User:ZZakh23/Iconic memory
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Article Draft[edit]
Lead: Decay[edit]
Article body[edit]
Iconic memory impairment in those with MCIs may be used as a predictor for the development of more severe deficits such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia later in life. "Copied content from [[Iconic Memory]]; see that page's history for attribution."
Previous studies have shown that glucocorticoids have been closely linked to impact higher cognitive functioning. Glucocorticoid exposure causes severe memory retrieval impairment, explicitly advancing iconic memory decay. It reduces the active maintenance and storage of sensory information by altering transient neural responses during the initial stimulus processing stages. Elevated cortisol levels have also been associated with faster iconic memory decay and top-down processing impairment, putting individuals at a higher risk of developing Dementia and AD. [1][2]
Iconic memory decay has been found to occur at a rapid speed after the visual stimulus is no longer present. Without active retrieval, iconic memory averages to disappear within half a second. [3] The theory of gradual decay in visual working memory claims that the accuracy at which the stimulus is remembered in iconic memory deteriorates over time. However, information stored in sensory memory is considered to facilitate exponential decay.
Noise exposure can also intervene with the cognitive processes involved with attention. [4]
The partial report condition required participants to identify a subset of the characters from the visual display using cued recall. The cue was a tone which sounded at various time intervals (~50 ms) following the offset of the stimulus. "Copied content from [[Iconic Memory]]; see that page's history for attribution."
Ira B. Appelman demonstrated another experiment, further building on George Sperling's original partial report procedure on iconic memory duration. The experiment demonstrates that other visual and non-visual effects, in addition to iconic memory, can contribute to a partial-whole report difference. The memory load affects the partial-whole report difference but not the click estimate. Sperling's original experiment overestimated the duration of iconic memory. The click method estimate of the duration of iconic memory is unaffected by a memory load, whereas the partial report estimate of the duration of iconic memory is affected if the subject is required to retain a more extensive list of items simultaneously in short-term memory. [5]
Lead: Limits
Article Body
Change blindness refers to an inability to detect differences in two successive scenes separated by a very brief blank interval, or interstimulus interval (ISI). As such change blindness can be defined as being a slight lapse in iconic memory. "Copied content from [[Iconic Memory]]; see that page's history for attribution."
Iconic memory formation has been previously described as attention-free and fleeting, however newer studies have shown that in fact it does require attention. IM is shown to decay at a faster rate if attention focus is not appropriately met to the attention load. The information that is transported into working memory is retained more precisely. [6][7]
References[edit]
- ^ Miller, Robert; Weckesser, Lisa J.; Smolka, Michael N.; Kirschbaum, Clemens; Plessow, Franziska (March 2015). "Hydrocortisone accelerates the decay of iconic memory traces: On the modulation of executive and stimulus-driven constituents of sensory information maintenance". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 53: 148–158. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.12.016. ISSN 0306-4530.
- ^ Ouanes, Sami; Popp, Julius (2019-03-01). "High Cortisol and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of the Literature". Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 11. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00043. ISSN 1663-4365.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Corrigendum: Iconic Memories Die a Sudden Death". Psychological Science. 29 (10): 1725–1725. 2018-08-24. doi:10.1177/0956797618796808. ISSN 0956-7976.
- ^ Dosher, B.; Liu, S. H.; Lu, Z. L. (2005-09-01). "The decay of perceptual representations in iconic memory". Journal of Vision. 5 (8): 912–912. doi:10.1167/5.8.912. ISSN 1534-7362.
- ^ Appelman, Ira B. (March 1980). "Partial Report and Other Sampling Procedures Overestimate the Duration of Iconic Memory". The American Journal of Psychology. 93 (1): 79. doi:10.2307/1422105. ISSN 0002-9556.
- ^ Mack, Arien; Erol, Muge; Clarke, Jason (May 2015). "Iconic memory is not a case of attention-free awareness". Consciousness and Cognition. 33: 291–299. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.12.016. ISSN 1053-8100.
- ^ Mack, Arien; Erol, Muge; Clarke, Jason; Bert, John (February 2016). "No iconic memory without attention". Consciousness and Cognition. 40: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.12.006. ISSN 1053-8100.