial Ecology, 54(3), 406–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-007-9232-3
^ DeLong, E. F., Summons, R. E., Wai, B., Eppley, J. M., Church, M. J., & Lincoln, S. A. (2014). Planktonic Euryarchaeota are a significant source of archaeal tetraether lipids in the ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(27), 9858–9863. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1409439111
^ Iverson, V., Morris, R. M., Frazar, C. D., Berthiaume, C. T., Morales, R. L., Armbrust, E. V., … Armbrust, E. V. (2018). Euryarchaeota Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article : Untangling Genomes from Metagenomes : Revealing an Uncultured Class of Marine Euryarchaeota, 335(6068), 587–590.
^ Korzhenkov, A. A., Toshchakov, S. V., Bargiela, R., Gibbard, H., Ferrer, M., Teplyuk, A. V., … Golyshina, O. V. (2019). Archaea dominate the microbial community in an ecosystem with low-to-moderate temperature and extreme acidity. Microbiome, 7(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0623-8

[:0-1] Bomberg, M., & Timonen, S. (2007). Distribution of cren- and euryarchaeota in scots pine mycorrhizospheres and boreal forest humus. Microbial Ecology, 54(3), 406–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-007-9232-3

[2] DeLong, E. F., Summons, R. E., Wai, B., Eppley, J. M., Church, M. J., & Lincoln, S. A. (2014). Planktonic Euryarchaeota are a significant source of archaeal tetraether lipids in the ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(27), 9858–9863. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1409439111

[3] Iverson, V., Morris, R. M., Frazar, C. D., Berthiaume, C. T., Morales, R. L., Armbrust, E. V., … Armbrust, E. V. (2018). Euryarchaeota Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article : Untangling Genomes from Metagenomes : Revealing an Uncultured Class of Marine Euryarchaeota, 335(6068), 587–590.

[4] Korzhenkov, A. A., Toshchakov, S. V., Bargiela, R., Gibbard, H., Ferrer, M., Teplyuk, A. V., … Golyshina, O. V. (2019). Archaea dominate the microbial community in an ecosystem with low-to-moderate temperature and extreme acidity. Microbiome, 7(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0623-8

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