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Insights Revision

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Ex-Situ conservation method

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  • Means offsite conservation
  • In this component of biological diversity is restricted from its natural habitat and managed in a controlled environment
  • Ex- gene banks, zoos, biological parks, tissue culture

In-Situ Conservation

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  • means onsite conservation
  • conservation of plants and animals in their natural habitat
  • biosphere reserves, National Parks, Sanctuaries

Naupada

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  • Famous for Salt fields
  • In Andhra Pradesh

Sanctuaries in Rann of Kutch

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  • Indian wild ass sanctuary –largest wildlife sanctuary in India
  • Narayan Sarovar Chinkara wildlife sanctuary – last remaining habitats of Cheetah in India
  • Kutch great Indian bustard sanctuary – heaviest flying bird – smallest sanctuary in India – the bird is in Critically endangered Red list of IUCN
  • Banni Grasslands reserve
  • Chari-Dhand wetland conservation reserve - located on the edge of banni grasslands

Double coconut palm

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  • Largest seed known
  • And can survive for long time (1000 years)
  • Very rare tree – only 1 in India and is found in only two of the Seychelles islands
  • Listed as endangered under IUCN

Sikkim

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  • Orchid is the state flower
  • Kanchenzenga national park and biosphere reserve – kanchenzenga third highest peak in the world

Assam

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AQI

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  • The AQI has six categories of air quality, viz Good, Satisfactory, Moderately Polluted, Poor, Very Poor and Severe with distinct colour scheme.
  • AQI considers eight pollutants (PM10, PM 2.5, NO2, SO2, CO, O3, NH3 and Pb)

Point calimere and wildlife sanctuary

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  • In Tamil nadu
  • For blackbucks
  • Famous for greater flamingos
  • It is a tropical dry evergreen forests
  • It is a Ramsar site

Ropar wetland

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  • Fresh water riverine
  • It is a Ramsar site

Bhoj wetland

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  • Fresh water system
  • It is a Ramsar site

SICOM

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  • Society of integrated coastal management
  • Estb. Under MoEFCC
  • To support in the implementation of ICZM (supported by world bank)

Global Environment facility

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  • Partnership of various public and private organisations and civil organisations
  • Focus is on environment

Forest Fires

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  • Mizoram sees highest number of forest fires
  • MODIS - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer sensor of NASA is used to monitor forest fires in real time in India

Kadamba tree

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  • Is an evergreen tropical tree native to south and south east Asia

Article 8 (j) of the Convention on Biological Diversity

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  • On Traditional Knowledge, Innovations and Practices

Biological diversity act, 2002

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  • Under this NBA (National biodiversity authority) is established – statutory and autonomous body
  • It advises central govt. on preserving biodiversity
  • State biodiversity boards advises state govt.
  • Biological management commissions – are bodies at local level

USAID Forest-Plus

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  • Program to accelerate India’s path to low-carbon economy
  • Develop capacity to measure carbon monitoring and storage
  • Reducing deforestation and land-use planning

Test2

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Wildlife protection Act,1972

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  • Under this Nilgai and wildpig (boar) has been declared as vermins
  • Under the act any animal declared as vermin, state authorities can carry out extermination on large scale without attracting penal provisions

Binturong (bearcat)

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  • Vulnerable under IUCN
  • Can be found in Manas national park

Basel Convention

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  • On transboundary movement of hazardous waste and their disposal

Minamata convention

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  • Is on mercury – to protect human health

Rotterdam Convention

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  • Is on prior consent and responsibilities in relation to importation of hazardous chemicals

Stockholm convention

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  • Is on protection of human health from persistent organic pollutants

Cooum River

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  • Shortest river to drain into bay of Bengal
  • Earlier known as triplicane river
  • One of the highly polluted river in Tamil nadu

Wetlands

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  • 2 Feb – wetlands day
  • On every continent (except Antarctica)

Trophic level

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  • Autotrophs or producers – first level
  • More number of organisms – at lower levels

Bio-magnification

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  • Is the increasing concentration of a substance such as a toxic substance in the tissue of organisms at successive higher trophic levels in a food chain

Bio-Accumulation

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  • Occurs at the same trophic level – it is the increase in concentration of a substance

Bio-Concentration

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  • It happens when uptake from water if higher then excretion

Bio-diversity hotspot

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  • A region which has high biodiversity and is under threat from human activities

Test3

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Test4

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Global Warming

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  • Sun is not at all responsible for global warming
  • Warming is only due to warming of surface temperature - not stratosphere

Ozone depletion

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  • CFC's break and release Chlorine free radical that breaks O3
  • Green climate fund is the largest fund
  • Clean development mechanism
  • National clean energy fund is funded by cess on coal

NAFCC

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  • National adaptation fund on climate change
  • it is funded only by govt.
  • Objective - is to assist states and UTs that are particularly vulnerable to climate change
  • NABARD - is the national implementing agency under NAFCC

GHGs

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  • HFCs, CO2, CH4, Nitrous oxide, PFCs (Perflourocarbons), Sulphur hexaflouride, Nitrogen triflouride

Test5

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  • Bhimbetka caves (vindhyan and satpura range) - one of the richest cave paintings - upper paleolithic, mesolithic and chalcolithic
  • In India - cave paintings are found from upper paleolithic era
  • Lakhudiyar (Amora) - have hand linked images of human
  • Upper paleolithic cave paintings - images are linear, use of green, red, black, white color - animal figures, geometric patterns and humans in stick style
  • Harappa and Mohenjodaro sites - Lothal, Dholavira, Balathal, Kalibangan, Daimabad, Ropar, Rakhigari, etc.

Important Buddha Sites

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  • Sarnath – First sermon
  • Kushinagar – Cremation of Buddha (and last sermon)
  • Bodhgaya – attained enlightenment
  • Other stupas at Buddha's relics - Rajagraha, Vaishali, Kapilavastu, Allakappa, Ramagrama, Vethadipa, Pava, Kushinagar and Pippalvina.
  • Shatrunjay hills - Jain temples

T11

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Landslides

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  • Caused by – earthquakes, floods, volcanoes, leaking pipes and sewer reticulation, removal of vegetation and vibrations from heavy traffic and blasting

Soil conservation

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  • Methods – Mixed farming, mulching and intercropping

Isotonic and hypotonic

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  • Isotonic solution – osmotic pressure on the both sides of semi-permeable membrane is equal – thus water can travel both ways – without affecting concentration of solutes on both sides
  • Hypotonic solution – has less osmotic pressure (lower concentration of solute) – thus water flows towards it. A fresh water solution is hypotonic – thus a cell kept in this solution will swell.
  • Hypertonic solution – has high osmotic pressure

Diclofenac

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  • Damages kidney of vultures

Cites

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  • Washington convention

Non-metallic minerals

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  • Coal, porphyry, mica are non-metallic minerals

Appalachians

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  • East North America

Zirconium

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  • Oldest material of terrestrial origin
  • Found in western Australia
  • Is a metallic mineral

Kalgoorlie

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  • Gold mine city – western Australia

Crude oil

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  • Kerogen is an important part in the formation of petroleum beneath the earth
  • Brent crude is a mixture of 15 oil fields between Nigeria and Dubai
  • Brent crude has low sulphur and has less density
  • India’s oil basket comprises – Oman-Dubai sour grade and Brent crude in the ratio of 67.6 : 32.4

LPG and CNG

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  • LPG is a mixture of Propane and Butane
  • CNG only contains Methane
  • CNG releases less GHGs than LPG
  • CNG is lighter than air – thus disperses quickly
  • LPG is highly inflammable – heavier than air – thus settles on ground level

Thorium

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  • India has 25% of the world’s total thorium reserves
  • India’s 3 stage nuclear programme plans to use this reserve
  • India currently has no thorium plants
  • Andhra Pradesh has largest reserve in India

Shifting cultivation

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  • It adversely affects the recovery of soil fertility
  • It results in weed invasion and
  • Can be used to combat climate change

Wheat

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  • Grows in well drained loam or clay-loam soils
  • Needs lot of sunshine
  • Is grown as rainfed crop

MIC

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  • Methyl isocyanate is an intermediate product in the production of Carbamate pesticides
  • Union carbide India ltd. Used MIC as an intermediate product to manufacture plastics, industrial chemical and pesticides

T12

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EEZ

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  • Exclusive economic zone – no sovereignty over this only sovereign right
  • Surface waters in this region is international waters
  • If the continental shelf of the country extends beyond 200 nautical miles, that country can claim EEZ beyond 200 nautical miles – India applied for extending its EEZ to UNCLOS
  • Territorial waters – 12 nautical miles – full sovereignty over this

1992 Summit

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  • Earth summit –Rio
  • Signed documents – Agenda 21, forest principles, CBD and UN convention to combat desertification

Club of rome

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  • Group of global think tanks
  • In the field of humanity, global warming, well being
  • Famous for its book – Limits to growth – on limited availability of natural resources and its impact on economic growth

Land degradation

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  • Causes:
  • Deforestation, Shifting cultivation without adequate fallow period, overgrazing, unbalanced fertiliser use, overpumping of ground water

Strip cropping

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  • Involves growing strips of grass between crops or strips of different crops
  • Used to prevent soil degradation

Chir pine

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  • Is native to India
  • Oak tree was replaced by chir trees for resin and timber

Bhakra dam

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  • Concrete gravity dam

Kul irrigation system

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  • It is a traditional rainwater harvesting technique
  • In this, heads of glaciers are used to draw water in a sustainable manner
  • Practiced in trans-himalayan region – mainly in spiti valley

High value crops

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  • Vegetables, fruits and flowers, ornamentals, condiments, spices,
  • Not pusles and cotton

Rat hole coal mining

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  • It was rampant in Meghalaya
  • Now banned by NGT and Meghalaya govt.
  • Rat hole mining has resulted in increased acidity in near by water sources

Types of Indian silk

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  • Kinkkhwab
  • Pot-thans
  • Himru
  • Mashru

NH44

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  • Previously NH 7
  • From Srinagar to Kanyakumari
  • Passes through H.P, Punjab, Delhi, Haryana, U.P, M.P, Maharastra, Tellangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil nadu,