View source for Voiceless uvular fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨χ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=χ
|ipa number=142
|decimal1=967
|x-sampa=X
|kirshenbaum=X
|braille=46
|braille2=12346
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x03C7.svg
|imagesize=150px
}}

The '''voiceless uvular fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound that is used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|χ}}, the [[Chi (letter)#Greek chi|Greek chi]]. The sound is represented by {{angbr|x̣}} (ex with [[underdot]]) in [[Americanist phonetic notation]]. It is sometimes transcribed with {{angbr IPA|x}} (or {{angbr IPA|r}}, if [[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]]) in broad transcription.

Most languages claimed to have a voiceless uvular fricative may actually have a '''voiceless uvular fricative trill''' (a simultaneous {{IPA|[χ]}} and {{IPAblink|ʀ̥}}). Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note that there is "a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."

Although they are not normally differentiated in study, languages in which they have been ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Wolof language|Wolof]], as well as the northern and central varieties of [[European Spanish]]) have been found to specifically possess the fricative trill.{{sfnp|Laufer|1999|p=98}}{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=167}}<ref name="kohler">{{cite web|title=Castilian Spanish - Madrid by Klaus Kohler|url=http://www.ipds.uni-kiel.de/kjk/pub_exx/kk2009_4/spanish/spa_madrid.html}}</ref>{{sfnp|Lyons|1981|p=76}} It can be transcribed as {{angbr IPA|ʀ̝̊}} (a [[Voicelessness|devoiced]] and [[Raised (phonetics)|raised]] [[uvular trill]]) in IPA. It is found as either the fortis counterpart of {{IPA|/ɣ/}} (which itself is voiceless at least in Northern Standard [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: {{IPAblink|x}}) or the sole dorsal fricative in Northern SD and regional dialects and languages of the Netherlands ([[Dutch Low Saxon]] and [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]) spoken above the rivers [[Rhine]], [[Meuse]] and [[Waal (river)|Waal]] (sometimes termed the Rotterdam–Nijmegen Line). A plain fricative that is articulated slightly further front, as either [[voiceless velar fricative|medio-velar]] or [[voiceless palatal fricative|post-palatal]] is typical of dialects spoken south of the rivers (mainly [[Brabantian dialect|Brabantian]] and [[Limburgish]] but excluding [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]] and the dialect of [[Bergen op Zoom]]), including Belgian SD. In those dialects, the voiceless uvular fricative trill is one of the possible realizations of the phoneme {{IPA|/r/}}.<ref name="cm191">{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=191}}. {{Harvcoltxt|Goeman|Van de Velde|2001}} have also found that frication is much more commonly in the velar region in dialects and language varieties with "hard G", though they do not distinguish between trilled and non-trilled fricatives in their study.</ref>{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}}{{sfnp|Tops|2009|pp=25, 30-32, 63, 80-88, 97-100, 105, 118, 124-127, 134-135, 137-138, 140-141}}<ref name="ver94">{{Harvcoltxt|Verhoeven|1994|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Tops|2009|pp=22, 83}}</ref>{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|p=220}} See [[Hard and soft G in Dutch]] for more details.

The frication in the fricative trill variant sometimes occurs at the middle or the back of the soft palate (termed ''velar'' or ''mediovelar'' and ''post-velar'', respectively), rather than the uvula itself. This is the case in Northern Standard Dutch as well as some varieties of [[Arabic language|Arabic]], Limburgish and Madrid [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. It may thus be appropriate to call those variants '''voiceless (post)velar-uvular fricative trill''' as the trill component is always uvular (velar trills are not physically possible). The corresponding IPA symbol is {{angbr IPA|ʀ̝̊˖}} (a devoiced, raised and [[Advanced (phonetics)|advanced]] uvular trill, where the "advanced" diacritic applies only to the fricative portion of the sound). Thus, in cases where a dialectal variation between voiceless uvular and velar fricatives is claimed the main difference between the two may be the trilling of the uvula as frication can be velar in both cases - compare Northern Dutch ''acht'' {{IPA|[ɑʀ̝̊˖t]}} 'eight' (with a postvelar-uvular fricative trill) with Southern Dutch {{IPA|[ɑxt]}} or {{IPA|[ɑx̟t]}}, which features a non-trilled fricative articulated at the middle or front of the soft palate.<ref name="kohler"/>{{sfnp|Lyons|1981|p=76}}<ref name="cm191"/>{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}}{{sfnp|Thelwall|Sa'Addedin|1999|pp=51, 53}}

For a '''voiceless pre-uvular fricative''' (also called '''post-velar'''), see [[voiceless velar fricative]].

== Features ==
Features of the voiceless uvular fricative:

{{fricative}}
{{uvular}}
{{voiceless}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

== Occurrence ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]<ref name="wellsblog">{{cite web|title=John Wells's phonetic blog: velar or uvular?|url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2011/12/velar-or-uvular.html|date=5 December 2011|access-date=30 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="bowerman">{{Harvcoltxt|Bowerman|2004|p=939}}: "White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme {{IPA|/x/}} (see {{Harvcoltxt|Lass|2002|p=120}}), but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (...) and Khoisan (...). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative {{IPA|[χ]}} rather than the velar."</ref>
| {{lang|af|[[Afrikaans alphabet|'''g'''oed]]}}
| {{IPA|[χut]}}
| 'good'
| Varies between a fricative and a fricative trill when word-initial.<ref name="wellsblog"/> See [[Afrikaans phonology]].
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Arabic language|Arabic]]{{sfnp|Thelwall|Sa'Addedin|1999|pp=51, 53}}
| {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|خضراء]]|rtl=yes}} {{transl|ar|'''ḵ'''aḍrāʾ}}
| {{IPA|[χadˤraːʔ]}}
| 'green' ([[grammatical gender|f.]])
| Fricative trill with velar frication.{{sfnp|Thelwall|Sa'Addedin|1999|pp=51, 53}} May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|x}}. See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Armenian language|Armenian]]
| {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|'''խ'''աղ]]}} {{transl|hy|'''x'''aġ}}
| {{IPA|[χɑʁ]}}
| 'game'
|
|-
| [[Breton language|Breton]] || Some speakers || {{lang|br|'''c'h'''we'''c'h'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[χwɛχ]}} || 'six'
|
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]
| {{lang|cv|[[Chuvash language#Writing systems|'''х'''ăна]]}} {{transl|cv|'''h'''ăna}}
| {{IPA|[χə'na]}}
| 'guest'
|
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]]
| Standard{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|pp=62, 65–66}}
| {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|p'''r'''es]]}}
| {{IPA|[ˈpχæs]}}
| 'pressure'
| Before {{IPA|/r/}}, aspiration of {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} is realized as devoicing of {{IPA|/r/}}.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|pp=65–66}} Usually transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ʁ}}. See [[Danish phonology]].
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
| Standard Northern<ref name="cm191"/>{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}}
| {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|a'''ch'''t]]}}
| {{IPA|[ɑʀ̝̊˖t]}}
| 'eight'
| Fricative trill with post-velar frication.<ref name="cm191"/> May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|x}}. See [[Dutch phonology]] and [[Hard and soft G in Dutch]]
|-
| [[Flemish dialects|Belgian]]{{sfnp|Tops|2009|pp=25, 30-32, 63, 80-88, 97-100, 105, 118, 124-127, 134-135, 137-138, 140-141}}<ref name="ver94"/>
| {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|b'''r'''ood]]}}
| {{IPA|[bʀ̝̊oːt]}}
| 'bread'
| Voiced when following a vowel.{{sfnp|Tops|2009|p=83}} Realization of {{IPA|/r/}} varies considerably among dialects. See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[English language|English]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Scouse]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=372–373}}
| {{lang|en|[[English orthography|clo'''ck''']]|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[kl̥ɒχ]}}
| 'clock'
| rowspan="2" | Possible word-final realization of {{IPA|/k/}}; varies between a fricative and a fricative trill.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=372–373}}
|-
|ne'''ck'''
|[{{IPA|nɛχ}}]
|'neck'
|-
| [[Welsh English|Welsh]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=389}}{{sfnp|Tench|1990|p=132}}
| {{lang|en|[[English orthography|Amlw'''ch''']]|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[ˈamlʊχ]}}
| '[[Amlwch]]'
| Occurs only in loanwords from Welsh;{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=389}} usually transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|x}}. See [[English phonology]]
|-
| White [[South African English|South African]]<ref name="bowerman"/>{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=619}}
| {{lang|en|[[English orthography|'''g'''o'''gg'''a]]|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[ˈχɒχə]}}
| 'insect'
| Less commonly velar {{IPAblink|x}}, occurs only in loanwords from Afrikaans and [[Khoisan languages|Khoisan]].<ref name="bowerman"/> Usually transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|x}}. See [[White South African English phonology]] and [[English phonology]].
|-
| colspan=2 | [[French language|French]]
| {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|t'''r'''ès]]}}
| {{IPA|[t̪χɛ]}}
| 'very'
| Allophone of {{IPA|/ʁ/}} in contact with voiceless consonants. See [[French phonology]]
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[German language|German]]
| [[Standard German|Standard]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hall|1993|p=100}}, footnote 7, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Kohler|1990}}</ref>
| {{lang|de|[[German orthography|Da'''ch''']]}}
| {{IPA|[daχ]}}
| 'roof'
| Appears only after certain [[back vowel]]s. See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| [[Chemnitz dialect]]{{sfnp|Khan|Weise|2013|p=235}}
| {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''R'''ock]]}}
| {{IPA|[χɔkʰ]}}
| 'skirt'
| In free variation with {{IPAblink|ʁ|ʁ̞}}, {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, {{IPAblink|ʀ̥}} and {{IPAblink|q}}.{{sfnp|Khan|Weise|2013|p=235}} Does not occur in coda.{{sfnp|Khan|Weise|2013|p=235}}
|-
| [[Lower Rhine region|Lower Rhine]]{{sfnp|Hall|1993|p=89}}
| {{lang|de|[[German orthography|Wi'''r'''te]]}}
| {{IPA|[ˈvɪχtə]}}
| 'hosts'
| In free variation with {{IPAblink|ɐ}} between a vowel and a [[voiceless consonant|voiceless]] [[coronal consonant|coronal]] consonant.
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] {{sfnp|Laufer|1999|p=98}}
| {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|מֶלֶךְ]]|rtl=yes}} {{transl|he|méle'''kh'''}}
| {{IPA|[ˈme̞le̞χ]}}
| 'king'
| Usually a fricative trill.{{sfnp|Laufer|1999|p=98}} See [[Modern Hebrew phonology]].
|-
| [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]]
| Some dialects{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|p=220}}
| {{lang|li|[[Limburgish#Orthography|wao'''r''']]}}
| {{IPA|[β̞ɒ̝ːʀ̝̊]}}
| 'was'
| Allophone of {{IPA|/r/}} that has been variously described as occurring in the syllable coda{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}} and word-final.{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|p=220}} May be only partially devoiced; frication may be uvular or post-velar.{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=108}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=156}} The example word is from the [[Maastrichtian dialect]]. See [[Maastrichtian dialect phonology]] and [[Hard and soft G in Dutch]]
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=68}}
| {{lang|lb|[[Luxembourgish#Writing|Zu'''ch''']]}}
| {{IPA|[t͡suχ]}}
| 'train'
| See [[Luxembourgish phonology]].
|-
| [[Low German]]
| [[Dutch Low Saxon]]<ref name="cm191"/>{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}}
| {{lang|nds|[[Low German#Writing system|a'''ch'''t]]}}
| {{IPA|[ɑʀ̝̊˖t]}}
| 'eight'
| Fricative trill with post-velar frication;<ref name="cm191"/> voiceless counterpart of {{IPAslink|ɣ}}. May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|x}}. See [[Hard and soft G in Dutch]]
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| General [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]]{{sfnp|Barbosa|Albano|2004|pp=5–6}}
| {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|'''r'''ompimento]]}}
| {{IPA|[χõpiˈmẽtʊ]}}
| 'rupture' (noun)
| Some dialects, corresponds to rhotic consonant {{IPA|/ʁ/}}. See [[Portuguese phonology]].
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]]{{sfnp|Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer|1997|p=17}}{{sfnp|Bodelier|2011|p=19}}
| {{lang|ksh|a'''ch'''}}
| {{IPA|[ɑχ]}}
| 'eight'
| Allophone of {{IPA|/x/}} after back vowels. Fronted to {{IPAblink|ç}} or {{IPAblink|ʃ}} after front vowels and consonants.{{sfnp|Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer|1997|p=17}}{{sfnp|Bodelier|2011|p=19}} It may be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|x}}. See [[Colognian phonology]], [[Kerkrade dialect phonology]] and [[Hard and soft G in Dutch]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[European Spanish|European]]<ref name="kohler"/>{{sfnp|Lyons|1981|p=76}}
| {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|o'''j'''o]]}}
| {{Audio-IPA|Ojo spanish J.wav|[ˈo̞ʀ̝̊o̞]}}
| 'eye'
| Fricative trill; frication is velar in Madrid. Occurs in northern and central varieties.<ref name="kohler"/>{{sfnp|Lyons|1981|p=76}} Most often, it is transcribed with {{angbr IPA|x}} in IPA. See [[Spanish phonology]].
|-
| [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]] dialect<ref name="Ponce">{{cite web|title=ProQuest Document View - The Spanish of Ponce, Puerto Rico: A phonetic, phonological, and intonational analysis|url=http://gradworks.umi.com/34/24/3424164.html}}</ref>
| {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|pe'''rr'''o]]}}
| {{IPA|[ˈpe̞χo̞]}}
| 'dog'
| This and {{IPAblink|ʀ̥}} are the primary realizations of {{IPA|/r/}} in this dialect.<ref name="Ponce"/> See [[Spanish phonology]].
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]]
| {{lang|tli|[[Tlingit alphabet|-dá'''x̱''']]}}
| {{IPA|[dáχ]}}
| 'from, out of'
| Occurs plain, [[Labialization|labialised]], [[Ejective consonant|ejective]], and labialised ejective.
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]
| {{lang|tk|[[Turkmen alphabet|ga'''h'''ar]]}}
| {{IPA|[ɢɑχɑɾ]}}
| 'snow'
|
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Howson|2017|p=362}}
| {{lang|hsb|[[Sorbian alphabet|bra'''ch''']]}}
| {{IPA|[bʁ̞äʀ̝̊]}}
| 'fault'
| Fricative trill.{{sfnp|Howson|2017|p=362}}
|-
| colspan=2 |[[Welsh language|Welsh]]
| {{lang|cy|[[Welsh orthography|'''ch'''we'''ch''']]}}
| {{Audio-IPA|Welsh Chwech CH.wav|[χweːχ]}}
| 'six'
| See [[Welsh phonology]].
|-
| colspan=2 | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]<ref name="cm191"/>{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}}
| {{lang|fy|[[West Frisian alphabet|ber'''ch''']]}}
| {{IPA|[bɛrʀ̝̊˖]}}
| 'mountain'
| Fricative trill with post-velar frication;<ref name="cm191"/> voiceless counterpart of {{IPAslink|ɣ}}. Never occurs in word-initial positions. May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|x}}. See [[West Frisian phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Wolof language|Wolof]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=167}}
|  ''sa'''x'''''
|{{IPA|[sax]}}
|
| Fricative trill.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=167}}
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]<ref name="wellsblog"/>
| {{lang|yi|[[Yiddish orthography|איך]]|rtl=yes}} {{transl|yi|i'''kh'''}}
| {{IPA|[iχ]}}
| 'I'
| See [[Yiddish phonology]].
|}

== Related Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable"
!<u>Nearby Fricatives</u>
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!Uvular
![[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]] 
|-
!'''Voiceless'''
|[[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]
|'''χ'''
|[[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]]
|-
!'''Voiced'''
|[[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]
|[[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]]
|[[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]]
|}

* Corresponding plosive: [[Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]
* Corresponding affricate: [[Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χ]]
* Corresponding trill: [[Voiceless uvular trill|ʀ̥]]

== See also ==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]
* [[Voiced uvular fricative]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
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* {{citation
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* {{citation
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|year=1990
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* {{SOWL|mode=cs2}}
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* {{citation
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* {{citation
|last=Tench
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|editor-first2=Alan Richard
|year=1990
|title=English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change
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* {{citation
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* {{Accents of English|hide1=y|mode=cs2}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
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