View source for Van de Passe family

[[File:De val van Phaëthon Metamorfosen van Ovidius (serietitel), RP-P-OB-15.901.jpg|thumb|290px|''The Fall of Phaëthon'', Crispijn van de Passe I, after design by [[Maerten de Vos]]]]

The '''van de Passe''' or '''de Passe''' family{{efn|With all family members, the ''van'' comes and goes in contemporary references. The given are{{clarify|date=October 2024}} the most common in modern references. See Getty for lists of variants.}} was a dynasty of Dutch [[engraver]]s, started by Crispijn the Elder, comparable to the [[Wierix family]] and the [[Sadeler family|Sadelers]], though mostly at a more mundane commercial level.  Most of their engravings were portraits, book title-pages, and the like, with relatively few grander narrative subjects.  As with the other dynasties, their style is very similar, and hard to tell apart in the absence of a signature or date, or evidence of location.<ref>Mayor, 417</ref>  Many of the family members produced their own designs, and have left drawings.

==Crispijn the Elder==
'''Crispijn''' ('''van''') '''de Passe the Elder''' ({{c.|1564}} in [[Arnemuiden]] – buried 6 March 1637 in [[Utrecht]])<ref name=rkd>[https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/62016 Passe, Crispijn van de (I)] at the [[Netherlands Institute for Art History]]</ref> was a Dutch publisher and [[engraver]]. Born in Arnemuiden in [[Zeeland]], from 1580, he trained and worked in [[Antwerp]], then the centre of the [[printmaking]] world, where very productive workshops produced work for publishers with excellent distribution networks throughout Europe.  In the guild year 1584-1585 he became a member of Antwerp's artists' [[Guild of Saint Luke]].<ref name=rkd/> He worked for the prominent Antwerp publishing and printing house [[Plantin Press]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CP8lSx9i83EC&q=Crispijn+III+de+Passe&pg=PA347 |title=Association with Plantin |date=2008-04-17 |isbn=9780521852760 |access-date=2012-03-20|last1=Bowen |first1=Karen L. |last2=Imhof |first2=Dirk |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref>  
[[File:Gunpowder Plot conspirators.jpg|320px|thumb|left|''Portraits of 8 of the 13 [[Gunpowder Plot]]ters'', Crispijn van de Passe I, 1605.<ref name=npg/>]]

He principally worked as a reproductive artist after designs by Antwerp artists, in particular [[Maerten de Vos]], who was a prolific designer of prints. Van de Passe married Magdalena de Bock, a niece of de Vos wife.  The disruptions caused by the [[Dutch Revolt]] scattered many artists across Northern Europe. As an [[Anabaptist]], de Passe was at risk of religious persecution.  He first moved to [[Aachen]], until Protestants were also expelled from there.  He started his own engraving and publishing business in [[Cologne]] in 1589, but again was forced to leave in 1611. He set up in business in [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]], by about 1612. Here he created engravings for the English and other markets. He died in Utrecht in 1637 and was buried on 6 March 1637. His works include a famous rendition of the English [[Gunpowder Plot]]ters, although it is not known what basis he had for the likenesses.

The family's prints are well represented in most [[print room]]s, including the [[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]] in London.<ref name=npg>[http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp14937&role=art Crispiijn van de Passe], National Portrait Gallery, accessed 6 July 2009</ref>

==The second generation==
[[File:Pocahontas by Simon van de Passe (1616).png|thumb|220px|''Portrait of [[Pocahontas]] at the age of 21'', Simon de Passe, 1616.<ref name=reb>[http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/jame1/moretti-langholtz/appendixa.htm A Study of Virginia Indians and Jamestown: The First Century], Buck Woodard, nps.gov, accessed July 2009. The original English caption (at the bottom of the image) reads ''"Matoaks alias Rebecka daughter to the mighty Prince Powhâtan Emperour of [[Tenakomakah|Attanoughkomouck]] alias virginia converted and baptized in  the Christian faith, and wife to the wor.<sup>ff</sup> M<sup>r</sup>. Joh Rolfe ."''</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.vahistorical.org/img/news/jqsf_poc_300dpi.jpg
|title=1616 engraving of Pocahontas by Simon van de Passe also John Sith
|access-date=2008-12-28
|publisher=Virginia Historical Society
}} The inscription directly under the portrait reads ''"Ætatis suæ 21 A. 1616"'', Latin for "at the age of 21 in the year 1616".</ref>]]
Four of Crispijn I's children were also notable engravers for the family business,<ref name=npg/> as was his grandson Crispijn III.

His eldest son, '''Simon de Passe''' (c. 1595 – 6 May 1647) worked in England from about 1616 before moving to [[Copenhagen]] as royal engraver and designer of medals in 1624, where he remained until his death. He is best remembered for his early London print of [[Pocahontas]] (1616).<ref name=reb />

'''[[Crispijn van de Passe the Younger|Crispijn II]]''' (ca. 1597–1670) worked in [[Paris]], at least from 1617 to 1627, in Utrecht (1630–1639), and from then until his death in [[Amsterdam]]; his work on the "Maneige royal" ("Instructions to the king on how to ride a horse") of [[Antoine de Pluvinel]] is considered by Hind the finest work of the dynasty.<ref>[http://www.artnet.com/library/06/0656/T065688.asp Grove art] biography on artnet</ref>

'''Willem de Passe''' (ca. 1598 – ca. 1637), the least productive of the siblings, took over from his brother in England, probably after working in France, and died in London, perhaps of [[Plague (disease)|plague]].  He joined the [[Huguenot]] church in [[Threadneedle Street]] in 1624, and his wife Elizabeth may have been the daughter of the English publisher [[Thomas Jenner (publisher)|Thomas Jenner]].<ref>British Museum online biographical details – see external link.</ref>

'''[[Magdalena van de Passe]]''' (1600–1638) was, like her siblings, born in Cologne and died in Utrecht.  She specialized in landscapes until her marriage to the minor artist Frederick van Bevervoorden in 1634, after which she essentially stopped engraving, even though her husband died in 1636.<ref>[http://www.artnet.com/library/06/0656/T065686.asp Grove biography] at artnet</ref><ref>For all, see Hind, 122–124 & ''passim''; Getty ULAN, van de Passe family</ref>  The business presumably involved shipping drawings, engraved printing plates, and printed copies around Europe between the various cities involved.  

After the three deaths in the period 1637–38 only Crispijn II in the [[Dutch Republic]] and Simon in Denmark remained. Crispijn II's later years were unsuccessful. Crispijn III was a more minor figure who died in 1678.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nUHFmgDl1_oC&dq=Crispijn+III+de+Passe&pg=PA217 Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England, Volume 16], with details of a 1975 [[catalogue raisonné]] of the family's work</ref>

==Major works==
*''Hortus Floridus'', mostly by Crispijn II.<ref>{{cite book|last=van de Passe|first=Crispijn the Elder|title=Hortus floridus in quo rariorum & minus vulgarium florum icones ad vivam veramq[ue] formam accuratissime delineatae et secundum quatuor anni tempora divisae exhibentur incredibili labore ac diligentia Crisp. Passaei junioris delineatae ac suum in ordinem redactae (Floral Garden in which are Exhibited Images of Rather Rare and Less Common Flowers, in Living and True Form, Delineated Very Accurately and Divided According to the Four Seasons of the Year, Exhibited by the Unbelievable Labour and Diligence of Crispus Passaeus the Younger, Delineated and Brought Back into their Own Order)|location=Arnheimij ([[Arnhem]])|publisher=Ioannem Ianssonium (?Jan Janszoon the Elder) 1614&ndash;1617}}</ref>
*''Heroologia Anglica'', 1620. Sixty-five portraits of English notables, by various members of the family

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*Hind Arthur M.; ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bxFb8nN_wUQC A History of Engraving and Etching]'', Houghton Mifflin Co. 1923 (in USA), reprinted Dover Publications, 1963 {{ISBN|0-486-20954-7}}
*Getty Foundation, ''Union List of Artists' Names'' [http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=van+de+Passe&role=&nation=&page=1&subjectid=500101414 online]
*[[A. Hyatt Mayor|Mayor, Hyatt A.]], ''Prints and People'', Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, {{ISBN|0-691-00326-2}}

==External links==
{{commonscatinline|Van de Passe family}}
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_results.aspx?orig=%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database.aspx&searchText=de+Passe&fromDate=&fromadbc=ad&toDate=&toadbc=ad&x=12&y=13 British Library] online database has 1838 items by or after the family
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091010052444/http://www.spamula.net/blog/2007/05/crispin_de_passe.html Spamula] feature 
*[http://www.crispijn-de-passe.com/ Another biography]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Passe, van de, family}}
[[Category:Dutch engravers]]
[[Category:Artist families]]
[[Category:Dutch botanical artists]]