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Holy Roman empire

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Reichskrone.jpgWappen röm.kaiser.JPGHistory of the Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire portal gives an overview of events from about 900 to 1806, that affected the territories of the Empire and its leading aristocratic families.

Welcome

The purpose of the Holy Roman Empire portal is to make it easy for readers to find and explore articles about the Holy Roman Empire and its aristocratic families, as well as enabling editors to come together to work to enhance the subject and its themes. New editors are warmly welcome and invited to participate in adding new articles and improving existing ones – the first steps are very easy.

Article of the month

Article of the month Aulic Council

The Hofburg, Vienna, seat of the Aulic Council The Aulic Council (Reichshofrat) was one of the two high courts in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, the other being the Imperial Chamber Court (Reichskammergericht). The Aulic Council, however, was solely responsible for matters relating to imperial fiefs and privileges and hunting reserve rights.

Both courts derived their authority from the German king or emperor, who was the supreme judge in the Empire. The higher nobility and the imperial cities could only be arraigned before the two high courts. Citizens, peasants and lesser nobles, on the other hand, had first to be brought before the courts of those princes and cities whose subjects or citizens they were. They could only take their case to the high courts, if they considered that the lower courts responsible for them had made a wrong decision. They were then allowed to seek to have the ruling of the lower court overturned by appeal or nullification. They had to follow the normal channels in doing so. If these prerequisites were met, the high court judges reviewed the decisions of the lower courts.

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Important noble families

Agilolfings • Ahalolfings • Andechs • Aribonids • Arnulfing • Ascania • Babenberg • Balduin • Billung • Burcharding • Caroligians • Conradines • Diepolding-Rapotones • Ekkehardins • Emichones • Eppensteins • Etichonids • Ezzonids • Griffins • Habsburg • Hohenstaufen • Hohenzollern • Ludovingians • Luitpoldings • Luxembourg • Matfrieds• Meinhardiner • Nassau • Northeim • Obodrites • Ottonians • Plantagenet • Popponids • Premyslid • Reginar • Salians • Sieghardingians • Spanheim • Supplinburg • Udalrichings • Unruochings • Welfs • Wigerics • Wittelsbach • Wettin • Wilhelminers • Württemberg • Zähringen

Important imperial treaties, edicts and legal sources

Peace of Augsburg • Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis • Constitutio Criminalis Carolina • Cuius regio, eius religio • Golden Bull of 1356 • Ems Punctation • Ewiger Landfriede • Peace of Constance • Treaty of Lunéville • Treaty of Venice • Youngest Recess • German mediatization (Reichsdeputationshauptschluss) • Ottonian-Salian Imperial Church System • Peace of Passau • Sachsenspiegel • Schwabenspiegel • Statutum in favorem principum • Treaty of Bonn (921) • Peace of Westphalia • Edict of Worms • Concordat of Worms

Conflicts and key events

Anti-kings • Augsburg Interim • Battle of the Three Emperors • War of the Austrian Succession • War of the Bavarian Succession • Walk to Canossa • Crusades • Investiture Controversy • Battle of Lechfeld • Battle of Legnano • War of the Palatine Succession • Defenestrations of Prague • Reformation • Schmalkaldic League • Schmalkaldic War • Seven Years' War • Thirty Years' War • Western Schism

Terminology

Imperial Army (Reichsarmee) • Free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt) • Hasenrat • Perpetual Diet of Regensburg (Immerwährender Reichstag) • Interregnum • Coronation • Recess (Reichsabschied) • Imperial ban (Reichsacht) • Flags • Reichsdeputation • Reichsexekution • Reichsexekutionsordnung • Reichsfürstenrat • Imperial Italy (Reichsitalien) • Imperial Regalia (Reichskleinodien) • Imperial Register (Reichsmatrikel) • Imperial Prelate (Reichsprälat) • Imperial Reform (Reichsreform) • Imperial Government (Reichsregiment) • Imperial Knighthood (Reichsritterschaft) • Reichsstädtekollegium • Reichssturmfahne • Reservatrechte • Römermonat • Quaternionenadler • Wahlkapitulation

Organisation of the Empire

Structures

Hoftag Imperial Prelates (Reichsprälat) Emperors Kings Imperial Estates (Reichsstände) Prince-electors (Kurfürst) Imperial Villages (Reichsdorf) Erzamt Imperial Princes (Reichsfürst) Imperial Counts (Reichsgraf) Free imperial cities Other imperially immediate estates Imperial Knights (Reichsritter) Institutions of the Empire

Imperial Diet (Reichstag) Königliches Kammergericht to 1495 Reichskammergericht from 1495 Imperial Circle (Reichskreise) from 1495 Aulic Council (Reichshofrat) from 1498 Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.

From the accession of Otto I in 962 until the twelfth century, the Empire was the most powerful monarchy in Europe. The functioning of government depended on the harmonic cooperation between monarch and vassals, but this harmony was disturbed during the Salian period. The empire reached the apex of territorial expansion and power under the House of Hohenstaufen in the mid-thirteenth century, but overextending led to partial collapse.

On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne as emperor, reviving the title in Western Europe, more than three centuries after the fall of the earlier ancient Western Roman Empire in 476. In theory and diplomacy, the emperors were considered primus inter pares, regarded as first among equals among other Catholic monarchs across Europe. The title continued in the Carolingian family until 888 and from 896 to 899, after which it was contested by the rulers of Italy in a series of civil wars until the death of the last Italian claimant, Berengar I, in 924. The title was revived again in 962 when Otto I, King of Germany, was crowned emperor by Pope John XII, fashioning himself as the successor of Charlemagne and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries. Some historians refer to the coronation of Charlemagne as the origin of the empire, while others prefer the coronation of Otto I as its beginning. Henry the Fowler, the founder of the medieval German state (ruled 919–936), has sometimes been considered the founder of the Empire as well. The modern view favours Otto as the true founder. Scholars generally concur in relating an evolution of the institutions and principles constituting the empire, describing a gradual assumption of the imperial title and role.

The exact term "Holy Roman Empire" was not used until the 13th century, but the Emperor's legitimacy always rested on the concept of translatio imperii, that he held supreme power inherited from the ancient emperors of Rome. The imperial office was traditionally elective through the mostly German prince-electors.

During the final phase of the reign of Emperor Frederick III (ruled 1452–1493), Imperial Reform began. The reform would largely be materialized during Maximilian I's rule (from 1486 as King of the Romans, from 1493 as sole ruler, and from 1508 as Holy Roman Emperor, until his death in 1519). The Empire transformed into the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation. It was during this time that the Empire gained most of its institutions that endured until its final demise in the nineteenth century. Thomas Brady Jr. opines that the Imperial Reform was successful, although perhaps at the expense of the reform of the Church, partly because Maximilian was not really serious about the religious matter.

According to Brady Jr., the Empire, after the Imperial Reform, was a political body of remarkable longevity and stability, and "resembled in some respects the monarchical polities of Europe's western tier, and in others the loosely integrated, elective polities of East Central Europe." The new corporate German Nation, instead of simply obeying the emperor, negotiated with him. On 6 August 1806, Emperor Francis II dissolved the empire following the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine by Emperor of the French Napoleon I the month before. (Full article...)

History of the Holy Roman Empire

Extent of the Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire (Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium) was the official name for the sovereign territory of the Roman-German Emperor from the Middle Ages to the year 1806. The name of the Empire is derived from the claim of its medieval rulers that it continued the tradition of the Ancient Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire is the forerunner of the modern nation-states of Germany and Austria. To distinguish it from the German Empire founded in 1871 it is also referred to by modern historians as the “Old Empire” (German: Altes Reich) more...

Well known people of the Holy Roman Empire

Emperors and kings

Otto I • Otto II • Otto III • Henry II • Conrad II • Henry III • Henry IV • Henry V • Conrad III • Frederick I • Henry VI • Philip of Swabia • Otto IV • Frederick II • Henry VII • Louis IV • Charles IV • Frederick III • Charles V • Ferdinand I • Ferdinand II • Joseph I • Charles VII • Francis II

Important church leaders

Leo III • Gregory VII • Urban II • Innocent III • Alexander III • Leo X • Jan Hus • Martin Luther • Philip Melanchthon • John Calvin

Members

New articles

• 01.02 Portal:Holy Roman Empire

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Brunswick-Celle - Eberhard I of Habsburg-Laufenburg - Frederick III of Veldenz - Lordship of Ochsenstein - Holstein-Glückstadt - Holstein-Oldenburg - Jean-Baptiste Paulin Guérin - Joanna of Ligny and St. Pol - Carmelite Church, Straubing - Conrad of Thierberg - Kraft I of Hohenlohe - Kreistag - Landkasten/ Landschaftskasse/ Landschaft (Bank) - Louis V of Lichtenberg - Louis of Eyb - Mangold of Sternberg - Margaret of Bavaria-Landshut - Otto of Lomello - Palatinate-Kleeburg - Treaty of Prague (1546) - Reichsrecht - Rerum Prussicarum - House of Schneeberg - Seehaufen - Ulrich III of Ortenburg - Untertanenpatent - House of Dernbach - House of Kruchfeld - House of Wichsenstein - more... • edit

Associated Wikimedia

Wikipedia:Wikimedia Commons Photos Wikipedia:Wikisource Source texts Wikipedia:Wikiquote Citations Wikipedia:Wiktionary Dictionary

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Lungs vaccine

Redirected from Stimuvax) Tecemotide (INN; emepepimut-S (USAN); formerly known as BLP25 or EMD 531444) is a synthetic lipopeptide that is used as antigen in an investigational therapeutic cancer vaccine (formerly known as Stimuvax, L-BLP25, BLP25 liposomal vaccine, or BLP25 liposome vaccine). The investigational therapeutic cancer vaccine is designed to induce a cellular immune response to cancer cells that express MUC1, a glycoprotein antigen that is widely over-expressed on common cancers such as lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer. The cellular immune response may lead to a rejection of tumor tissue expressing the MUC1 antigen.[1]

Tecemotide Vaccine description Target MUC1 Vaccine type Protein subunit Clinical data Other names Emepepimut-S; Stimuvax; BLP25; EMD 531444; L-BLP25; BLP25 liposomal vaccine Identifiers CAS Number 221214-84-2 (antigen) UNII Q7Y026G2CX Chemical and physical data Formula C124H203N33O38

199.208.172.35

Hi IP editor, welcome to the Teahouse. In a sense, all empires have disappeared - we tend to use different terms now. Do you have a more specific question? 199.208.172.35 (talk) 20:45, 8 February 2023 (UTC) Hello, IP user, and welcome to the Teahouse. Your question is not very clear, but it doesn't seem to be about editing Wikipedia, which is what this page is for. If you're asking about historical empires that no longer exist, you could start with Category:Former empires. If that doesn't answer your question, try asking at the Reference desk. ColinFine (talk) 20:46, 8 February 2023 (UTC) Maybe after reading the disambiguation page empires? Mike Turnbull (talk) 20:47, 8 February 2023 (UTC)