Vox Christi
Vox Christi, Latin for Voice of Christ, is a term for the bass voice representing Jesus in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach and others. This part appears prominently in Bach's Passions. In the St John Passion, the St Matthew Passion and the lost St Mark Passion the singer renders the exact words of the Bible, translated by Martin Luther.
In contrast, the Evangelist in music of Bach is always a tenor, who narrates the Bible words in recitative, in the Passions, the Christmas Oratorio, and also in the Ascension Oratorio Lobet Gott in seinen Reichen, BWV 11. The Evangelist really is an Evangelist, a teller of good news, whereas the bass singer is not Jesus Christ. Therefore his part is traditionally called Vox Christi, voice of Christ. The words of Jesus in the St John Passion are recitatives leaning toward arioso, in the St Matthew Passion they are additionally highlighted by an accompanying string quartet.
Vox Christi singers
Some basses and baritones are especially known for singing the words of Jesus in Bach's Passions, including:
Vox Christi in cantatas
The Vox Christi is present in several Bach cantatas.
- 1714
In Himmelskönig, sei willkommen, BWV 182, (25 March 1714), Bach's first cantata in Weimar, for Palm Sunday coinciding with Annunciation, verses from a Psalm are treated as if Jesus said them, set as the only recitative of the cantata, expanding to an Arioso: "Siehe, ich komme, im Buch ist von mir geschrieben" ("Lo, I come: in the volume of the book [it is] written of me, I delight to do thy will." Psalms 40Template:Bibleverse with invalid book:7—8).
In Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten! BWV 172 (20 May 1714) for Pentecost the bass sings the words of Christ from the Gospel of John: "Wer mich liebet, der wird mein Wort halten" ("If a man love me, he will keep my words: and my Father will love him, and we will come unto him, and make our abode with him." John 14Template:Bibleverse with invalid book:23).
In Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 61, (2 December 1714) the bass sings the words of Christ from the Book of Revelation: "Siehe, ich stehe vor der Tür und klopfe an. So jemand meine Stimme hören wird und die Tür auftun, zu dem werde ich eingehen und das Abendmahl mit ihm halten und er mit mir." ("Behold, I stand at the door, and knock: if any man hear my voice, and open the door, I will come in to him, and will sup with him, and he with me. " Revelation 3Template:Bibleverse with invalid book:20).
- 1715
In Barmherziges Herze der ewigen Liebe, BWV 185, (14 July 1715), the bass summarizes admonitions from the Sermon on the Mount, all introduced by the keywords "Das ist der Christen Kunst" (That is the Christian art).
In Bereitet die Wege, bereitet die Bahn! BWV 132, (22 December 1715) the question Wer bist du? (Who are you), posed to St. John in the Gospel, is given to the bass, as if Jesus asked the listener this question.
- 1716
In Mein Gott, wie lang, ach lange? BWV 155, (19 January 1716) serious questions get answered by words of consolation, sung by the bass as the Vox Christi, almost as an arioso on the words "Damit sein Gnadenlicht dir desto lieblicher erscheine" (so that the light of His grace might shine on you all the more brightly).
- 1723
In O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort, BWV 60, (7 November 1723) the bass as the voice of Christ answers in dialogue a recitative of the tormented Fear three times with Selig sind die Toten.
- 1724
In Schau, lieber Gott, wie meine Feind, BWV 153, (2 January 1724) the Bible word from Isaiah 41Template:Bibleverse with invalid book:10, "Fürchte dich nicht, ich bin mit dir" ("Fear not, I am with you"), is given to the bass as the Vox Christi, as if Jesus said it himself.
In Mein liebster Jesus ist verloren, BWV 154, (9 January 1724) the bass sings in an arioso the answer of Jesus, found in the temple 12 years old, to the questioning of his desperate parents: "Wisset ihr nicht, daß ich sein muß in dem, das meines Vaters ist?" ("Do you not know that I must be in that which is My Father's?", Luke 2Template:Bibleverse with invalid book:49).
In Jesus schläft, was soll ich hoffen? BWV 81, (30 January 1724) the bass sings in an arioso, central within the cantata, the question of Jesus: "Ihr Kleingläubigen, warum seid ihr so furchtsam?" (Why are ye fearful, O ye of little faith?), Matthew 8Template:Bibleverse with invalid book:26).
Cantata Wo gehest du hin? BWV 166, (7 May 1724) is opened by the bass singing a quote from the gospel, the third Farewell discourse, but turned into a general question about the direction of life.
In the cantate Wahrlich, wahrlich, ich sage euch, BWV 86, (14 May 1724) the bass sings in the opening movement three times the promise from the farewell discourse of Jesus: "Verily, verily, I say unto you, whatsoever ye shall ask the Father in my name, he will give you" (John 16Template:Bibleverse with invalid book:23).
In Jesu, der du meine Seele, BWV 78, (10 September 1724) a bass recitative is accompanied by strings, Die Wunden, Nägel, Kron und Grab (The wounds, nails, crown and grave), reminiscent of the Vox Christi in Bach's St. Matthew Passion.
Selig ist der Mann, BWV 57, (26 December 1724) is a dialogue of the Anima and Jesus.
- 1725
In the first movement of Sie werden euch in den Bann tun, BWV 183, (13 May 1725) the announcement of Jesus from the second Farewell discourse is set as a recitative of only five measures, accompanied by long chords of the four oboes, two oboi da caccia and two oboi d'amore on a pedal point of the continuo, creating a "sepulchral" sound.
- 1726
The central movement of Brich dem Hungrigen dein Brot, BWV 39, (23 June 1726) is a line from the Epistle to the Hebrews 13:16, Wohlzutun und mitzuteilen vergesset nicht (To do good and to share, forget no). Bach treats it, as if Jesus said the words himself, between arioso and aria.
In Siehe, ich will viel Fischer aussenden, BWV 88 (21 July 1726, 5th Sunday after Trinity), the Evangelist begins part 2 with a recitative on Luke 5:10, "Jesus sprach zu Simon" (Jesus said to Simon), the following direct speech of Jesus, calling Peter as his disciple, is sung by the bass: "Fürchte dich nicht; den von nun an wirst du Menschen fahen" (Fear not, from henceforth thou shalt catch men).
In the central movement of Es ist dir gesagt, Mensch, was gut ist, BWV 45, (11. August 1726) beginning Part II, the voice of Christ appears in a "highly virtuosic aria, half Vivaldian concerto, half operatic scena", according to John Eliot Gardiner.
The central movement of Es wartet alles auf dich, BWV 187, (4 August 1726) is Darum sollt ihr nicht sorgen (Therefore do not be anxious) from the sermon on the mount. The words of Jesus are sung by the bass, accompanied by the violins in unison and the continuo, which also takes part in their motifs.
In Herr, deine Augen sehen nach dem Glauben, BWV 102, (25 August 1726) Bach himself marked movement 4 for bass Arioso on words from the Epistle to the Romans 2:4—5, Verachtest du den Reichtum seiner Gnade (Do you scorn the riches of His mercy).[1]
- 1731
In Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 140, (25 November 1731) Jesus "appears" with the "Soul" in movement 3, a duet for soprano and bass, Wann kommst du, mein Heil? (When will you come, my salvation?).[1]
- 1732?
In Es ist das Heil uns kommen her, BWV 9, three bass recitatives based on stanzas of the chorale can be considered a sermon on the Lutheran creed, based on the Sermon on the Mount.
See also
References
- ^ a b Alfred Dürr. 1971. "Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach", Bärenreiter 1999, ISBN 3-7618-1476-3 (in German)