User:Znex/sandbox5

History of Old Norse and Old Icelandic vowels

Proto-Germanic	Northwest Germanic	Primitive Old West Norse	Primitive Old East Norse	Old Icelandic (1st Grammarian)	Later Old Icelandic	Example (Old Norse)
a	a	a ⟨a⟩	a ⟨a⟩	a	a	land "land" < *landą
a	a (+i-mut)	ɛ ⟨ę⟩	æ ⟨æ⟩	e ⟨e⟩	e	menn "men" < *manniz
a	a (+u/w-mut)	ɔ ⟨ǫ⟩	ɒ ⟨a⟩	ɔ	ø ⟨ö⟩	lǫnd "lands" < *landu < *landō; sǫngr "song" < sǫngr < *sangwaz
a	a (+i-mut +w-mut)	œ ⟨ø₂⟩	œ ⟨ø₂⟩	ø	ø ⟨ö⟩	gøra "to make" < *garwijaną
æː ⟨ē⟩	aː	aː ⟨á⟩	ɒː ⟨ā⟩	aː	aː	láta "to let" < *lētaną
æː ⟨ē⟩	aː (+i-mut)	ɛː ⟨æ⟩	æː ⟨ǣ⟩	ɛː	ɛː	mæla "to speak" < *mālijan < *maþlijaną
æː ⟨ē⟩	aː (+u-mut)	ɔː ⟨ǫ́⟩	ɒː ⟨ā⟩	ɔː	aː ⟨á⟩	mǫ́l "meals" < *mālu < *mēlō
e	e	e ⟨e⟩	ɛ ⟨æ⟩	e	e	sex "six" < *seks; bresta "to burst" < *brestaną
e	e (+u/w-mut)	ø ⟨ø₁⟩	ɛ ⟨æ⟩	ø	ø ⟨ö⟩	tøgr "ten" < *teguz
e	e (broken)	ea ⟨ea⟩	ia ⟨ia⟩	ja ⟨ja⟩	ja	gjalda "to repay" < *geldaną
e	e (broken +u/w-mut)	eo/io ⟨eo⟩/⟨io⟩	io ⟨io⟩	jo > jɔ ⟨jǫ⟩	jø ⟨jö⟩	skjǫldr "shield" < *skelduz
eː ⟨ē₂⟩	eː	eː ⟨é⟩	eː ⟨ē⟩ / æː ⟨ǣ⟩	eː	eː	lét "let (past tense)" < *lē₂t
i	i	i ⟨i⟩	i ⟨i⟩	i	i	mikill "great" < *mikilaz
i	i (+w-mut)	y ⟨y⟩	i ⟨i⟩	y	y(ː)	slyngva "to sling" < *slingwaną
iː	iː	iː ⟨í⟩	iː ⟨ī⟩	iː	iː	líta "to look" < *lītaną
oː	oː	oː ⟨ó⟩	oː ⟨ō⟩	oː	oː	fór "went" < *fōr; mót "meeting" < *mōtą
oː	oː (+i-mut)	øː ⟨œ⟩	øː ⟨œ⟩	øː	ɛː ⟨æ⟩	mœðr "mothers" < *mōdriz
u	u	u ⟨u⟩	u ⟨u⟩	u	u	una "to be content" < *unaną
u	u (+i-mut)	y ⟨y⟩	y ⟨y⟩	y	y	kyn "race" < *kunją
u	u (+a-mut)	o ⟨o⟩	o ⟨o⟩	o	o	fogl/fugl "bird" < *fuglaz; morginn "morning" < *murganaz
uː	uː	uː ⟨ú⟩	uː ⟨ū⟩ / oː ⟨ō⟩	uː	uː	drúpa "to droop" < *drūpaną
uː	uː (+i-mut)	yː ⟨ý⟩	yː ⟨ȳ⟩	yː	yː	mýss "mice" < *mūsiz
ai	ai	ai > ɛi ⟨ei⟩	æi > eː ⟨ē⟩ / æː ⟨ǣ⟩	ɛi	ɛi	bein, Gut. bain "bone" < *bainą
ai	ai (+w-mut)	øy ⟨ey⟩, ⟨øy⟩	øy > øː ⟨œ⟩	øy ⟨ey⟩	ɛy	kveykva "to kindle" < *kwaikwaną
au	au	au > ɔu ⟨au⟩	au > øː ⟨œ⟩	ɔu ⟨au⟩	au	lauss "loose" < *lausaz
au	au (+i-mut)	øy ⟨ey⟩, ⟨øy⟩	øy > øː ⟨œ⟩	øy ⟨ey⟩	ɛy	leysa "to loosen" < *lausijaną
eu	eu	eu ⟨eu⟩	iu ⟨iu⟩	juː ⟨jú⟩	juː	djúpr "deep" < *deupaz
eu	eu (+dental)	eo ⟨eo⟩	iu ⟨iu⟩	joː ⟨jó⟩	juː	bjóða/bjúða "to offer" < *beudaną
Ṽ	Ṽ	Ṽ	Ṽ	Ṽ	V	komȧ < *kwemaną "to come, arrive"; OWN vėtr/vėttr < vintr < *wintruz "winter"
Ṽː	Ṽː	Ṽː	Ṽː	Ṽː	Vː	hȧ́r "shark" < *hanhaz; ȯ́rar "our" (pl.) < *unseraz; ø̇́rȧ "younger" (acc. neut. wk.) < *junhizą