User:Znex/sandbox4

Selected lexical comparisons

Meaning		Classical word	Inherited Descendants		Koine/Popular variant(s)	Descendants	Origin
all		凡 *b(r)om	Mn. 凡 fán		都 *t(l)a?	Mn. 都 dōu, Yue dou1, Gan du1, Hak. du1, Jin du1, MinB. dú, MinD. dŭ	Meant 'entire' in AG.
					攏 *roːŋʔ	MinN. 攏 lóng	Meant 'entire' in AG.
					*dzˤə(j)	Wu 儕 ze	Meant 'entire' in AG.
before		前 *dzˤen	Mn. 前 qián,		以前 MC *yi2dzen1	Mn. 以前 yǐqián,	以 'temporal preposition' + 前 'before'.
					?	?	?
begin		始 *hləʔ	Mn. 始 shǐ, Yue 始 ci2		開始 MC *khoi1syi2	Mn. 开始 kāishǐ, Yue 開始 hoi1ci2	開 'open' + 始 'begin'.
					?	Grik. ntzignò	?
big		大 *lˤat-s > MC *dai3	Mn. 大 dà, Yue daai6, Gan tai5, Hak. tai4, Jin da3, MinB. duōi, MinD. duâi, MinN. dai6, Wu du3, Xiang dai5		—	—	—
bird		鳥 *tˤiwʔ	Mn. 鸟 niǎo, MinD. cēu, Wu tiau2, Xiang diau3		鳥子 *tˤiwʔ tsəʔ	Hak. 鳥仔 tiâu-é, MinN. chiáu-á	A diminutive of 鳥.
					鳥兒 *tˤiwʔ ŋe	Mn. 鸟儿 niǎor, Jin niau2er1	An erhua diminutive of 鳥.
					雀 *tsewk	Yue zoek3(zai2), Hak. chiok(zai3)	Meant 'sparrow' in Old Chinese.
cat		貓 *C.mˤraw	Mn. 猫 māo, Yue maau1, Hak. meu, miau4, MinN. niau, bâ, Wu mau3, Xiang mau1		貓兒 *C.mˤraw ŋe	Mn. 猫儿 māor, Gan mau4eo, Jin mau1er1	An erhua diminutive of 貓.
					貓子 *C.mˤraw tsəʔ	Hak. 貓仔 meu-é, MinN. niau-á	A diminutive of 貓.
					貓公 MC *mau1kung1	Hak. miau4gung1	A compound meaning 'tomcat' in many dialects.
ear		οὖς oûs	—		ἀφτίον aftíon	El. αφτί aftí, Tsak. ἀβοτάνα avotána, Grik. attì, Kapp. (ἀ)φτσ̌ί (a)fčí	Back-formed from the definite article + diminutive plural form τά ὠτία tá ōtía.
eat		ἐσθίω esthíō	—		τρώγω trṓgō	El. τρώω tróo, Tsak. τσχοῦ čou, Kapp. τρώγω trógo	Meant 'gnaw, munch' in AG.
					φαγέω phagéō	Grik. fai	Derived from the aorist root φαγ- phag- 'eat'.
evening		ἑσπέρα hespérā	Tsak. επφέρζι ephéži		βραδύ bradý	El. βράδυ vrády, Grik. vrai	Derived from AG βραδύς bradýs 'slow'. Compare the development in sense of 'late' in English, or tarde in Spanish.
					*ἀργατινός argatinós	Tsak. αργακινέ argakiné	Derived from AG ἀργέω argéō 'to delay, be late'.
fight		ἀγών agṓn	—		ἀγώνας agṓnas	El. αγώνας agónas	Regularised version of ἀγών agṓn 'struggle'.
					*ρίσσα ríssa	Grik. lissa	Late borrowing from Romance languages.
fire		πῦρ pŷr	—		φωτία phōtíā	El. φωτιά fotiá, Grik. fotìa	Derived from the diminutive of AG φῶς phôs 'light'.
					ἐσχάρα eskhárā	Tsak. κχάρα khára	Meant 'hearth, fireplace' in AG.
					νεστία nestíā	Kapp. νισ̌τσ̌ά nišča	Rebracketing of ἑστία 'hearth' after definite articles.
fish		ἰχθύς ikhthȳ́s	—		ὀψάριον opsárion	El. ψάρι psári, Tsak. ψάρζι psáži, Grik. atzàri, Kapp. ψάρ psár	Diminutive of AG ὄψον ópson 'delicacy'.
from		ἀπό apó	El. από apó, Grik. (a)pù		ἐξ eks	Grik. tze	Meant 'out from' in AG.
help		βοηθέω boēthéō	Grik. visò		βοηθάω boētháō	El. βοηθάω voïtháo	Reanalysis of AG βοηθέω boēthéō.
					συντρέχω syntrékhō	El. συντρέχω syndrécho	Meant 'run together, meet' in AG.
home		οἰκός oikós, οἰκία oikíā	—		ὁσπίτιον hospítion	El. σπίτι spíti, Grik. spiti	An early borrowing from Latin.
					κέλλα cella	Tsak. τζέ(λ)α ćé(l)a	An early borrowing from Latin.
inside		ἔσω-θεν ésō-then	Grik. essu		μέσα mésa	El. μέσα mésa	Derived from the adverbial accusative plural of AG μέσος mésos 'middle'.
kitchen		ὀπτανεῖον optaneîon	—		κουζίνα kouzína	El. κουζίνα kouzína	Late borrowing from Romance.
know		οἶδα oîda	—		ἐξέ(υ)ρω exé(u)rō	El. ξέρω xéro, Grik. tzero, Tsak. ξέρου xérou, Kapp. ξέβρω xévro	Regular verb formed from the aorist of AG ἐξευρίσκω exeurískō 'find out'.
					*γνώστω gnṓstō	Grik. nosto	Regular verb formed from the adjectival form of AG γιγνώσκω gignṓskō 'come to know'.
lamb		ἀμνός amnós	—		ἀρνίον arníon	El. αρνί arní, Grik. arnì	The diminutive of AG ἀρήν arḗn.
					*ὀβάνος ovános	Tsak. βάννε váne	An early borrowing from Slavic. Compare SC óvan 'ram'.
leg		σκέλος skélos	—		ποῦς/πόδιον poûs/pódion	El. πόδι pódi, Tsak. πούα poúa	Extension in meaning of 'foot'.
					*ἄγκα ánka	Grik. anka	Early borrowing from Romance. See Corsican anca for instance.
man		ἀνήρ anḗr	—		ἄνδρας ándras	El. άντρας ándras	Regularisation of ἀνήρ anḗr.
					ἄνθρωπος ánthrōpos	Tsak. ἄτσχωπο áčopo, Grik. àntrepo, Kapp. ἄρωπος áropos	Meant 'human being, person' in AG.
money		ἀργύρια argýria	—		λεπτά leptá	El. λεφτά leftá, Tsak. λεφτά leftá	Learned borrowing from AG.
moon		σελήνη selḗnē	—		φεγγάριον phengárion	El. φεγγάρι fengári, Tsak. φεγγάρζι fengáži	Diminutive of φέγγος phéngos. See below.
					φέγγος phéngos	Grik. fengo, Kapp. φένγος féngos	Meant '(moon)light' in AG.
mouth		στόμα stóma	El. στόμα stóma, Tsak. τθοῦμα thoúma, Kapp. στόμα stóma		*ῥεμός remós	Grik. lemò	Of unclear origin. Probably derived from AG ῥάμφος rámphos 'beak, bill'.
now		νῦν nŷn	—		ὥρα hṓrā	El. τώρα tóra	A contraction of the definite article and 'hour, time'.
					ἄρτι árti	Grik. arte	Meant 'just now, presently' in AG.
					έδαρε édare	Tsak. έδαρι édari, Kapp. δερά derá	Compare Cret. έδα éda 'now'. Probably an emphatic form in origin, final vowel is prothetic.
right		δεξιός deksiós	El. δεξής deksís		*ταρτίον tartíon	Grik. tartèo	A rebracketing of adverbial AG ὄρθιος órthios 'straight' after the definite article.
Saturday		ἡμέρα Κρόνου hēméra Krónou	—		σάββατον sábbaton	El. Σάββατο Sávato, Grik. samba, Tsak. σάμπα sámba	Lit. 'Sabbath'.
shirt		χιτών khitṓn	—		ὑποκάμισον hypokámison	El. πουκάμισο poukámiso	A modification of a late borrowing from Latin.
					*μαία maía	Grik. mai	Probably a borrowing from It. maglia.
sick		ἀσθενής asthenḗs	—		ἄρρωστος árrōstos	El. άρρωστος árostos	Learned borrowing from AG.
					ἀδύνατος adýnatos	Grik. dìnato	Meant 'weak, thin' in AG.
skin		χρώς khrṓs	—		δέρμα dérma	El. δέρμα dérma, Grik. derma	More classical word for 'skin'.
					σκέπη sképē	Tsak. τζέπα ćépa	Meant 'covering' in AG.
speak		λαλέω laléō	—		ὁμιλέω homiléō	El. μιλάω miláō, Grik. milò	Meant 'converse, address' in KG.
stand		ἵστημι hístēmi, ἕστηκα héstēka	—		στήκω stḗkō	El. στέκω stéko, Grik. stéo, Tsak. στέκου stékou, Kapp. στέκνω stékno	Regularisation from the perfect root.
stone		λίθος líthos	El. λίθος líthos		λιθάριον lithárion	El. λιθάρι lithári, Grik. lisàri	Diminutive of λίθος líthos.
					πέτρα pétrā	El. πέτρα pétra, Tsak. πέτσχε péče	Meant 'rock' in AG.
Sunday		ἡμέρα Ἡλίου hēmérā hēlíou	—		κυριακή kyriakḗ	El. Κυριακή Kiriakí, Grik. ciuriacì, Tsak. τζιουρακά ćiouraká	Literally 'of the Lord'.
swift		ταχύς takhýs	—		ἐγρήγορος egrḗgoros	El. γρήγορος grígoros	Meant 'awake, roused' in KG.
sword		μάχαιρα mákhaira	—		σπαθίον spathíon	El. σπαθί spathí	Diminutive of AG σπάθη spáthē.
think		δοκέω dokéō	—		σκέπτομαι sképtomai	El. σκέφτομαι skéftome	Meant 'spy, look carefully' in AG, later came to mean 'consider' in KG.
	πενσέω penséō			Grik. pentzèo	Early borrowing from Romance.
tomorrow	αὔριον aúrion	El. αύριο ávrio, Grik. avri	ἑσπέρα hespérā	Tsak. επφέρζι ephéži	Meant 'evening' in AG.
touch	ἅπτομαι háptomai	—	ἐγγίζω engízo	El. αγγίζω angízo, Grik. nghizzo, Tsak. ἀντζίχου andzíhou	Meant 'come near, approach' in KG.
			ἀκκούμβω akkoúmbō	El. ακουμπώ akoumbó, Tsak. κχουγκίχου khoungíhou	Early borrowing from Latin.
understand	συνίημι syníēmi	—	καταλαβαίνω katalabaínō	El. καταλαβαίνω katalavéno	Modification of καταλαμβάνω katalambánō; meant 'grasp' and by extension 'grasp with the mind, comprehend' in AG.
			νοέω noéō	Grik. noò, Tsak. νογού nogoú	Meant 'perceive with the mind, comprehend' in AG.
water	ὕδωρ hýdōr	Tsak. ύο ío	νηρόν nērón	El. νερό neró, Grik. nerò, Kapp. νερόν nerón	Derived from KG νηρός nērós, meaning 'wet, damp'.
week	ἑβδομάς hebdomás	—	ἑβδομάδα hebdomáda	El. εβδομάδα evdomáda, Tsak. (ε)βδιμά (e)vdimá, Grik. addomà	Regularisation of ἑβδομάς hebdomás.
wide	πλατύς platýs	Grik. platèo, Tsak. πρακιού prakioú	εὐφραδής euphradḗs	El. φαρδύς fardís	Meant 'well-expressed, eloquent' in MG.
word	λόγος lógos	Grik. lô, Tsak. όγο ógo	λέξις léxis	El. λέξη léxi	Learned borrowing from AG.
work	ἐργάζομαι érgazomai	—	δουλεύω douleúō	El. δουλεύω doulévo	Meant 'be a slave, serve' in AG.
			πολεμέω poleméō	Grik. polemò	Meant 'war with, quarrel, wrangle' in AG.