User talk:Nhose711/sandbox

1. Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted? Check a few citations. Do the links work? Is there any close paraphrasing or plagiarism in the article?

- This phrase: “In other words, the body's ability to regulate its internal environment” is not cited. I wonder if these are the editors own words, because it sounds exactly like a textbook definition of homeostasis. -“It should be noted that, William Beaumont was the first American to utilize the practical application of physiology” is not cited, unclear where the editor got this information from -“The Society was founded in 1887 with 28 members” not cited. - “In medicine, a physiologic state is one occurring from normal body function, rather than pathologically, which is centered on the abnormalities that occur in animal diseases, including humans.” This is linked to reference 4, a news website, which is not a reliable source. -“His modification of this theory better equipped doctors to make more precise diagnoses.” This statement is not supported by a citation.

There are quite a few references in this article that are not reliable: -reference 1 is an online etymology dictionary, not a reliable source as it appears to be an independent site and it has an advertisement. -reference 9 is not from a reliable source, it is a website from a professor who doesn’t list any references and it doesn’t appear to be peer-reviewed. -reference 13 is a link that is not working -reference 17 is from an online encyclopedia called “Jewish Women’s Archive”, not a reliable source because they have an interest in making her activities appear more important than they might be. -reference 20 is from a website that is not a reliable source, a “medical-dictionary” website, which has advertisements introducing a conflict of interest between the truth and the interest of the viewer.

The statement about Barbara McClintock “ was rewarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of genetic transposition McClintock is the only female recipient who has won an unshared Nobel Prize.” Is paraphrased from the Wikipedia page on her. This is a hard statement to rewrite, but could have had more effort put in.

The statement “Soon thereafter, in 1913, J.S. Haldane proposed that women be allowed to formally join The Physiological Society, which had been founded in 1876 “ has been plagiarized from the site: http://www.medicaltalk.net/t/about-the-physiology-category/1629. This could explain why the author did not include a citation and it is listed as ‘citation needed’ at the end of this sentence.

The remaining references are to textbooks or articles published in pubmed, which are reliable source because they are peer reviewed. Encylopedia Britannica is referenced several times. This is a good resource with a neutral tone that is peer reviewed according to their site and has multiple authors who are experts in their field.

2. Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position? Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?

-“Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew.” This phrase should be cited, and include several other “major figures”, it seems a little biased.

-The section “Women in Physiology” should perhaps be included under history, because giving it a separate heading over-represents women and to be fair, one could argue that a “men in physiology” section should be added.

-“It should be noted that” in “It should be noted that William Beaumont was the first American to utilize the practical application of physiology” should be deleted, and instead just stated as a fact.

The bottom of the article indicates or suggests that physiology is a field of study under forensic science because it uses the term “part of a series on Forensic Science.” However, forensic science utilizes portions of physiology as opposed to the other way around.

The article appears to be heavily biased towards the authenticity of the Nobel Prize as the ultimate achievement in physiology. There are other scientific awards that could be discussed and the award of scientific grants to women might be a better statistic to talk about women in the field since that is a general statistic than Nobel Prizes, which are awarded to outliers in fields (exceptional outliers).

In conclusion, the article is overall neutral about the field, however it has a predisposition, i.e. it is leaning towards the emphasis of women in science as a major component in the field, as opposed to the proper field, which should be the history of physiology. It is over-represented by making it a special section.

3. Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you? Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?

-“Given the size of the field” distracted me. I would leave it out and just state that it is divided into several types. The types listed in the article should be somewhat changed. It states that: “it is divided into, among others, animal physiology (including that of humans), plant physiology, cellular physiology, microbial physiology (microbial metabolism), bacterial physiology, and viral physiology.” Perhaps it could say instead that: it is divided into vertebrate physiology which includes animal (mammalian) and human physiology, microbial physiology, which includes bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites, plant physiology, and cellular physiology.

-The “Women in Physiology” section distracted me, and I don’t think this should be a separate section, instead it should be added to history. It is not part of the definition of physiology.

-These two sentences should be switched: “The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to those who make significant achievements in this discipline by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In medicine, a physiologic state is one occurring from normal body function, rather than pathologically, which is centered on the abnormalities that occur in animal diseases, including humans.” It would make more sense for the sentence about Nobel Prize to follow the description of a “physiologic state”. On that note, I would expand on the definition of a “physiologic state”, as it applies to humans, and include that it involves the maintenance of homeostasis and link the word ‘homeostasis’ to its wiki site.

- “Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become a distinct sub-discipline.” Probably a sentence that is out of date.

-To lengthen the lead, I would definitely add a sentence and say that physiology is an integrated/ interdisciplinary science overlapping with disciplines such as biology, biochemistry, physics, chemistry, anatomy, neuroscience, genetics, medicine, and pharmacology. I would also mention that homeostasis as an integral part of human physiology in the lead.

-The end of the history section should include some of the more recent discoveries/ famous people in physiology, such as Eric Kandel, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000 for his work related to hippocampal formation of long term memory. No information on the site appears to be outdated except as mentioned above, but the most recent Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine was from 2009. A comprehensive list of Nobel Prizes would be an effective addition to the page.

-The “Human Physiology” section should appear earlier in this article, perhaps after “History” (which would include “Women in Physiology”)

-“Barbara McClintock was rewarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of genetic transposition. McClintock is the only female recipient who has won an unshared Nobel Prize.” This information for women in physiology is an important part for the advancement of women in science, but this is included only because the word physiology occurs in the Nobel Prize name. It is not central to the definition or understanding of physiology as a field.

4. How does the Wikipedia article compare to the ways we've discussed this topic in class? Does it align? What information might be incorrect or missing? 

Compared to our introduction to physiology from class, the information in the Wikipedia article does not point to homeostasis as an integral part of human physiology. It also does not discuss the general principles of physiology mentioned at the end of chapter 1 of our textbook, which I think should be discussed before the history. Nhose711 (talk) 22:23, 31 January 2017 (UTC)

I am adding this to the article as an Introduction:

Stress is characterized by specific physiological responses to aversive or noxious stimuli. Hans Selye was the first to coin the term “general adaptation syndrome”, to suggest that stress induced physiological responses proceed through the stages of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system gives rise to a specific set of physiological responses in response to physical or psychological stress. The body’s response to stress is also termed “fight-or-flight response”, and it is characterized by an increase in blood flow to skeletal muscles, the heart and brain, a rise in heart rate and blood pressure, as well as dilation of pupils, and an increase in the amount of glucose released by the liver.

To the lead: ASD is characterized by reliving and avoiding reminders of an aversive event, as well as generalized hypervigilance after initial exposure to a traumatic event. ASD is differentiated from PTSD as a disorder that precedes it, and if symptoms last for more than one month, it will develop into PTSD. It can thus be thought of as the acute phase of PTSD.

In the section "Pathophysiology":

Studies have shown that patients with ASD have overactive right amygdalae and pre-frontal cortices, both structures that are involved in the fear-processing pathway. Nhose711 (talk) 02:48, 1 March 2017 (UTC)