User:ZVayder/993–994 carbon-14 spike

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993-994 carbon-14 spike[edit]

Fig. 1: The carbon-14 spike can be seen 993-994 CE. Colored points represent a studied region around Sweden (NH0) and Japan (NH2); yellow points represent the Japanese cedar analyzed in the study.[1]

The 993–994 carbon-14 spike was a rapid 9.1% increase in carbon-14 isotope content from tree rings.[2] This event was also confirmed with an associated increase of beryllium-10 in Antarctic ice core samples, supporting the hypothesis that this event was of solar origin.[2][3] There were several astronomical observations during this time that correspond with the 14C and 10B spikes, but these texts are few and far between.[3][4][5]

In 2021, a scientific paper used the 993–994 carbon-14 spike as a benchmark in dendrochronology (tree-ring studies) to precisely determine that Vikings were present in L’Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland exactly 1000 years prior, in 1021 AD.[6]

Historical Observations[edit]

The solar storm hypothesis is heavily supported by several observations of aurora events from late 992 in Korea, Germany and Ireland, usually describing a red sky, presumably due to major auroras.[3][4][5] These historical observations don't completely prove the cause of the 993-994 14C spike, but show evidence of a strong solar event taking place late 992, as they were recorded within a relatively short time frame.[3][5]

In the Korean Peninsula, between December 992 and January 993, a text described "heaven's gate" opening one night.[3][5]

In the Saxony region of present-day Germany, late 992, several aurora observations were made. One set of observations, recorded October 21st, 992, noted that the sky reddened three times.[3] Another set of observations, made December 26th, 992, mentioned a light as bright as the sun shining for an hour, then reddening the sky, before vanishing completely.[3]

In the Ulster region of present-day Ireland, December 26th, 992, texts described the sky as "blood-red" and having a "fiery hue".[3]

Similar events[edit]

The 993-994 carbon-14 spike was one of only a few well-documented 14C events. Prior to this 14C event, there was a considerably larger one, the 774-775 carbon-14 spike, which was around 1.7 times as strong than the 993-994 event.[2] Both events also had subsequent 10B spikes, further proving that they are from strong solar activity.[4]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Miyake, Fusa; Hakozaki, Masataka; Kimura, Katsuhiko; Tokanai, Fuyuki; Nakamura, Toshio; Takeyama, Mirei; Moriya, Toru (2022-07-04). "Regional Differences in Carbon-14 Data of the 993 CE Cosmic Ray Event". Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences. 9: 886140. doi:10.3389/fspas.2022.886140. ISSN 2296-987X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ a b c Miyake, Fusa; Masuda, Kimiaki; Nakamura, Toshio (2013-06-26). "Another rapid event in the carbon-14 content of tree rings". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 1748. doi:10.1038/ncomms2783. ISSN 2041-1723.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Hayakawa, Hisashi; Tamazawa, Harufumi; Uchiyama, Yurina; Ebihara, Yusuke; Miyahara, Hiroko; Kosaka, Shunsuke; Iwahashi, Kiyomi; Isobe, Hiroaki (2017-01). "Historical Auroras in the 990s: Evidence of Great Magnetic Storms". Solar Physics. 292 (1): 12. doi:10.1007/s11207-016-1039-2. ISSN 0038-0938. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ a b c Mekhaldi, Florian; Muscheler, Raimund; Adolphi, Florian; Aldahan, Ala; Beer, Jürg; McConnell, Joseph R.; Possnert, Göran; Sigl, Michael; Svensson, Anders; Synal, Hans-Arno; Welten, Kees C.; Woodruff, Thomas E. (2015-10-26). "Multiradionuclide evidence for the solar origin of the cosmic-ray events of ᴀᴅ 774/5 and 993/4". Nature Communications. 6: 8611. doi:10.1038/ncomms9611. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4639793. PMID 26497389.
  5. ^ a b c d Stephenson, F. Richard (2015-03-15). "Astronomical evidence relating to the observed 14C increases in A.D. 774–5 and 993–4 as determined from tree rings". Advances in Space Research. 55 (6): 1537–1545. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2014.12.014. ISSN 0273-1177.
  6. ^ Kuitems, Margot; Wallace, Birgitta L.; Lindsay, Charles; Scifo, Andrea; Doeve, Petra; Jenkins, Kevin; Lindauer, Susanne; Erdil, Pınar; Ledger, Paul M.; Forbes, Véronique; Vermeeren, Caroline; Friedrich, Ronny; Dee, Michael W. (2022-01-20). "Evidence for European presence in the Americas in ad 1021". Nature. 601 (7893): 388–391. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8770119. PMID 34671168.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
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