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Wilhelmina Geddes

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Wilhelmina Geddes
Born25 May 1887
Leitrim, County Leitrim, Ireland
Died10 August 1955(1955-08-10) (aged 68)
London, United Kingdom
Resting placeCronmoney Cemetery, Ballyclare, County Antrim
NationalityIrish
EducationBelfast School of Art
Dublin Metropolitan School of Art
Known forstained glass design
Stained glass window created by Geddes for St Luke's Church, Wallsend

Wilhelmina Geddes (1887–1955) was an Irish stained glass artist who was an important figure within the Irish Arts and Crafts movement and also the twentieth century British stained glass revival.[1] Important achievements included windows at St. Bartholomew’s in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and St. Peter's Church in Lampeter, Wales, and the King Albert Memorial Window, Cathedral of St. Martin, in Ypres, Belgium.

Early life

Plaque placed by the Ulster Historic Society at Geddes residence, Marlbourough Park South.

Wilhelmina Margaret Geddes was born on her maternal grandparents farm at Drumreilly Cottage in Leitrim on the 25 May 1887.[2] Eldest daughter of four children born to William Geddes (c.1852-1916) and his wife Eliza Jane Safford (1863-1955). The family, who migrated to Ireland from Scotland had mainly been farmers.[1] Her father, a Methodist, who was born near his father's farm at Tandragee, County Armagh, emigrated to America as a young man, working as a labourer for the railway construction business. This served a useful purpose as he worked as a site engineer at the Cavan, Leitrim and Roscommon Railway Company. When she was still an infant her parents moved to their native home in Belfast, so her father could set up work as a building contractor.

Education

Geddes began drawing subjects from life and nature from the age of four. She learnt first how to draw from the school mistress in Ayrshire, where her father occasionally went shooting. She began her studies at Methodist College Belfast[3] along with her three younger sisters. She later moved to the Belfast School of Art.[4] Geddes was encouraged by Rosamond Praeger, a sculptor from County Down, to continue with her studies. Geddes was accepted as a student to study at the Belfast School of Art, Ulster University. This is where Geddes adapted and improved her style and was introduced to a professional standard of art work.

Whilst still studying at the Belfast School of Art, Geddes took part in the Arts and Crafts Society of Ireland's fourth exhibition. For this exhibition Geddes contributed a glowingly coloured illustration of the book Cinderella Dressing the Ugly Sister[5] (Dublin City Gallery), which she had created. It was at this exhibition that Geddes' work was spotted by Sarah Purser, a well established painter seeking newly trained students to introduce to stained glass artistry.[5][6] Purser, who went on to be Geddes' lifelong mentor,[1] invited the young Geddes to join her in Dublin, working under the established stained glass artist William Orpen.[7]

Career

Geddes joined Purser at the acclaimed stained glass workshop called An Túr Gloine in 1910. The workshop was held in Dublin's Metropolitan School of Art. It was at An Túr Gloine where Geddes discovered her passion for the craftsmanship of stained glass artistry and created her most important works.[4]

During her early years at An Túr Gloine, "Geddes’s originality shone out, and important commissions came from St Ann’s Church in Dawson Street and the Presbyterian Church in Rathgar. Dogged by illness, she returned to Belfast before 1916 and lived between there and Dublin until moving in 1925 (as she had long wanted) to work in London at the Glass House in Fulham."[4]

Her work was considered pioneering and represented a rejection of the Late Victorian approach.[8] She created a new view of men in stained glass windows, portraying them with close-shaven crew cuts. "The muscularity and tension of her portraiture is matched by the radical design of her constructions. Ambitious large-scale projects, as at the cathedral in Ypres, are equalled by the drama of smaller-scale work at Wallasey (Lancashire) and Wallsend (Northumberland), or war memorial windows in obscure country churches."[4]

War Memorial Window, St. Bartholomew's Church, Canada 1919

This window was unveiled at St. Bartholomew's by HRH the Prince of Wales.[1] The window itself was commissioned by Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught in 1916.[9] This piece is located in Ontario Canada.[10] The window is a memorial piece, depicting images of mourning men and women. Geddes uses primitive colours in her Ottawa Window, the most prominent being yellow and black.[1] It is said by a critic that the colours used in this piece "give the window power and drama while strong, expressive drawing brings out the sense of action and facial expression."[11] An article in Irish Life featured the window on the cover of its Christmas tree in 1919. The writer of the article considered this window to be "one of the artistic triumphs of this century". Geddes completed the entire window in Purser's glass works, Upper Pembroke Street in Dublin, Ireland.[1]

St. Gabriel Window, All Saints Church, Dublin 1925

This window was commissioned by Canon Henry Dobbs, who was Chaplain to the Armed Forces.[1] This piece was given by parishioners to commemorate World War I casualties from the congregation, as were two other windows, St. Michael and St. Raphael.[12][1] Gabriel stands hard and solid displaying a warrior like, rugged face. He wears a blue and white mantle, which he wraps around himself. In St. Gabriel's hands he holds a branch given to him in Paradise and a mirror inscribed with an 'x', which signifies Christ in Greek.[1] Geddes depicts the angel with a red halo and a stony-faced expression. The church in which this window remains is All Saints' Church, Blackrock, County Dublin In 1996 St. Gabriel and St. Raphael were reunited in the church's south wall.[12]

Lampeter Window, St. Peter's Church, Lampeter, Wales 1943

This piece was Geddes' last monumental work in stained glass and is located in the parish church of St. Peter's Lampeter. It measures: 20 ft and 4ins high by 11 ft 6 ins wide. It was commissioned in 1937 by Sir George Arthur Harford as a memorial to his father, Sir John Charles Harford, although Geddes' declining health and the interruptions of the war delayed its completion until 1943, and its installation until 1946.[13] She painted the figures on glass with an incredible clarity and rich use of colour. The three dominant figures portrayed in this piece are: Christ, St. Peter and St. Andrew. These characters are portrayed to be occupied with thoughts beyond "mortal cares". Geddes herself declared that the window's subject was 'The Prophecy of Esaias' and the 'Calling of Peter and Andrew'. Christ is the central figure and stands taller than St. Peter and St. Andrew. Christ holds within his hands a pink and gold stone Byzantine church sat upon a rock. This church-on-a-rock symbolism refers to a Bible verse, in Matthew 16:16-19.[1]

Later life and death

Despite the hardships of living in London during World War II, poverty, and ill health, Geddes "designed seventeen full scale stained glass masterpieces, sixteen of which she completed"[5]

Geddes died on 10 August 1955 in London[6][7] of a pulmonary embolism.[citation needed] She was buried in Carnmoney Cemetery, County Antrim,[14] along with her mother and sister Ethel.[15] Even after moving to London Geddes claimed that her native identity never wavered as she says she was always "a Belfast woman".[16]

Stained Glass Windows

Further reading

  1. Nicola Gordon Bowe. “Wilhelmina Geddes 1887-1955: Her Life and Work – A Reappraisal”. Journal of Stained Glass. Vol XVIII, 1988
  2. Nicola Gordon Bowe. “Wilhelmina Geddes : Life and Work. Four Courts Press. Pub 2015. ISBN 978-1-84682-532-3

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gordon Bowe, Nicola (2015). Wilhelmina Geddes: Life and Work. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 9781846825323.
  2. ^ Gordon Bowe, Nicola (August 2015). "Wilhelmina Geddes". Irish Arts Review (1984-1987). 4 (3): 2–3. JSTOR 20492006.
  3. ^ Hailes, Anne (4 January 2016). "Wilhelmina Geddes: Window on a remarkable life". The Irish News.
  4. ^ a b c d Foster, Roy (23 January 2016). "Wilhelmina Geddes: Life and Work, by Nicola Gordon Bowe: awkward artist of many colours". Irish Times. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
  5. ^ a b c Bowe, Nicola Gordon (1988). "Wilhelmina Geddes, Harry Clarke, and Their Part in the Arts and Crafts Movement in Ireland". The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts. 8: 58–79. doi:10.2307/1503970. JSTOR 1503970.
  6. ^ a b Devlin, Patrick. "Wilhelmina Geddes (1887 - 1955): Stained Glass Artist". The Dictionary of Ulster Biography. Retrieved 2020-09-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ a b Devine, Ruth (2009). "Geddes, Wilhelmina Margaret". Dictionary of Irish Biography - Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2020-09-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ Shirley Anne Brown. “Wilhelmina Geddes Ottawa Window”. Irish Arts Review 1994 Vol 10.
  9. ^ "The Church of St.Bartholomew". Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  10. ^ Ann Brown, Shirley (1994). Irish Arts Review Yearbook.
  11. ^ WMG, SP (18 August 1924). Letter from WMG to SP. Purser MSS, NLI.
  12. ^ a b Gordon Bowe, Nicola (2002). Irish Arts Review. pp. 118–121.
  13. ^ Martin., Crampin (2017). Stained glass at the church of St Peter, Lampeter. Hammond, John. Sulien Books. ISBN 9781910675052. OCLC 982811784.
  14. ^ Hailes, Anne (2016-01-21). "Book review: Wilhelmina Geddes Her Life and Work". Belfast Times. Retrieved 2020-09-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ "Classified ad 59 -- no title". The Irish Times. 13 August 1955.
  16. ^ Gordon Bowe, Nicola (18 November 2015). "Belfast artist who created some of the city's most beautiful stained glass windows recognised in new book". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
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