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Selected lexical comparisons
[edit]Meaning | Koine Greek | Reflexes[α] | Etymological Notes | Ancestral Hellenic words whose reflexes have meaning X | Reflexes | Etymological Notes | Classical Attic | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
all | πᾶς pâs | Standard Modern Greek οι πάντες /i ˈpades/ "everyone", τα πάντα /ta ˈpada/ "everything" | Koine ὅλος hólos "whole, all, all things" | Standard Modern Greek όλος /ˈolos/ | πᾶς pâs | |||||
Tsakonian τα πάντα /ta ˈpada/ "everything", πάσε πάσα /ˈpase ˈpasa/ "every (masculine, feminine)", πάσιου /ˈpaʃu, ˈpasu, ˈpasʲu/ "very", πασα(ρ)ένα /pasa(r)ˈena/ "everyone, every X of Y" | Tsakonian όλε / ούλε /ˈole / ˈule/ | |||||||||
Griko passo /ˈpasːo/, passoena /pasːoˈena/ "everyone, every X of Y" | Griko ulle /ˈulːe/ | |||||||||
Other Varieties | Other Varieties | |||||||||
before[β] | πρό pró | Grik. pronà | προτοῦ protoû | El. προτού protoú | A classical contraction of πρὸ τοῦ prò toû, meaning 'formerly, previously'. | |||||
πρωί prōḯ | Grik. proi | Meant 'early (in the day)' in AG. | ||||||||
πρίν prín | El. πριν prin | πρὶν ἀπό prìn apó | El. πριν από prin apó | 'before' + 'from'. | ||||||
— | — | — | ||||||||
begin | ἄρχομαι árkhomai | — | ἀρχίζω arkhízō | El. αρχίζω archízo | Causative derivation from ἀρχή arkhḗ 'beginning'. | |||||
? | Grik. ntzignò | ? | ||||||||
big | μέγας mégas | Grik. mea | μεγάλος megálos | El. μεγάλος megálos | Regularisation of μέγας mégas. | |||||
bird | πετεινόν peteinón | El. πετεινός petinós[γ] | πουλλίον poullíon | El. πουλί poulí, Tsak. πουλί pouĺí, Kapp. πουλί poulí, Grik. puddhì | A diminutive of ποῦλλος poûllos, likely a borrowing from Latin. | |||||
*πικούλι pikoúli | Grik. pikùli | A diminutive form, possibly onomatopoeic in origin. | ||||||||
cat | αἴλουρος aílouros | — | γάτα gáta | El. γάτα gáta | Late borrowing from Latin, alternating with κάττα kátta. | |||||
*μούσκι moúski | Grik. musci | Of unclear origin. Possibly onomatopoeic. | ||||||||
ear | οὖς oûs | — | ἀφτίον aftíon | El. αφτί aftí, Tsak. ἀβοτάνα avotána, Grik. attì, Kapp. (ἀ)φτσ̌ί (a)fčí | Back-formed from the definite article + diminutive plural form τά ὠτία tá ōtía. | |||||
eat | ἐσθίω esthíō | — | τρώγω trṓgō | El. τρώω tróo, Tsak. τσχοῦ čou, Kapp. τρώγω trógo | Meant 'gnaw, munch' in AG. | |||||
φαγέω phagéō | Grik. fai | Derived from the aorist root φαγ- phag- 'eat'. | ||||||||
evening | ἑσπέρα hespérā | Tsak. επφέρζι ephéži[δ] | βραδύ bradý | El. βράδυ vrády, Grik. vrai | Derived from AG βραδύς bradýs 'slow'. Compare the development in sense of 'late' in English, or tarde in Spanish. | |||||
*ἀργατινός argatinós | Tsak. αργακινέ argakiné | Derived from AG ἀργέω argéō 'to delay, be late'. | ||||||||
fight | ἀγών agṓn | — | ἀγώνας agṓnas | El. αγώνας agónas | Regularised version of ἀγών agṓn 'struggle'. | |||||
*ρίσσα ríssa | Grik. lissa | Late borrowing from Romance languages. | ||||||||
fire | πῦρ pŷr | — | φωτία phōtíā | El. φωτιά fotiá, Grik. fotìa | Derived from the diminutive of AG φῶς phôs 'light'. | |||||
ἐσχάρα eskhárā | Tsak. κχάρα khára | Meant 'hearth, fireplace' in AG. | ||||||||
νεστία nestíā | Kapp. νισ̌τσ̌ά nišča | Rebracketing of ἑστία 'hearth' after definite articles. | ||||||||
fish | ἰχθύς ikhthȳ́s | — | ὀψάριον opsárion | El. ψάρι psári, Tsak. ψάρζι psáži, Grik. atzàri, Kapp. ψάρ psár | Diminutive of AG ὄψον ópson 'delicacy'. | |||||
from | ἀπό apó | El. από apó, Grik. (a)pù | ἐξ eks | Grik. tze | Meant 'out from' in AG. | |||||
help | βοηθέω boēthéō | Grik. visò | βοηθάω boētháō | El. βοηθάω voïtháo | Reanalysis of AG βοηθέω boēthéō. | |||||
συντρέχω syntrékhō | El. συντρέχω syndrécho | Meant 'run together, meet' in AG. | ||||||||
home | οἰκός oikós, οἰκία oikíā | — | ὁσπίτιον hospítion | El. σπίτι spíti, Grik. spiti | An early borrowing from Latin. | |||||
κέλλα cella | Tsak. τζέ(λ)α ćé(l)a | An early borrowing from Latin. | ||||||||
inside | ἔσω-θεν ésō-then | Grik. essu | μέσα mésa | El. μέσα mésa | Derived from the adverbial accusative plural of AG μέσος mésos 'middle'. | |||||
kitchen | ὀπτανεῖον optaneîon | — | κουζίνα kouzína | El. κουζίνα kouzína | Late borrowing from Romance. | |||||
know | οἶδα oîda | — | ἐξέ(υ)ρω exé(u)rō | El. ξέρω xéro, Grik. tzero, Tsak. ξέρου xérou, Kapp. ξέβρω xévro | Regular verb formed from the aorist of AG ἐξευρίσκω exeurískō 'find out'. | |||||
*γνώστω gnṓstō | Grik. nosto | Regular verb formed from the adjectival form of AG γιγνώσκω gignṓskō 'come to know'. | ||||||||
lamb | ἀμνός amnós | — | ἀρνίον arníon | El. αρνί arní, Grik. arnì | The diminutive of AG ἀρήν arḗn. | |||||
*ὀβάνος ovános | Tsak. βάννε váne | An early borrowing from Slavic. Compare SC óvan 'ram'. | ||||||||
leg | σκέλος skélos | — | ποῦς/πόδιον poûs/pódion | El. πόδι pódi, Tsak. πούα poúa | Extension in meaning of 'foot'. | |||||
*ἄγκα ánka | Grik. anka | Early borrowing from Romance. See Corsican anca for instance. | ||||||||
man | ἀνήρ anḗr | — | ἄνδρας ándras | El. άντρας ándras | Regularisation of ἀνήρ anḗr. | |||||
ἄνθρωπος ánthrōpos | Tsak. ἄτσχωπο áčopo, Grik. àntrepo, Kapp. ἄρωπος áropos | Meant 'human being, person' in AG. | ||||||||
money | ἀργύρια argýria | — | λεπτά leptá | El. λεφτά leftá, Tsak. λεφτά leftá | Learned borrowing from AG. | |||||
moon | σελήνη selḗnē | — | φεγγάριον phengárion | El. φεγγάρι fengári, Tsak. φεγγάρζι fengáži | Diminutive of φέγγος phéngos. See below. | |||||
φέγγος phéngos | Grik. fengo, Kapp. φένγος féngos | Meant '(moon)light' in AG. | ||||||||
mouth | στόμα stóma | El. στόμα stóma, Tsak. τθοῦμα thoúma, Kapp. στόμα stóma | *ῥεμός remós | Grik. lemò | Of unclear origin. Probably derived from AG ῥάμφος rámphos 'beak, bill'. | |||||
now | νῦν nŷn | — | ὥρα hṓrā | El. τώρα tóra | A contraction of the definite article and 'hour, time'. | |||||
ἄρτι árti | Grik. arte | Meant 'just now, presently' in AG. | ||||||||
έδαρε édare | Tsak. έδαρι édari, Kapp. δερά derá | Compare Cret. έδα éda 'now'. Probably an emphatic form in origin, final vowel is prothetic. | ||||||||
right[ε] | δεξιός deksiós | El. δεξής deksís | *ταρτίον tartíon | Grik. tartèo | A rebracketing of adverbial AG ὄρθιος órthios 'straight' after the definite article. | |||||
Saturday | ἡμέρα Κρόνου hēméra Krónou | — | σάββατον sábbaton | El. Σάββατο Sávato, Grik. samba, Tsak. σάμπα sámba[ζ] | Lit. 'Sabbath'. | |||||
shirt | χιτών khitṓn | — | ὑποκάμισον hypokámison | El. πουκάμισο poukámiso | A modification of a late borrowing from Latin. | |||||
*μαία maía | Grik. mai | Probably a borrowing from It. maglia. | ||||||||
sick | ἀσθενής asthenḗs | — | ἄρρωστος árrōstos | El. άρρωστος árostos | Learned borrowing from AG. | |||||
ἀδύνατος adýnatos | Grik. dìnato | Meant 'weak, thin' in AG. | ||||||||
skin | χρώς khrṓs | — | δέρμα dérma | El. δέρμα dérma, Grik. derma | More classical word for 'skin'. | |||||
σκέπη sképē | Tsak. τζέπα ćépa | Meant 'covering' in AG. | ||||||||
speak | λαλέω laléō | — | ὁμιλέω homiléō | El. μιλάω miláō, Grik. milò | Meant 'converse, address' in KG. | |||||
stand | ἵστημι hístēmi, ἕστηκα héstēka | — | στήκω stḗkō | El. στέκω stéko, Grik. stéo, Tsak. στέκου stékou[η], Kapp. στέκνω stékno | Regularisation from the perfect root. | |||||
stone | λίθος líthos | El. λίθος líthos | λιθάριον lithárion | El. λιθάρι lithári, Grik. lisàri | Diminutive of λίθος líthos. | |||||
πέτρα pétrā | El. πέτρα pétra, Tsak. πέτσχε péče | Meant 'rock' in AG. | ||||||||
Sunday | ἡμέρα Ἡλίου hēmérā hēlíou | — | κυριακή kyriakḗ | El. Κυριακή Kiriakí, Grik. ciuriacì, Tsak. τζιουρακά ćiouraká | Literally 'of the Lord'. | |||||
swift | ταχύς takhýs | — | ἐγρήγορος egrḗgoros | El. γρήγορος grígoros | Meant 'awake, roused' in KG. | |||||
sword | μάχαιρα mákhaira | — | σπαθίον spathíon | El. σπαθί spathí | Diminutive of AG σπάθη spáthē. | |||||
think | δοκέω dokéō | — | σκέπτομαι sképtomai | El. σκέφτομαι skéftome | Meant 'spy, look carefully' in AG, later came to mean 'consider' in KG. | |||||
πενσέω penséō | Grik. pentzèo | Early borrowing from Romance. | ||||||||
tomorrow | αὔριον aúrion | El. αύριο ávrio, Grik. avri | ἑσπέρα hespérā | Tsak. επφέρζι ephéži | Meant 'evening' in AG. | |||||
touch | ἅπτομαι háptomai | — | ἐγγίζω engízo | El. αγγίζω angízo, Grik. nghizzo, Tsak. ἀντζίχου andzíhou | Meant 'come near, approach' in KG. | |||||
ἀκκούμβω akkoúmbō | El. ακουμπώ akoumbó, Tsak. κχουγκίχου khoungíhou | Early borrowing from Latin. | ||||||||
understand | συνίημι syníēmi | — | καταλαβαίνω katalabaínō | El. καταλαβαίνω katalavéno | Modification of καταλαμβάνω katalambánō; meant 'grasp' and by extension 'grasp with the mind, comprehend' in AG. | |||||
νοέω noéō | Grik. noò, Tsak. νογού nogoú | Meant 'perceive with the mind, comprehend' in AG. | ||||||||
water | ὕδωρ hýdōr | Tsak. ύο ío | νηρόν nērón | El. νερό neró, Grik. nerò, Kapp. νερόν nerón | Derived from KG νηρός nērós, meaning 'wet, damp'. | |||||
week | ἑβδομάς hebdomás | — | ἑβδομάδα hebdomáda | El. εβδομάδα evdomáda, Tsak. (ε)βδιμά (e)vdimá, Grik. addomà | Regularisation of ἑβδομάς hebdomás. | |||||
wide | πλατύς platýs | Grik. platèo, Tsak. πρακιού prakioú | εὐφραδής euphradḗs | El. φαρδύς fardís | Meant 'well-expressed, eloquent' in MG. | |||||
word | λόγος lógos | Grik. lô, Tsak. όγο ógo | λέξις léxis | El. λέξη léxi | Learned borrowing from AG. | |||||
work | ἐργάζομαι érgazomai | — | δουλεύω douleúō | El. δουλεύω doulévo | Meant 'be a slave, serve' in AG. | |||||
πολεμέω poleméō | Grik. polemò | Meant 'war with, quarrel, wrangle' in AG. |
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