User:Yanyra562/Gay parenting/Bibliography
Bibliography[edit]
Bibliography
Daniel Rivers. (2010). "IN THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD": LESBIAN AND GAY PARENTING CUSTODY CASES, 1967-1985. Journal of Social History, 43(4), 917–943. https://doi.org/10.1353/jsh.0.0355
In this article it gives and understanding of the many issues the court system had with lesbian and gay men having parental rights over their children. Many of these cases were lost due to the judge’s finding the gay or lesbian parent as an unfit “mother “or “father” because they were gay or lesbian. Many of these parents were scared to go to trial because they knew that they would be denied the right to see their children or have no rights whatsoever because of their sexuality. In the article it also has information about how parents who were gay or lesbian that were able to have visitation rights with their children were order by the judge to not be living with their sexual partner and also cut all ties with activist groups like the LGBT. Another issue gay and lesbian parent face was being accused of molesting their children because they were gay or lesbian. The last issue was how parents of color who would come out as gay or lesbian it was much harder to have any rights over their kids. They were discriminated because of their color and because of their sexual orientation. This article gives a good understanding of the issues that parents were facing with trying to get custody of their children. And the issues with the court systems having bias on why they should or should not have custody of their children.
Clarke, Victoria. (2001). What about the children? arguments against lesbian and gay parenting. Women's Studies International Forum, 24(5), 555–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5395(01)00193-5
In this article it talks about the issues that people have with gay and lesbian parenting and the stigmas that are used to back up claims as to why gay and lesbian parents should not be “parents”
In this article it argues the 6 stigmas that are commonly used. 1) “the bible tells me that lesbian and gay parenting is sinful” 2) “lesbian and gay parenting is unnatural” 3) Lesbian and gay parents are selfish because they ignore the best interest of the child” 4) “children in lesbian and gay families lack appropriate role models” 5) “children in lesbian and gay families grow up gay and confused” 6) “children in lesbian and gay families get Bullied”. This article data was collected from people talking about issues they had with gay and lesbian parents in TV, shows, news cast, articles, newspapers and was collected from April 1997 to October 2000. From the most common witch are the 6 I have listed it goes into detail as to why they were used. I have noticed that many of this is based off religion values that one belief. I like this article because it ties in with Daniel Rivers. (2010).
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, psychologists began to identify arguments used to oppose lesbian and/or gay custody Golombok et al. 1983, Mucklow & Phelan 1979. Golombok et al. (1983)(p. 551), for example, highlighted three arguments commonly used to support a denial of custody: “the supposed risks of aberrant psychosexual development … isolation from or rejection by peers … [and] emotional/behavioural problems arising from the general stress of being brought up in such an atypical family.” More recently, research has examined heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbian and gay parenting Crawford & Solliday 1996, King & Black 1999, and has found a strong correlation between “homophobia” and people's level of support for lesbian and gay parenting. However, while discussed across psychology and the social sciences (e.g., Raymond, 1992), there have been few attempts to empirically explore the arguments used to oppose full parental rights for lesbians and gay men. The purpose of this paper is to rectify this omission by identifying and critically discussing arguments used to oppose lesbian and gay parenting. As others (e.g., Alldred 1998, Meyers 1994, Pratt and Tuffin 1996) have suggested, by examining the arguments used to oppose lesbian and gay rights, we can develop ways to challenge them.
Haney-Caron, Emily, & Heilbrun, Kirk. (2014). Lesbian and Gay Parents and Determination of Child Custody: The Changing Legal Landscape and Implications for Policy and Practice. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000020
This article talks about the parenting of lesbian and gay individuals and the parters they may have and the implications of the current legal landscape and state of the scientific knowledge for the practice of the child custody evaluations. They look at the current US law on reviewing custody decisions involving one lesbian or gay parent and one heteroseual parent custody determination. Here it talks about how in any court system in the United States the court will allocate “the best interest of the child” to rule a decision that can vary from jurisdiction and from what a judge feels is its best. Back in 1992 it could be that the judge may thing that because a mother of father were gay or lesbian they may not be suited to be parents and be denied the full custody of the child. The research that has been found on 1 parent being gay or lesbian has showed that the children growing up with that parent have similar to children of parent who are heterosexual. There is research out there that being raised by one or the other or two of the same is not detrimental to the child. The article suggests that having a look at the family parental stress, family conflict, parent child relationship,and the family structure is what should be looked at when trying to determine what is of interest to the child. The article suggests that even though it has been decades or longer where just looking at the sensual orientation of the parent would be an issue in the courts. It sometimes could be and that's why having research on psychologists can play an important role in helping the courts make the better choices on the interest of the child. The article suggests that even though we are in a new area we are in now parent sexusl orintstion can still play a role in obtaining legal custody of a child. And because of this there is a test called “the Nexus test” this test An assumption that the parent's actions harm the child without requiring proof of detriment. This was the approach used to remove custody from homosexual parents. It is being replaced by the nexus approach. A parent must show actual harm before the other parent's sexual or religious behavior is brought into question. This test is used in the majority of children cases to see who can have custody of the child. One case that is used and in was Layne vs. Layne in 2001 were the child was upset of the appellants relationship with another woman caused for the judge to rule on side of the hetero parnt.
Haney-Caron, Emily, and Heilbrun, Kirk. "Lesbian and Gay Parents and Determination of Child Custody: The Changing Legal Landscape and Implications for Policy and Practice." Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity 1.1 (2014): 19-29. Web.
This article goes over what are some of the reasons as to way gay and lesbian parenting is judged and as to why people think its wrong. The article goes over stigmas that that have been implemented about gay and lesbian parents such as that because they are gay they are not fit to be parents. That gay and lesbian household are not fit for children because it could be traumatic for them or it could cause issues in development as they grow up, and that they could be bullied at school. The article also talks about gay and lesbian parents that were in heterosexual relationships and left because they were gay or lesbian. They also talk about issue with same sex marriages that are divorcing and the issue they may face in obtaining custody of the children. Because some state do not recognize same sex marriages and that only one parent is biological there are issue swere the parent that is not biological will not have any custody rights. The article goes over the issue parents might face in court hearing and also give an understanding on some of the laws that are being looked at in the court.