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Vespa affinis

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Lesser banded hornet
Vespa affinis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Vespidae
Genus: Vespa
Species:
V. affinis
Binomial name
Vespa affinis
Linnaeus, 1764
Synonyms
  • Apis affinis Linnaeus,1764

Vespa affinis (lesser banded hornet) is a common hornet in tropical and subtropical Asia.

Description

The Lesser banded hornet is a small to medium-sized hornet, with queens reaching up to 30mm, males 26mm and workers averaging 22 to 25mm.

The head is brownish red or black, pubescent, with some red marking on frons and vertex, black temple; compound eyes and ocelli black; dark brown antennae and usually pale brown underneath; black clypeus, coarsely punctate, posterior side of clypeus with broadly rounded lobes; mandibles and tooth black. Thorax black with many punctures and some erected hairs, propodeum black. Legs dark brown. Wings dark fuscous brown, tegulae dark brown. Gaster with some fine punctures, dark brown segments except first and second segment yellowish orange. Some specimens the yellowish orange on the first tergite may be reduced to two transverse spots and narrow apical band.[1]

There are several subspecies or geographical forms. In Hong Kong and South China the wasps are mainly black, with the first two abdominal segments being a deep yellow, forming a conspicuous band. The sides of the head and thorax display some reddish brown. In Southeast Asian regions such as Singapore they are fully black, without reddish brown markings, and the abdominal band is a brilliant orange.[2]

Subspecies

There are 11 known subspecies across Asia, each with different colour variations: V. a. alduini – V. a. alticincta – V. a. archiboldi – V. a. continentalis – V. a. hainensis – V. a. indosinensis – V. a. moluccana – V. a. nigriventris – V. a. moluccana – V. a. picea – V. a. rufonigrans. [3][4]

Distribution

The Lesser banded hornet is widespread throughout tropical and subtropical Asia. It is found in Sri Lanka, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Sumatra, Philippines (Palawan) and Malaysia.[5][6]

Behaviour

It forages close to the ground in grassy areas, forest and wasteland. It has a versatile diet of both carbohydrates such as tree sap, nectar, fruits and larvae saliva and proteinaceous food such as carrion, paper wasps (Polistinae) and bees (Apidae)). Its diet is mainly composed of liquid foods such as nectar from flowers. It also eats bees and collects meat from freshly dead insects. In Singapore it preys on flies attracted to carrion.[7][8]

The nest of Vespa affinis are built high in trees, but also low in shrubs as well as on houses. Nests built in high trees are generally elongated. In tropical areas the nest is pear-shaped or drop-shaped, but in subtropical regions it is oval with a rounded top. Small nests are ball shaped with a side entrance while larger nests are vertically elongated and may have multiple entrances. The nests have an imbricate envelope with many individual overlapping circular layers of papering. It can reach more than 60 cm in length in tropical regions.[9][10]

Life cycle

In subtropical Hong Kong the queens awake from hibernation in April, and the colony usually dies in late November or December. In tropical areas it remains present all year.[11] In tropical areas, the Lesser banded hornet is known for multiple queen founding and swarm founding (pleometrosis), where several queens or multiple queens with a swarm of workers from the old nest start a new one together.[12]

References

  1. ^ “Vespa affinis (Linnaeus, 1764)”, at http://www.hornissenschutz.de/vespa_affinis_engl.htm. Accessed on 01.10.2017.
  2. ^ “Vespa affinis” at http://www.vespa-bicolor.net/main/vespid/vespa-affinis.htm. Accessed on 01.10.2017.
  3. ^ Archer, M. E. (1997). Taxonomy, distribution and nesting biology of Vespa affinis (L.) and Vespa mocsaryana du Buysson (Hym., Vespinae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine (United Kingdom).
  4. ^ “Vespa affinis”, Wikispecies article on https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vespa_affinis. Accessed on 01.10.2017.
  5. ^ Archer, M. E. (1997). Taxonomy, distribution and nesting biology of Vespa affinis (L.) and Vespa mocsaryana du Buysson (Hym., Vespinae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine (United Kingdom).
  6. ^ Vespa affinis, on Discover Life, at http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20m?kind=Vespa+affinis. Accessed 01.10.2017.
  7. ^ “Vespa affinis” at http://www.vespa-bicolor.net/main/vespid/vespa-affinis.htm. Accessed on 01.10.2017.
  8. ^ Barthélémy, C. (2008). Provisional Guide to the Social Vespids of Hong Kong (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).
  9. ^ “Vespa affinis” at http://www.vespa-bicolor.net/main/vespid/vespa-affinis.htm. Accessed on 01.10.2017.
  10. ^ Barthélémy, C. (2008). Provisional Guide to the Social Vespids of Hong Kong (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).
  11. ^ “Vespa affinis” at http://www.vespa-bicolor.net/main/vespid/vespa-affinis.htm. Accessed on 01.10.2017.
  12. ^ “Vespa affinis” at http://www.vespa-bicolor.net/main/vespid/vespa-affinis.htm. Accessed on 01.10.2017.

Sources

  • Harris, A.C.; Patrick, B.H. 1997: A large queen Asian hornet (Vespa affinis; Hymenoptera: Vespidae) captured live in Arrowtown. Weta, 20: 9–13. PDF
  • Nguyen, L.T.P.; F. Saito; J.I. Kojima & J.M. Carpenter, 2006, Vespidae of Viet Nam (Insecta: Hymenoptera) 2. Taxonomic Notes on Vespinae. Zoological Science 23: 95–104. (PDF)
  • “Vespa affinis (Linnaeus, 1764) Lesser banded hornet”, Wikispaces Classroom article on https://taxo4254.wikispaces.com/8.2. Accessed on 01.10.2017.
  • “Vespa affinis”, Wikispecies article on https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vespa_affinis. Accessed on 01.10.2017.
  • “Vespa affinis (Linnaeus, 1764)”, at http://www.hornissenschutz.de/vespa_affinis_engl.htm. Accessed on 01.10.2017.
  • “Vespa affinis” at http://www.vespa-bicolor.net/main/vespid/vespa-affinis.htm. Accessed on 01.10.2017.
  • “Vespa affinis Common Tiger-wasp”. Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) on phttp://eol.org/pages/259323/overview. Accessed on 01.10.2017.


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