User talk:Vijeta 82
Ram Setu
For all those Married, Dating or thinking of marriage - A must read.
Ten years ago, on my wedding day, I carried my wife in my arms. The bridal car stopped in front of our one-room flat. I carried her out of the car in my arms into our home. She was plump and shy and I was a strong and happy bridegroom.
We had a kid; I went into business. As our assets increased, the affection between us ebbed. She was a civil servant. Every morning we left home together and got home almost at the same time.
Then gorgeous Dew came into my life!!!!
It was a sunny day. I stood on a spacious balcony. Dew hugged me from behind. My heart once again was immersed in her stream of love. This was the apartment I had just bought for her, I had furnished it into a paradise!. Dew said, you are the kind of man who best draws girls' eyeballs. Her words suddenly reminded me of my wife. When we were just married, my wife said, Men like you, once successful, will be very attractive to girls. I was very happy, and the idea of divorce became clear in my mind.
She was a good wife. Every evening she was busy preparing dinner. I was sitting in front of the TV. The dinner was ready soon. Then we watched TV together. Or, I was lounging before the computer, visualizing Dew's body. This was my means of entertainment.
One day I said to her in a slightly joking way, suppose we divorce, what will you do? She stared at me for a few seconds without a word. She had lived in a crucible believing that divorce was something far away from her. I couldn't imagine how she would react once she got to know I was serious.
Once my wife came to my office, Dew had just stepped out. All the staff looked at my wife with sympathetic eyes because they all knew she was living a lie. She seemed to have got a hint. She gently smiled at my subordinates. But I read hurt in her eyes.
Dew encouraged me to divorce my wife, so that we could live happily together. She was getting impatient at being the other woman in my life. I nodded. I knew I could not postpone the divorce any longer Dew was too tempting to resist.
When I got home that night as my wife served dinner, I held her hand and said, I've got something to tell you. She sat down and ate quietly. Again I observed the hurt in her eyes. Suddenly I didn't know how to open my mouth. But I had to let her know what I was thinking. I want a divorce. I raised the topic calmly.
She didn't seem to be annoyed by my words, instead she asked me softly, why? I avoided her question. This made her angry. She threw away the chopsticks and shouted at me, you are not a man! That night, we didn't talk to each other. She was weeping. I knew she wanted to find out what had happened to our marriage. But I could hardly give her a satisfactory answer, she had lost my heart to Dew. I did'nt love her anymore..I just pitied her!
With a deep sense of guilt, I drafted a divorce agreement which stated that she could own our house, our car, and 30% stake of my company. She glanced at it and then tore it into pieces. The woman who had spent ten years of her life with me had become a stranger. I felt sorry for her wasted time, resources and energy but I could not take back what I had said for I loved Dew so dearly. Finally she cried loudly in front of me, which was what I had expected to see. To me her cry was actually a kind of release. The idea of divorce! which had obsessed me for several weeks seemed to be firmer and clearer now.
The next day, I came back home very late and found her writing something at the table. I did'nt have supper but went straight to sleep and fell asleep very fast because I was tired after an eventful day with Dew. When I woke up, she was still there at the table writing. I just did not care so I turned over and was asleep again.
In the morning she presented her divorce conditions: she didn't want anything from me, but needed a month's notice before the divorce. She requested that in that one month we both struggle to live as normal a life as possible. Her reasons were simple: our son had his exams in a months time and she did'nt want to disrupt him with our broken marriage.
This was agreeable to me. But she had something more, she asked me to recall how I had carried her into out bridal room on our wedding day. She requested that everyday for the month's duration I carry her out of our bedroom to the front door ever morning. I thought she was going crazy. Just to make our last days together bearable I accepted her odd request.
I told Dew about my wife s divorce conditions. She laughed loudly and thought it was absurd. No matter what tricks she applies, she has to face the divorce, she said scornfully.
My wife and I hadn't had any body contact since my divorce intention was explicitly expressed. So when I carried her out on the first day, we both appeared clumsy. Our son clapped behind us, daddy is holding mummy in his arms. His words brought me a sense of pain. From the bedroom to the sitting room, then to the door, I walked over ten meters with her in my arms. She closed her eyes and said softly, don't tell our son about the divorce. I nodded, feeling somewhat upset. I put her down outside the door. She went to wait for th! e bus to work. I drove alone to the office.
On the second day, both of us acted much more easily. She leaned on my chest.. I could smell the fragrance of her blouse. I realized that I hadn't looked at this woman carefully for a long time. I realised she was not young any more. There were fine wrinkles on her face, her hair was graying! Our marriage had taken its toll on her. For a minute I wondered what I had done to her.
On the fourth day, when I lifted her up, I felt a sense of intimacy returning. This was the woman who had given ten years of her life to me. On the fifth and sixth day, I realized that our sense of intimacy was growing again. I didn't tell Dew about this. It became easier to carry her as the month slipped by. Perhaps the everyday workout made me stronger.
She was choosing what to wear one morning. She tried on quite a few dresses but could not find a suitable one. Then she sighed, all my dresses have grown bigger. I suddenly realized that she had grown so thin, that was the reason why I could carry her more easily. Suddenly it hit me, .. she had buried so much pain and bitterness in her heart. Subconsciously I reached out and touched her head.
Our son came in at the moment and said, Dad, it's time to carry mum out. To him, seeing his father carrying his mother out had become an essential part of his life. My wife gestured to our son to come closer and hugged him tightly. I turned my face away because I was afraid I might change my mind at this last minute. I then held her in my arms, walking from the bedroom, through the sitting room, to the hallway. Her hand surrounded my neck softly and naturally. I held her body tightly, it was just like our wedding day. But her much lighter weight made me sad. On the last day, when I held her in my arms I could hardly move a step. Our son had gone to school. I held her tightly and said, I had'nt noticed that our life lacked intimacy.
I drove to office... jumped out of the car swiftly without locking the door. I was afraid any delay would make me change my mind... I walked upstairs. Dew opened the door and I said to her, Sorry, Dew, I do not want the divorce anymore.
She looked at me, astonished. Then touched my forehead. Do you have a fever? She said. I moved her hand off my head. Sorry, Dew, I said, I won't divorce. My marriage life was boring probably because she and I didn't value the details of our lives, not because we didn't love each other any more. Now I realise that since I carried her into my home on our wedding day I am supposed to hold her until death do us apart. Dew seemed to suddenly wake up. She gave me a loud slap and then slammed the door and burst into tears. I walked d! ownstairs and drove away.
At the floral shop on the way, I ordered a bouquet of flowers for my wife. The salesgirl asked me what to write on the card. I smiled and wrote, I'll carry you out every morning until death do us apart.
The small details of your lives are what really matter in a relationship. It is not the mansion, the car, property , the money in the bank, blah..blah..blah. These create an environment conducive for happiness but cannot give happiness in themselves. So find time to be your spouse's friend and do those little things for each other that build intimacy. Do have a real happy marriage!
If you don't share this, nothing will happen to you.if you do, you just might save a marriage.
- Author unknown -
- start********************
this query fill find nth highest value from number of rows say find 3rd highest val from table
Select * From COMMON.PRODUCT_MST C1 Where
(3-1) = (Select Count(Distinct(C2.BUSN_CAT_ID)) From COMMON.PRODUCT_MST C2 Where
C2.BUSN_CAT_ID > C1.BUSN_CAT_ID)
- end***********
E-Mail format checking script.
if (document.formname.fieldname.value.length >0) {
i=document.formname.fieldname.value.indexOf("@") j=document.formname.fieldname.value.indexOf(".",i) k=document.formname.fieldname.value.indexOf(",") kk=document.formname.fieldname.value.indexOf(" ") jj=document.formname.fieldname.value.lastIndexOf(".")+1 len=document.formname.fieldname.value.length
if ((i>0) && (j>(1+1)) && (k==-1) && (kk==-1) && (len-jj >=2) && (len-jj<=3)) {
}
else {
alert("Please enter an exact email address.\n" +
document.formname.fieldname.value + " is invalid."); return false;
}
}
Check if field has special characters.
var iChars = "!@#$%^&*()+=-[]\\\';,./{}|\":<>?";
for (var i = 0; i < document.formname.fieldname.value.length; i++) {
if (iChars.indexOf(document.formname.fieldname.value.charAt(i)) != -1) {
alert ("Your username has special characters. \nThese are not allowed.\n Please remove them and try again.");
return false;
}
}
Check if certian radio buttons have not been selected.
if (!document.formname.fieldname[0].checked &&
!document.formname.fieldname[1].checked &&
!document.formname.fieldname[2].checked &&
!document.formname.fieldname[3].checked) {
alert("Please choose a group designation.\n");
return false;
}
Check if textbox has any characters in it.
if (document.formname.fieldname.value.length == 0) {
alert("Please fill out your name.\n");
return false;
}
Check if multiple checkboxes have not been selected.Replace false with true to see if all are selected.
if (document.formname.fieldname.checked == false &&
document.formname.fieldname.checked == false &&
document.formname.fieldname.checked == false) {
alert("Please select at least one checkbox.\n"); return false;
}
Check drop down has been selected. Set drop down's value to Not_Selected for this to work.
if (document.formname.fieldname.value == 'Not_Selected') {
alert("Please provide us with a selection.\n");
return false;
}
Scan values in a field and if they are all letters then alert. The second block of code does the same but for numbers
//alert on finding all letters
var noalpha = /^[a-zA-Z]*$/;
if (noalpha.test(document.formname.fieldname.value)) {
alert("Please enter at least one number in the \"username\" field.");
return false;
}
//alert on finding all numbers var nonums = /^[0-9]*$/; if (nonums.test(document.formname.fieldname.value)) {
alert("Please enter at least one letter in the \"username\" field.");
return false;
}
Remove special characters from a string.
function clearText() {
document.formname.fieldname.value=filterNum(document.formname.fieldname.value)
function filterNum(str) {
re = /\$|,|@|#|~|`|\%|\*|\^|\&|\(|\)|\+|\=|\[|\-|\_|\]|\[|\}|\{|\;|\:|\'|\"|\<|\>|\?|\||\\|\!|\$|\./g;
// remove special characters like "$" and "," etc...
return str.replace(re, "");
}
}
Detect special characters in text box. Or any character you subsitute for the special characters.
var iChars = "!@#$%^&*()+=-[]\\\';,./{}|\":<>?";
for (var i = 0; i < document.formname.fieldname.value.length; i++) {
if (iChars.indexOf(document.formname.fieldname.value.charAt(i)) != -1) {
alert ("The box has special characters. \nThese are not allowed.\n");
return false;
}
}
The 25 most difficult questions you'll be asked on a job interview
1. Tell me about yourself.
Since this is often the opening question in an interview, be extracareful that you don't run off at the mouth. Keep your answer to a minute or two at most. Cover four topics: early years, education, work history, and recent career experience. Emphasize this last subject. Remember that this is likely to be a warm-up question. Don't waste your best points on it.
2. What do you know about our organization? You should be able to discuss products or services, revenues, reputation, image, goals, problems, management style, people, history and philosophy. But don't act as if you know everything about the place. Let your answer show that you have taken the time to do some research, but don't overwhelm the interviewer, and make it clear that you wish to learn more.
You might start your answer in this manner: "In my job search, I've investigated a number of companies.
Yours is one of the few that interests me, for these reasons..."
Give your answer a positive tone. Don't say, "Well, everyone tells me that you're in all sorts of trouble, and that's why I'm here", even if that is why you're there.
3. Why do you want to work for us? The deadliest answer you can give is "Because I like people." What else would you like-animals?
Here, and throughout the interview, a good answer comes from having done your homework so that you can speak in terms of the company's needs. You might say that your research has shown that the company is doing things you would like to be involved with, and that it's doing them in ways that greatly interest you. For example, if the organization is known for strong management, your answer should mention that fact and show that you would like to be a part of that team. If the company places a great deal of emphasis on research and development, emphasize the fact that you want to create new things and that you know this is a place in which such activity is encouraged. If the organization stresses financial controls, your answer should mention a reverence for numbers.
If you feel that you have to concoct an answer to this question - if, for example, the company stresses research, and you feel that you should mention it even though it really doesn't interest you- then you probably should not be taking that interview, because you probably shouldn't be considering a job with that organization.
Your homework should include learning enough about the company to avoid approaching places where you wouldn't be able -or wouldn't want- to function. Since most of us are poor liars, it's difficult to con anyone in an interview. But even if you should succeed at it, your prize is a job you don't really want.
4. What can you do for us that someone else can't? Here you have every right, and perhaps an obligation, to toot your own horn and be a bit egotistical. Talk about your record of getting things done, and mention specifics from your resume or list of career accomplishments. Say that your skills and interests, combined with this history of getting results, make you valuable. Mention your ability to set priorities, identify problems, and use your experience and energy to solve them.
5. What do you find most attractive about this position? What seems least attractive about it? List three or four attractive factors of the job, and mention a single, minor, unattractive item.
6. Why should we hire you? Create your answer by thinking in terms of your ability, your experience, and your energy. (See question 4.)
7. What do you look for in a job? Keep your answer oriented to opportunities at this organization. Talk about your desire to perform and be recognized for your contributions. Make your answer oriented toward opportunity rather than personal security.
8. Please give me your defintion of [the position for which you are being interviewed]. Keep your answer brief and taskoriented. Think in in terms of responsibilities and accountability. Make sure that you really do understand what the position involves before you attempt an answer. If you are not certain. ask the interviewer; he or she may answer the question for you.
9. How long would it take you to make a meaningful contribution to our firm? Be realistic. Say that, while you would expect to meet pressing demands and pull your own weight from the first day, it might take six months to a year before you could expect to know the organization and its needs well enough to make a major contribution.
10. How long would you stay with us? Say that you are interested in a career with the organization, but admit that you would have to continue to feel challenged to remain with any organization. Think in terms of, "As long as we both feel achievement-oriented."
11. Your resume suggests that you may be over-qualified or too experienced for this position. What's Your opinion? Emphasize your interest in establishing a long-term association with the organization, and say that you assume that if you perform well in his job, new opportunities will open up for you. Mention that a strong company needs a strong staff. Observe that experienced executives are always at a premium. Suggest that since you are so wellqualified, the employer will get a fast return on his investment. Say that a growing, energetic company can never have too much talent.
12. What is your management style? You should know enough about the company's style to know that your management style will complement it. Possible styles include: task oriented (I'll enjoy problem-solving identifying what's wrong, choosing a solution and implementing it"), results-oriented ("Every management decision I make is determined by how it will affect the bottom line"), or even paternalistic ("I'm committed to taking care of my subordinates and pointing them in the right direction").
A participative style is currently quite popular: an open-door method of managing in which you get things done by motivating people and delegating responsibility.
As you consider this question, think about whether your style will let you work hatppily and effectively within the organization.
13. Are you a good manager? Can you give me some examples? Do you feel that you have top managerial potential? Keep your answer achievementand ask-oriented. Rely on examples from your career to buttress your argument. Stress your experience and your energy.
14. What do you look for when You hire people? Think in terms of skills. initiative, and the adaptability to be able to work comfortably and effectively with others. Mention that you like to hire people who appear capable of moving up in the organization.
15. Have you ever had to fire people? What were the reasons, and how did you handle the situation? Admit that the situation was not easy, but say that it worked out well, both for the company and, you think, for the individual. Show that, like anyone else, you don't enjoy unpleasant tasks but that you can resolve them efficiently and -in the case of firing someone- humanely.
16. What do you think is the most difficult thing about being a manager or executive? Mention planning, execution, and cost-control. The most difficult task is to motivate and manage employess to get something planned and completed on time and within the budget.
17. What important trends do you see in our industry? Be prepared with two or three trends that illustrate how well you understand your industry. You might consider technological challenges or opportunities, economic conditions, or even regulatory demands as you collect your thoughts about the direction in which your business is heading.
18. Why are you leaving (did you leave) your present (last) job? Be brief, to the point, and as honest as you can without hurting yourself. Refer back to the planning phase of your job search. where you considered this topic as you set your reference statements. If you were laid off in an across-the-board cutback, say so; otherwise, indicate that the move was your decision, the result of your action. Do not mention personality conflicts.
The interviewer may spend some time probing you on this issue, particularly if it is clear that you were terminated. The "We agreed to disagree" approach may be useful. Remember hat your references are likely to be checked, so don't concoct a story for an interview.
19. How do you feel about leaving all your benefits to find a new job? Mention that you are concerned, naturally, but not panicked. You are willing to accept some risk to find the right job for yourself. Don't suggest that security might interest you more than getting the job done successfully.
20. In your current (last) position, what features do (did) you like the most? The least? Be careful and be positive. Describe more features that you liked than disliked. Don't cite personality problems. If you make your last job sound terrible, an interviewer may wonder why you remained there until now.
21. What do you think of your boss? Be as positive as you can. A potential boss is likely to wonder if you might talk about him in similar terms at some point in the future.
22. Why aren't you earning more at your age? Say that this is one reason that you are conducting this job search. Don't be defensive.
23. What do you feel this position should pay? Salary is a delicate topic. We suggest that you defer tying yourself to a precise figure for as long as you can do so politely. You might say, "I understand that the range for this job is between $______ and $______. That seems appropriate for the job as I understand it." You might answer the question with a question: "Perhaps you can help me on this one. Can you tell me if there is a range for similar jobs in the organization?"
If you are asked the question during an initial screening interview, you might say that you feel you need to know more about the position's responsibilities before you could give a meaningful answer to that question. Here, too, either by asking the interviewer or search executive (if one is involved), or in research done as part of your homework, you can try to find out whether there is a salary grade attached to the job. If there is, and if you can live with it, say that the range seems right to you.
If the interviewer continues to probe, you might say, "You know that I'm making $______ now. Like everyone else, I'd like to improve on that figure, but my major interest is with the job itself." Remember that the act of taking a new job does not, in and of itself, make you worth more money.
If a search firm is involved, your contact there may be able to help with the salary question. He or she may even be able to run interference for you. If, for instance, he tells you what the position pays, and you tell him that you are earning that amount now and would Like to do a bit better, he might go back to the employer and propose that you be offered an additional 10%.
If no price range is attached to the job, and the interviewer continues to press the subject, then you will have to restpond with a number. You cannot leave the impression that it does not really matter, that you'll accept whatever is offered. If you've been making $80,000 a year, you can't say that a $35,000 figure would be fine without sounding as if you've given up on yourself. (If you are making a radical career change, however, this kind of disparity may be more reasonable and understandable.)
Don't sell yourself short, but continue to stress the fact that the job itself is the most important thing in your mind. The interviewer may be trying to determine just how much you want the job. Don't leave the impression that money is the only thing that is important to you. Link questions of salary to the work itself.
But whenever possible, say as little as you can about salary until you reach the "final" stage of the interview process. At that point, you know that the company is genuinely interested in you and that it is likely to be flexible in salary negotiations.
24. What are your long-range goals? Refer back to the planning phase of your job search. Don't answer, "I want the job you've advertised." Relate your goals to the company you are interviewing: 'in a firm like yours, I would like to..."
25. How successful do you you've been so far? Say that, all-in-all, you're happy with the way your career has progressed so far. Given the normal ups and downs of life, you feel that you've done quite well and have no complaints.
Present a positive and confident picture of yourself, but don't overstate your case. An answer like, "Everything's wonderful! I can't think of a time when things were going better! I'm overjoyed!" is likely to make an interviewer wonder whether you're trying to fool him . . . or yourself. The most convincing confidence is usually quiet confidence.
Sit comfortably on a chair. Rub your hands together until they feel warm. Close your eyes and cover them lightly with your cupped palms. Avoid applying pressure on your eyeballs. Place your palms so that the nose remains uncovered, and the eyes remain behind the slight hollow of the palms. Make sure that no light rays enter the eyes, and leave no gaps between fingers or between the edge of the palms and the nose. You may still see other lingering traces of colors. Imagine deep blackness and focus on the blackness. Take deep breaths slowly and evenly, while thinking of some happy incident; or visualize a distant scene. After your eyes see nothing but blackness, remove your palms from your eyes. Repeat the palming for 3 minutes or more. Close your eyes tightly for 3-5 seconds, then open them for 3-5 seconds. Repeat this 7 or 8 times. Close your eyes and massage them with circular movements of your fingers for 1-2 minutes. Make sure you press very lightly; otherwise, you could hurt your eyes. Press three fingers of each hand against your upper eyelids, and hold them there for 1-2 seconds, then release. Repeat 5 times. Sit and relax. Roll your eyes clockwise, then counter-clockwise. Repeat 5 times, and blink in between each time. Sit about 6 inches (200 mm) from the window. Make a mark on the glass at your eye level (a small sticker, black or red, would be perfect). Look through this mark and focus on something far away for 10-15 seconds; then focus on the mark again. Hold a pencil in front of you at arm's length. Move your arm slowly to your nose, and follow the pencil with your eyes until you can't keep it in focus. Repeat 10 times. Look in front of you at the opposite wall and pretend that you are writing with your eyes, without turning your head. It may seem difficult at first, but with a bit of practice it is really fun. The bigger the letters, the better the effect. Imagine that you are standing in front of a really big clock. Look at the middle of the clock. Then look at any hour mark, without turning your head. Look back at the center. Then look at another hour mark. Do this at least 12 times. You can also do this exercise with your eyes closed. Focus on a distant object (over 150 feet or 50 m away) for several seconds and slowly refocus your eyes on a nearby object (less than 30 feet or 10 m away) that's in the same direction. Focus for several seconds and go back to the distant object. Do this 5 times. Focus on an object in the distance (as far as possible) with a low contrasting background. Do this for a few minutes every half hour or so. This does not improve your vision, nor does any other technique. It can, however, maintain your best eyesight level during the day and prevent significant further vision deterioration.
Tips It is more important to do the exercises regularly than to do them for a long time. Even 30-60 seconds of eye movement every hour is very helpful. For example, when your computer takes its sweet time to do something, most people just swear at the poor thing and waste the time, but you can make a few circles with your eyes. Even the first day you do this, you should notice that, when you finish working, your eyes aren't as tired as usual. Taking short breaks from near work (e.g. staring at a computer monitor) to stare out to the distance also relieves some strain.
Warnings Consult your eye doctor before doing any of these exercises. The last thing you want to do is add further strain to your eyes, or damage them permanently. When doing these exercises, make sure that you're not facing anybody, or that they know you're doing eye exercises. Otherwise they might think you've gone nuts. Extensive peer reviewed research has shown that visual clarity is not improved by exercise. Some people have weakness in the ability to turn their eye in or out. You may have esotropia (eye naturally turned in) or exotropia (eye naturally turned out). Exercise may help these conditions. Doing these exercises when you wear contacts may cause them suction to your eyeball. They might also move around and possibly become folded and/or dislodged, which can be extremely uncomfortable as well. Do not apply pressure on your eyes.
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Copyright 2001-2002 Randy Charles Morin
OOP Concepts by Example
by Randy Charles Morin
Of late, I have been writing very narrow focused articles that explain how to accomplish
this or that task. Many of you have changed your questions from the narrow focus of
how-to questions to broader theorectical questions. One question I got lately that intrigue
me was to explain the concepts of OOPs showing C++ examples. Let's start by laying
down some ground work. I assume that you are familar with the following OOP
concepts; classes, objects, attributes, methods, types. If not, then this article might not be
in your realm. I'd suggest starting with the basic concepts of C++ before you attempt to
understand the more indepth concepts that I'll be discussing in this article. When we
speak of OOP concepts, the conversation usually revolves around encapsulation,
inheritance and polymorphism. This is what I will attempt to describe in this article.
Inheritance
Let us start by defining inheritnace. A very good website for finding computer science
definitions is http://www.whatis.com. The definitions in this article are stolen from that
website.
Definition: Inheritance
Inheritance is the concept that when a class of object is defined, any subclass that is
defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes. This means for the
programmer that an object in a subclass need not carry its own definition of data and
methods that are generic to the class (or classes) of which it is a part. This not only
speeds up program development; it also ensures an inherent validity to the defined
subclass object (what works and is consistent about the class will also work for the
subclass).
The simple example in C++ is having a class that inherits a data member from its parent
class.
class A
{
public:
integer d;
};
class B : public A
{
public:
};
The class B in the example does not have any direct data member does it? Yes, it does. It
inherits the data member d from class A. When one class inherits from another, it
acquires all of its methods and data. We can then instantiate an object of class B and call
into that data member.
void func()
{
B b;
b.d = 10;
};
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Copyright 2001-2002 Randy Charles Morin
Polymorphism
Inheritance is a very easy concept to understand. Polymorphism on the other hand is
much harder. Polymorphism is about an objects ability to provide context when methods
or operators are called on the object.
Definition: Polymorphism
In object-oriented programming, polymorphism (from the Greek meaning "having
multiple forms") is the characteristic of being able to assign a different meaning to a
particular symbol or "operator" in different contexts.
The simple example is two classes that inherit from a common parent and implement the
same virtual method.
class A
{
public:
virtual void f()=0;
};
class B
{
public:
virtual void f()
{std::cout << "Hello from B" << std::endl;};
};
class C
{
public:
virtual void f()
{std::cout << "Hello from C" << std::endl;};
};
I
f I have an object A, then calling the method f() will produce different results depending
on the context, the real type of the object A.
func(A & a)
{
A.f();
};
Encapsulation
The least understood of the three concepts is encapsulation. Sometimes, encapsulation is
also called protection or information hiding. In fact, encapsulation, protection and
information hiding are three overlapping concepts.
Definition: Encapsulation
Encapsulation is the inclusion within a program object of all the resources need for
the object to function - basically, the method and the data. The object is said to
"publish its interfaces." Other objects adhere to these interfaces to use the object
without having to be concerned with how the object accomplishes it. The idea is
"don't tell me how you do it; just do it." An object can be thought of as a selfcontained
atom. The object interface consists of public methods and instantiate data.
Protection and information hiding are techniques used to accomplish encapsulation of an
object. Protection is when you limit the use of class data or methods. Information hiding
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Copyright 2001-2002 Randy Charles Morin
is when you remove data, methods or code from a class's public interface in order to
refine the scope of an object. So how are these three concepts implemented in C++?
You'll remember that C++ classes have a public, protected and private interface. Moving
methods or data from public to protected or to private, you are hiding the information
from the public or protected interface. If you have a class A with one public integer data
member d, then the C++ definition would be...
class A
{
public:
integer d;
};
I
f you moved that data member from the public scope of the private scope, then you
would be hiding the member. Better said, you are hiding the member from the public
interface.
class A
{
private:
integer d;
};
I
t is important to note that information hiding are not the same as encapsulation. Just
because you protect or hide methods or data, does not mean you are encapsulating an
object. But the ability to protect or hide methods or data, provide the ability to
encapsulate an object. You might say that encapsulating is the proper use of protection
and information hiding. As an example, if I used information hiding to hide members that
should clearly be in the public interface, then I am using information hiding techniques,
but I am not encapsulating the class. In fact, I am doing the exact opposite (unencapsulating
the class). Do not get the idea that encapsulation is only information
hiding. Encapsulation is a lot more. Protection is another way of encapsulating a class.
Protection is about adding methods and data to a class. When you add methods or data to
a class, then you are protecting the methods or data from use without first having an
object of the class. In the previous example, the data member d cannot be used except as
a data member of an object of class A. It is being protected from use outside of this
scenario. I have also heard many computer scientist use information hiding and
protection interchangeably. In this case, the scientist takes the meaning of protection and
assign it to information hiding. This is quite acceptable. Although I'm no historian, I
believe the definition of information hiding has taken some turns over the years. But I do
believe it is stabilizing on the definition I presented here.
Abstraction
Another OOP concept related to encapsulation that is less widely used but gaining ground
is abstration.
Definition: Abstraction
Through the process of abstraction, a programmer hides all but the relevant data about
an object in order to reduce complexity and increase efficiency. In the same way that
abstraction sometimes works in art, the object that remains is a representation of the
original, with unwanted detail omitted. The resulting object itself can be referred to as
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Copyright 2001-2002 Randy Charles Morin
an abstraction, meaning a named entity made up of selected attributes and behavior
specific to a particular usage of the originating entity.
The example presented is quite simple. Human's are a type of land animal and all land
animals have a number of legs. The C++ definition of this concept would be...
class LandAnimal
{
public:
virtual int NumberOfLegs()=0;
};
class Human : public LandAnimal
{
public:
virtual int NumberOfLegs()
{return 2;};
};
The method NumberOfLegs in LangAnimal is said to be a pure virtual function. An
abstract class is said to be any class with at least one pure virtual function. Here I have
created a class LandAnimal that is abstract. It can be said that the LandAnimal class was
abstracted from the commonality between all types of land animals, or at least those that I
care about. Other land animals can derive there implementation from the same class.
class Elephant : public LandAnimal
{
public:
virtual int NumberOfLegs()
{return 4;};
};
Although I cannot create an instance of the class LandAnimal, I can pass derived
instances of the class to a common function without having to implement this function for
each type of LandAnimal.
bool HasTwoLegs(LandAnimal & x)
{
return (x.NumberOfLegs()==2);
};
There is also a less rigid definition of abstraction that would include classes that without
pure virtual functions, but that should not be directly instantiated. A more rigid definition
of abstraction is called purely abstract classes. A C++ class is said to be purely abstract, if
the class only contains pure virtual functions. The LandAnimal class was such a class.
Purely abstract classes are often called interfaces, protocol classes and abstract base
classes.
More Concepts
Another growing concept in OOP is dynamic and static binding. Most languages provide
one or the other. C++ provides both. A method that is not virtual is said to be statically
bound, whereas virtual methods are said to be dynamically bound. Non-virtual methods
are statically bound, because the binding of the method is performed at compile and link
time and cannot be changed. Virtual methods are dynamically bound, because the binding
of the method is actually performed at run-time. When you call a virtual method, a small
lookup is performed in the object virtual table (a.k.a. vtable) to find the address of the
method being called. By manipulating an objects vtable at run-time, the target address
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Copyright 2001-2002 Randy Charles Morin
can be altered. Four other growing OOP concepts are persistance, concurrency, reflection
and object composition. I will not discuss these here, but maybe in a later article. Hope
this article proves informative and thank you for your time.
Please tell us about yourself.
Briefly and lucidly cover the facts relating to your life – your early background, education, work experience and last job.
2. What do you know about our organization?
You answer could include information about the promoters, products or services, sales figures, profits, share prices, recent news, history and business philosophy or reputation.
3. Why do you want to work for us?
Find the best fit between your career goals and the organizational goals. Substantiate both by some research.
4. What makes you so special? Why should we hire you?
Because you are the best person for the job. Skills, attitude, results, past experience, dreams and ambitions – all point to that. If you can identify any particular work situation that you can handle best with respect to this organization, spell it out.
5. What do you look for in a job?
Growth, challenge, opportunity, satisfaction, desire to excel.
6. How long would it take you to make a meaningful contribution to our firm?
Use your experience and your expertise to answer this one realistically.
7. What is your management style?
Temper your answer with the knowledge of the company’s management style. After all you would have to fit into this environment.
8. Do you have the potential to take upon the responsibility of top managerial positions?
Of course! But cite examples. Speak of your experiences and leadership qualities and how they would stand you in good stead at the top.
9. What is the most challenging thing about being a manager?
Making the best use of available resources to meet or exceed targets is the most challenging thing about being a manager.
10. What trends do you see in our industry?
With some good preparation you can answer this question easily. The key is to be prepared of course.
11. Why are you leaving your current/last job?
Maintain the highest level of professionalism while answering this type manager interview questions. The job may not have been challenging enough, you may have wanted better growth prospects, the fit between your career goals and the organization goals was not right or whatever else. Don’t speak down on the organization or the people. Such talk only reflects on you.
12. What is the salary that you expect?
Spell out a range. But seriously, before the interview, do your research on the kind of a salary you could expect and then stick to a range you are comfortable with.
13. What are your long-term goals?
Have them ready with you. But spell out those that are aligned to the organization’s long-term interests in hiring you.
14. What action would you take if you joined the company?
Prepare for this manager interview question on a tactical and strategic level. Time frames and results.
15. How do you motivate employees? How do you reward employees? How do you fire employees?
Think of your best experiences either as a boss or as a subordinate to answer these questions.
As you can see, these manager interview questions are indicative. There is no such thing as being prepared ‘enough’. Do not leave any stone unturned. Look for all the facts and figures, write down your answers, identify uncomfortable areas and look at them thoroughly. Practice your answers until you feel confident about them. Finally, it is your conviction that sells your case.
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