View source for Voiced palatal approximant

{{Short description|Type of consonant used in many spoken languages}}
{{For|consonants followed by superscript ʲ|Palatalization (phonetics)}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=j
|ipa number=153
|decimal=106
|x-sampa=j
|braille=j
}}
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiced alveolo-palatal approximant
|ipa symbol=j˖
|soundfile=
}}
The '''voiced palatal approximant''' is a type of [[consonant]] used in many [[spoken language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|j}}. The equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>j</code>, and in the [[Americanist phonetic notation]] it is {{angbr|y}}. Because the English name of the letter [[J]], ''jay'', starts with {{IPA|[dʒ]}} ([[voiced postalveolar affricate]]), the [[approximant]] is sometimes instead called ''yod'' (jod), as in the phonological history terms ''[[Phonological history of English consonant clusters#Yod-dropping|yod-dropping]]'' and ''[[Phonological history of English consonant clusters#Yod-coalescence|yod-coalescence]]''.

The palatal approximant can often be considered the [[semivowel|semivocalic]] equivalent of the [[close front unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[i]}}. They [[alternation (linguistics)|alternate]] with each other in certain languages, such as [[French language|French]], and in the [[diphthongs]] of some languages as {{angbr IPA|j}} and {{angbr IPA|i̯}}, with the non-syllabic diacritic used in different [[phonetic transcription]] systems to represent the same sound.

A '''voiced alveolo-palatal approximant''' is attested as phonemic in the [[Huastec language]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Larsen |first1=R.S. |last2=Pike |first2=E.V. |date=1949 |title=Huasteco Intonations and Phonemes |journal=Language |volume=25 |pages=268–27|doi=10.2307/410088 |jstor=410088 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ochoa Peralta |first=María Angela |title=El idioma huasteco de Xiloxuchil, Veracruz |date=1984 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Antropolog'ia e Historia |location=México |pages=33–34 |quote=SEMIVOCAL '''ALVEOPALATAL''' SONORA Tiene dos alófonos: ''[y]'' semivocal alveopalatal sonora, y ''[Y]'' semivocal alveopalatal sorda.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UPSID HUASTECO |url=http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L6776.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de |quote=voiced palato-alveolar approximant}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Simple UPSID interface |url=http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/upsid.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Maddieson |first=Ian |title=Pattern of Sounds |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Maddieson |first1=Ian |title=Updating UPSID |last2=Precoda |first2=Kristin |date=1990 |publisher=Department of Linguistics, UCLA |volume=74 |pages=104–111}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |year=2019 |editor-last=Moran |editor-first=Steven |editor2-last=McCloy |editor2-first=Daniel |title=Huastec sound inventory (UPSID) |url=http://phoible.org/inventories/view/360 |journal=UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database |publisher=Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History |quote=j̟}}</ref> and is represented as an advanced voiced palatal approximant {{Angbr IPA|j̟|lang=Huastec}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHOIBLE 2.0 - Consonant j̟ |url=https://phoible.org/parameters/A30A66B41A66B60C4183B3C0FD8873A5#6/21.615/261.497 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=phoible.org |quote=j̟}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> or the plus sign may be placed after the letter, {{angbr IPA|j˖}}.

==Phonetic ambiguity and transcription usage==
Some languages, however, have a palatal approximant that is unspecified for rounding and so cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either {{IPA|[i]}} or its rounded counterpart, {{IPAblink|y}}, which would normally correspond to {{IPAblink|ɥ}}. An example is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], which distinguishes two palatal approximants: an approximant semivowel {{IPA|[j]}}, which is always unrounded (and is a phonological vowel - an allophone of {{IPA|/i/}}), and an approximant consonant unspecified for rounding, {{IPA|[ʝ̞]}} (which is a phonological consonant). Eugenio Martínez Celdrán describes the difference between them as follows (with audio examples added):{{sfnp|Martínez Celdrán|2004|p=208}}

{{blockquote|{{IPA|[j]}} is shorter and is usually a merely transitory sound. It can only exist together with a full vowel and does not appear in syllable onset. [On the other hand,] {{IPA|[ʝ̞]}} has a lower amplitude, mainly in F2. It can only appear in syllable onset. It is not noisy either articulatorily or perceptually. {{IPA|[ʝ̞]}} can vary towards {{IPAblink|ʝ}} in emphatic pronunciations, having noise (turbulent airstream). (...)

There is a further argument through which we can establish a clear difference between {{IPA|[j]}} and {{IPA|[ʝ̞]}}: the first sound cannot be rounded, not even through co-articulation, whereas the second one is rounded before back vowels or the back semi-vowel. Thus, in words like ''viuda'' {{Audio-IPA|Es-viuda.ogg|[ˈbjuða]|help=no}} 'widow', ''Dios'' {{Audio-IPA|Es-Dios.ogg|[ˈdjos]|help=no}} 'God', ''vio'' {{Audio-IPA|Es-vio.ogg|[ˈbjo]|help=no}} 's/he saw', etc., the semi-vowel {{IPA|[j]}} is unrounded; if it were rounded, a sound that does not exist in Spanish, {{IPAblink|ɥ}}, would appear. On the other hand, {{IPA|[ʝ̞]}} is unspecified as far as rounding is concerned and it is assimilated to the labial vowel context: rounded with rounded vowels, e.g. ''ayuda'' {{Audio-IPA|Es-ayuda.ogg|[aˈʝ̞ʷuð̞a]|help=no}} 'help', ''coyote'' {{Audio-IPA|Es-coyote.ogg|[koˈʝ̞ʷote]|help=no}} 'coyote', ''hoyuelo'' {{Audio-IPA|Es-hoyuelo.ogg|[oˈʝ̞ʷwelo]|help=no}} 'dimple', etc., and unrounded with unrounded vowels: ''payaso'' {{Audio-IPA|Es-payaso.ogg|[paˈʝ̞aso]|help=no}} 'clown', ''ayer'' {{Audio-IPA|Es-ayer.ogg|[aˈʝ̞eɾ]|help=no}} 'yesterday'.|author=|title=|source=}}

He also considers that "the IPA shows a lack of precision in the treatment it gives to approximants, if we take into account our understanding of the phonetics of Spanish. {{IPA|[ʝ̞]}} and {{IPA|[j]}} are two different segments, but they have to be labelled as voiced palatal approximant consonants. I think that the former is a real consonant, whereas the latter is a [[semi-consonant]], as it has traditionally been called in Spanish, or a semi-vowel, if preferred. The IPA, though, classifies it as a consonant."{{sfnp|Martínez Celdrán|2004|p=206}}

There is a parallel problem with transcribing the [[voiced velar approximant]].

The symbol {{angbr IPA|ʝ̞}} may not display properly in all browsers. In that case, {{angbr IPA|ʝ˕}} should be substituted.

In the writing systems used for most languages in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe, the letter ''j'' denotes the palatal approximant, as in [[German language|German]] {{Langx|de|Jahr|label=none}} 'year', which is followed by IPA. Although it may be seen as counterintuitive for English-speakers, there are a few words with that orthographical spelling in certain loanwords in English like Hebrew "[[hallelujah]]" and German "[[Jägermeister]]".

In grammars of [[Ancient Greek]], the palatal approximant, which was lost early in the [[history of Greek]], is sometimes written as {{angbr|ι̯}}, an [[iota]] with the [[inverted breve]] below, which is the nonsyllabic diacritic or marker of a [[semivowel]].{{sfnp|Smyth|1920|p=11}}

There is also the '''post-palatal approximant'''<ref>Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".</ref> in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal approximant but less far back than the prototypical [[velar approximant]]. It can be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the [[close central unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɨ]}}The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as {{angbr IPA|j̠}}, {{angbr IPA|j˗}} (both symbols denote a [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|retracted]] {{angbr IPA|j}}), {{angbr IPA|ɰ̟}} or {{angbr IPA|ɰ˖}} (both symbols denote an [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|advanced]] {{angbr IPA|ɰ}}). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are <code>j_-</code> and <code>M\_+</code>, respectively. Other possible transcriptions include a centralized {{angbr IPA|j}} ({{angbr IPA|j̈}} in the IPA, <code>j_"</code> in X-SAMPA), a centralized {{angbr IPA|ɰ}} ({{angbr IPA|ɰ̈}} in the IPA, <code>M\_"</code> in X-SAMPA) and a non-syllabic {{angbr IPA|ɨ}} ({{angbr IPA|ɨ̯}} in the IPA, <code>1_^</code> in X-SAMPA).

For the reasons mentioned above and in the article [[velar approximant]], none of those symbols are appropriate for languages such as Spanish, whose post-palatal approximant ''consonant'' (not a ''semivowel'') appears as an allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}} before [[front vowel]]s and is best transcribed {{angbr IPA|ʝ̞˗}}, {{angbr IPA|ʝ˕˗}} (both symbols denote a [[Relative articulation#Raised and lowered consonants|lowered]] and retracted {{angbr IPA|ʝ}}), {{angbr IPA|ɣ̞˖}} or {{angbr IPA|ɣ˕˖}} (both symbols denote a lowered and advanced {{angbr IPA|ɣ}}). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are <code>j\_o_-</code> and <code>G_o_+</code>.

Especially in [[broad transcription]], the post-palatal approximant may be transcribed as a palatalized velar approximant ({{angbr IPA|ɰʲ}}, {{angbr IPA|ɣ̞ʲ}} or {{angbr IPA|ɣ˕ʲ}} in the IPA, <code>M\'</code>, <code>M\_j</code>, <code>G'_o</code> or <code>G_o_j</code> in X-SAMPA).

A voiced alveolar-palatal approximant is attested as phonemic in the Huastec language.

==Features==
Features of the voiced palatal approximant:

{{approximant}} The most common type of this approximant is ''glide'' or ''semivowel''. The term ''glide'' emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of {{IPA|[j]}} from the {{IPAblink|i}} vowel position to a following vowel position. The term ''semivowel'' emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). For a description of the ''approximant consonant'' variant used e.g. in Spanish, see above.
{{palatal}} The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar {{IPAblink|ɰ}}.
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

==Occurrence==

===Palatal===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|ady|[[Cyrillic script|'''я'''тӀэ]]}}/yat’a ||{{Audio-IPA|Yata.ogg|[jatʼa]}} || 'dirt' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Afrikaans]] || {{lang|af|'''j'''a|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jɑː]}} || 'yes' || See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Standard Arabic|Standard]] || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|يوم]]|rtl=yes}}/yawm ||{{IPA|[jawm]}} || 'day' || See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]{{sfnp|Mott|2007|pp=105–106}} || {{lang|an|ca'''y'''e|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkaʝ̞e̞]}} || 'falls' || Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel (which may replace {{IPA|/ʝ̞/}} before {{IPA|/e/}}).{{sfnp|Mott|2007|pp=105–106}}
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]{{sfnp|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=13}} || {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|'''յ'''ուղ]]}}/yuq||{{IPA|[juʁ]}} || 'fat' ||
|-.
| colspan="2" | [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || {{lang|as|[[Assamese alphabet|মানৱী'''য়'''তা]]}}/manowiyota ||{{IPA|[manɔwijɔta]}} || 'humanity' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]]|| ܝܡܐ {{lang|aii-Syrc|[[Syriac alphabet|'''y'''ama]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jaːma]}} || 'sea' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] || {{lang|az-Latn|[[Azerbaijani alphabet|'''y'''uxu]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[juχu]}} || 'dream' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Basque language|Basque]] || {{lang|eu|[[Basque alphabet|ba'''i''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[baj]}} || 'yes' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|ন'''য়'''ন]]}}/noyon ||{{IPA|[nɔjon]}} || 'eye' || See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || {{lang|bg|[[Cyrillic script|ма'''й'''ка]]}} / {{lang|bg|ma'''j'''ka|italic=yes}}|| {{IPA|[ˈmajkɐ]}} || 'mother' || See [[Bulgarian phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=53}} || All dialects || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|fe'''i'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈfejɐ]}} || 'I did' || rowspan="2" | See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| Some&nbsp;dialects || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|'''j'''o]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈjɔ]}} || 'I'
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || {{lang|ce|[[Cyrillic script|'''я'''лх]]}} / {{lang|ce|'''y'''alx|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jalx]}} || 'six' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Cantonese]] || {{lang|yue|[[Chinese characters|日]]}} / {{lang|yue|[[Jyutping|'''j'''at9]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jɐt˨ʔ]}} || 'day' || See [[Cantonese phonology]]
|-
| [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] || {{lang|zh|[[Chinese characters|鸭]]}} ({{lang|zh|[[Chinese characters|鴨]]}}) / {{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Hanyu Pinyin|'''y'''ā]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ja˥]}} || 'duck' || See [[Mandarin phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]
|йывăç/yıvëş
|[jɯʋəɕ̬]
|'tree'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]] || {{lang|cs|[[Czech alphabet|'''j'''e]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jɛ]}} || 'is' || See [[Czech phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Danish language|Danish]] || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|'''j'''eg]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jɑ]}} || 'I' || See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=198}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''j'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jaː]}} || 'yes' || Frequently realized as a fricative {{IPAblink|ʝ}}, especially in emphatic speech.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=198}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[English language|English]] || ''[[English orthography|'''y'''ou]]'' || {{IPA|[juː]}} || 'you' || See [[English phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Esperanto]] || {{lang|eo|[[Esperanto orthography|'''j'''aro]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jaro]}} || 'year' || See [[Esperanto phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] || {{lang|et|[[Estonian alphabet|'''j'''alg]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈjɑlɡ]}} || 'leg' || See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish alphabet|'''j'''alka]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈjɑlkɑ]}} || 'leg' || See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[French language|French]] || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|'''y'''eux]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jø]}} || 'eyes' || See [[French phonology]]
|-
| [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Kohler|1999|p=86}}{{sfnp|Moosmüller|Schmid|Brandstätter|2015|p=340}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''J'''acke]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈjäkə]}} || 'jacket' || Also described as a fricative {{IPAblink|ʝ}}{{sfnp|Mangold|2005|p=51}}{{sfnp|Krech et al.|2009|p=83}} and a sound variable between a fricative and an approximant.{{sfnp|Hall|2003|p=48}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]]
| [[Ancient Greek]]
| {{lang|grc|ε'''ἴ'''η}}/éyē
| {{IPA|[ějːɛː]}}
| 's/he shall come'
| See [[Ancient Greek phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] || {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|'''י'''לד]]|rtl=yes}}/yeled ||{{IPA|[ˈjeled]}} || 'kid' || See [[Modern Hebrew phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari alphabet|'''या'''न]]}} / {{Lang|ur|[[Urdu alphabet|یان]]|rtl=}}/yán||{{IPA|[jäːn]}}|| 'vehicle' || See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|'''j'''áték]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jaːteːk]}} || 'game' || See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Irish language|Irish]]{{sfnp|Ó Sé|2000|p=17}} || {{lang|ga|[[Irish orthography|'''gh'''earrfadh]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈjɑːɾˠhəx]}} || 'would cut' || See [[Irish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ingush language|Ingush]] || |''{{Lang|inh|[[Cyrillic script|'''я'''лат]]}} / '''j'''alat'' || ['jalat] ||'grain' ||See [[Ingush language#Phonology|Ingush phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Italian language|Italian]]{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|'''i'''one]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈjoːne]}} || 'ion' || See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Jalapa Mazatec]]{{sfnp|Silverman|Blankenship|Kirk|Ladefoged|1995|p=83}} || {{example needed|date=August 2016}} || || || Contrasts voiceless {{IPAslink|j̊}}, plain voiced {{IPA|/j/}} and glottalized voiced {{IPA|/ȷ̃/}} approximants.{{sfnp|Silverman|Blankenship|Kirk|Ladefoged|1995|p=83}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]] || {{lang|ja|[[hiragana|焼く]]}} / {{lang|ja-Latn|[[rōmaji|'''y'''aku]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jaku͍]}} || 'to bake' || See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || {{lang|kbd|[[Cyrillic script|'''й'''и]]}}/yi ||{{IPA|[ji]}} || 'game' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || {{lang|kbd|[[Cyrillic script|'''Я'''ғни]]}}/yağni ||{{IPA|[jaʁni]}} || 'so' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|យំ]]}} / {{transliteration|km|'''y'''om}} || {{IPA|[jom]}} || 'to cry' || See [[Khmer phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko|[[hangul|여섯]]}} / {{lang|ko|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|'''y'''ósót]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jʌsʌt̚]}} || 'six' || See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Latin]] || {{lang|la|[[Latin spelling and pronunciation|iacere]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈjakɛrɛ]}} || 'to throw' || See [[Latin spelling and pronunciation]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]{{sfnp|Mathiassen|1996|pp=22–23}} || {{lang|lt|[[Lithuanian orthography|'''j'''i]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jɪ]}} || 'she' || Also described as a fricative {{IPAblink|ʝ}}.{{sfnp|Augustaitis|1964|p=23}}{{sfnp|Ambrazas et al.|1997|pp=46–47}} See [[Lithuanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] || {{lang|mk|[[Macedonian alphabet|кра'''ј''']]}}/kraj || {{IPA|[kraj]}} || 'end' || See [[Macedonian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Malay language|Malay]] || {{lang|ms|[[Malay alphabet|sa'''y'''ang]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[sajaŋ]}} || 'love' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Maltese language|Maltese]] || {{lang|mt|[[Maltese alphabet|'''j'''iekol]]}} || {{IPA|[jɪɛkol]}} || 'he eats' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]{{sfnp|Sadowsky et al.|2013|p=91}} || {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|ka'''y'''u]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[kɜˈjʊ]}} || 'six' || May be a fricative {{IPAblink|ʝ}} instead.{{sfnp|Sadowsky et al.|2013|p=91}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|[[Devanagari|'''य'''श]]}}/yaš||{{IPA|[jəʃ]}} || 'success' ||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Nepali language|Nepali]]
|{{Lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|'''या'''म]]}}/yam
|{{IPA|[jäm]}}
|'[[season]]'
|See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=22 and 25}}{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=41}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|'''g'''i]]}} || {{IPA|[jiː]}} || 'to give' || May be a fricative {{IPAblink|ʝ}} instead.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=41}}{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=74}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Odia language|Odia]] || {{lang|or|[[Odia script|ସମ'''ୟ''']]}}/samaya ||{{IPA|[sɔmɔjɔ]}} || 'time' ||
|- 
| colspan="2" | [[Persian language|Persian]] ||یزد/Yäzd ||[{{IPA|jæzd}}]|| '[[Yazd]]' || See [[Persian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Polish language|Polish]]{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=103}} || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''j'''utro]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-jutro-2.ogg|[ˈjut̪rɔ]}} || 'tomorrow' || See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-44502004000300005 Delta: Documentation of studies on theoric and applied Linguistics – Problems in the tense variant of carioca speech].</ref> || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|bo'''i'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈbɔjɐ]}}|| 'buoy', 'float' || Allophone of both {{IPAslink|i}} and {{IPAslink|ʎ̟|ʎ}},<ref name="anglophones learning lh">{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/dominiosdelinguagem/article/download/12450/8064 The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony]. Pages 223 and 228.</ref> as well as a very common epenthetic sound before coda sibilants in some dialects. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || [[Gurmukhi|ਯਾਰ]]/yár ||{{IPA|[jäːɾ]}} || 'friend' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Romanian language|Romanian]] || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|'''i'''ar]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jar]}} || 'again' || See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=223}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian alphabet|'''я'''ма]]}}/jama ||{{IPA|[ˈjämə]}} || 'pit' || See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''ј'''уг]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''j'''ug]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jûɡ]}} || 'South' || See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Slovak language|Slovak]]{{sfnp|Pavlík|2004|p=106}} || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak orthography|'''j'''esť]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jɛ̝sc]}} || 'to eat' || See [[Slovak phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Slovene language|Slovene]]
|{{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|'''j'''az]]|italic=yes}}
|{{IPA|[ˈjʌ̂s̪]}}
|'I'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez Celdrán|2004|p=205}} || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|a'''y'''er]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Es-ayer.ogg|[aˈʝ̞e̞ɾ]}} || 'yesterday' || Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel.{{sfnp|Martínez Celdrán|2004|p=205}} See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''j'''ag]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈjɑːɡ]}} || 'I' || May be realized as a palatal fricative {{IPAblink|ʝ}} instead. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || {{lang|tl|[[Filipino orthography|ma'''y'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmajɐ]}} || 'sparrow' || 
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|{{Lang|ta|யானை/yanai|italic=no}}
|[ˈjaːnaɪ]
|'elephant'
|
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|'''యా'''తన/yatana]]}}|| {{IPA|[jaːtana]}}|| 'agony'
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=154}} || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|'''y'''ol]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jo̞ɫ̪]}} || 'way' || See [[Turkish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] || {{lang|tk|[[Turkmen alphabet|'''ý'''üpek]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jypek]}} || 'silk' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]] || align="center" | ајәушқӏa/ajëwšq'a 
|{{IPA|[ajəwʃqʼa]}}
| 'you did it' || See [[Ubykh phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] || [[Ukrainian orthography|'''ї'''жак]] / [[Romanization of Ukrainian|'''''ï'''žak'']] || {{IPA|[jiˈʒɑk]}} || 'hedgehog' || See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] || Southern dialects || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''d'''e]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jɛ]}} || 'cinnamon' || Corresponds to northern {{IPA|/z/}}. See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Washo language|Washo]] || {{lang|was|da'''y'''áʔ|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[daˈjaʔ]}} || 'leaf' || Contrasts voiceless {{IPAslink|j̊}} and voiced {{IPA|/j/}} approximants.
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Welsh language|Welsh]]
|'''i'''aith
|[jai̯θ]
|'language'
|See [[Welsh phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] || {{lang|fy|'''j'''as|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jɔs]}} || 'coat' || See [[West Frisian phonology]]
|-
| [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]] || [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=108}} || '''''y'''an'' || {{IPA|[jaŋ]}} || 'neck' ||
|}

===Post-palatal===
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiced post-palatal approximant
|ipa symbol=j˗
|ipa symbol2=ɰ˖
|ipa symbol3=ȷ̈
|ipa symbol4=ɨ̯
|x-sampa=j-
}}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Canellada|Madsen|1987|p=21}} || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|se'''gu'''ir]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Es-seguir.ogg|[se̞ˈɣ̞˖iɾ]|help=no}}|| 'to follow' || Lenited allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}} before front vowels;{{sfnp|Canellada|Madsen|1987|p=21}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɣ}}. See [[Spanish phonology]]

|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || Standard prescriptive{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|dü'''ğ'''ün]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈd̪y̠ȷ̈y̠n̪]}} || 'wedding' || Either post-palatal or palatal; phonetic realization of {{IPA|/ɣ/}} (also transcribed as {{IPA|/ɰ/}}) before front vowels.{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} See [[Turkish phonology]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Palatal lateral approximant]]
* [[Nasal palatal approximant]]
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|j}}
* {{phoible|j̟}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Palatal consonants]]
[[Category:Oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]