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William L. Laurence

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William Leonard Laurence
Laurence on the island of Tinian before the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Born
Leib Wolf Siew

(1888-03-07)March 7, 1888
Salantai, Lithuania
DiedMarch 19, 1977(1977-03-19) (aged 89)
Majorca, Spain
EmployerNew York Times

William Leonard Laurence (March 7, 1888 – March 19, 1977) was a Jewish Lithuanian-born American journalist known for his science journalism writing of the 1940s and 1950s while working for the New York Times. He received two Pulitzer Prizes, and as the official historian of the Manhattan Project was the only journalist to witness the Trinity test and the atomic bombing of Nagasaki. He is credited with coining the iconic phrase "Atomic Age" which became popular in the 1950s.

Biography

Laurence was born in Salantai, then part of Russia though now in Lithuania, and emigrated to the United States in 1905 after participating in the Russian Revolution of 1905. His name was originally Leib Wolf Siew, but he changed it after immigrating, taking "William" after William Shakespeare, "Leonard" after Leonardo da Vinci, and "Lawrence" after a street he lived on in Roxbury, Massachusetts (he changed the "w" to a "u" in reference to Friedrich Schiller's Laura). He attended college at Harvard University, Harvard Law School, and Boston University, and became a naturalized United States citizen in 1913. During World War I, he served with the U.S. Army Signal Corps, and in 1919 attended the University of Besançon in France.

In 1926 he began his career as a journalist, working for The New York World. In 1930 he began working at The New York Times, specializing where possible in reporting on scientific issues. He married Florence Davidow in 1931.

In 1934, Laurence co-founded the National Association of Science Writers, and in 1936 he covered the Harvard Tercenary Conference of Arts and Sciences, work for which he and four other science reporters received the 1937 Pulitzer Prize in Journalism.

"Atomic Bill"

In May 1940, Laurence published a front-page exclusive in the New York Times on successful attempts in isolating uranium-235 which were reported in Physical Review, and outlined many (somewhat hyperbolic) claims about the possible future of nuclear power.[1] He had assembled it in part out of his own fear that Nazi Germany was attempting to develop atomic energy, and had hoped the article would galvanize a U.S. effort. Though his article had no effect on the U.S. bomb program, it was passed to the Soviet mineralogist Vladimir Vernadsky by his son, a professor of history at Yale University, and motivated Vernadsky to urge Soviet authorities to embark on their own atomic program and established one of the first commissions to formulate "a plan of measures which it would be necessary to realize in connection with the possibility of using intraatomic energy" (no full-scale atomic energy program began in the Soviet Union until after the war, however).[2]

In April 1945, Laurence was summoned to the secret Los Alamos laboratory in New Mexico by General Leslie Groves to serve as the official historian[3] of the Manhattan Project. In this capacity he was also the author of many of the first official press releases about nuclear weapons, including some delivered by the Department of War and President Harry S. Truman. He was the only journalist present at the Trinity test in July 1945, and beforehand prepared statements to be delivered in case the test ended in a disaster which killed those involved. As part of his work related to the Project, he also interviewed the airmen who flew on the mission to drop the atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. Laurence himself flew aboard the B-29 The Great Artiste, which served as a blast instrumentation aircraft, for the atomic bombing of Nagasaki. He visited the Test Able site at Bikini Atoll aboard the press ship, 'Appalachian', for the bomb test on July 1, 1946.[4]

For his wartime coverage, he received a Pulitzer Prize in 1946. At the office of the Times he was thereafter referred to as "Atomic Bill", to differentiate him from William H. Lawrence, a political reporter at the newspaper.

In his autobiography, Richard Feynman mentioned William Laurence standing next to him during the Trinity test. Feynman stated, "I had been the one who was supposed to have taken him around. Then it was found that it was too technical for him, and so later H.D. Smyth came and I showed him around."[5]

In 1946, he published an account of the Trinity test as Dawn Over Zero, which went through at least two revisions. He continued to work at the Times through the 1940s and into the 1950s, and published a book on defense against nuclear war in 1950. In 1951, his book The Hell Bomb warned about the use of a cobalt bomb – a form of hydrogen bomb (still an untested device at the time he wrote it) engineered to produce a maximum amount of nuclear fallout.

In 1956, he was present at the testing of a hydrogen bomb at the Pacific Proving Grounds. That same year, he also became appointed Science Editor of the New York Times, succeeding Waldemar Kaempffert. He served in this capacity until he retired in 1964.

Death

Laurence died in 1977 in Majorca, Spain, of complications from a blood clot in his brain.[6]

Call for revocation of 1946 Pulitzer Prize

In 2004, journalists Amy Goodman and David Goodman called for the Pulitzer Board to strip Laurence and his paper, The New York Times, of his 1946 Pulitzer Prize.[7] The journalists argued that at the time Laurence "was also on the payroll of War Department"[8]" and that, after the atomic bombings, he “had a front-page story in the Times[9] disputing the notion that radiation sickness was killing people."[3] They concluded that "his faithful parroting of the government line was crucial in launching a half-century of silence about the deadly lingering effects of the bomb”.[10][11]

In their book Hiroshima in America: Fifty Years of Denial from 1995, Robert Jay Lifton and Greg Mitchell asserted, "Here was the nation's leading science reporter, severely compromised, not only unable but disinclined to reveal all he knew about the potential hazards of the most important scientific discovery of his time."[12]

Laurence denied that the black rain fallout in Hiroshima was significantly radioactive because it originated from the firestorm that began 30 minutes after explosion, when the radioactive mushroom cloud had been blown many miles downwind.[citation needed]

Books by Laurence

  • Laurence, William L. Dawn over zero: The story of the atomic bomb. New York: Knopf, 1946.
  • ________. We are not helpless: How we can defend ourselves against atomic weapons. New York, 1950.
  • ________. The hell bomb. New York: Knopf, 1951.
  • ________. Men and atoms: The discovery, the uses, and the future of atomic energy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1959.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Vast Power Source In Atomic Energy". New York Times. May 5, 1940. Retrieved February 17, 2009. A natural substance found abundantly in many parts of the earth, now separated for the first time in pure form, has been found in pioneer experiments at the Physics Department of Columbia University to be capable of yielding such energy that one pound of it is equal ... {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ On this incident, see David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994): 59–60.
  3. ^ a b Evans, Harold (2003). War stories : reporting in the time of conflict. Hawkhurst: Bunker Hill. ISBN 978-1-59373-005-5. During the development of the atomic bomb, project director Gen. Leslie Groves secretly hired William L. Laurence, a highly respected science reporter with The New York Times, to act as the project's official historian. Laurence eagerly accepted the job – his scientific curiosity and patriotic zeal perhaps blinding him to the notion that he was at the same time compromising his journalistic independence. After the bombing, the brilliant but bullying Groves continually suppressed or distorted the effects of radiation. He dismissed reports of Japanese deaths as 'hoax or propaganda.'
  4. ^ According to this source, "[Laurence] had the unique distinction of riding in the bomber that carried out the Nagasaki mission." See Operation Crossroads: The Official Pictorial Record, the Office of the Historian Joint Task Force One (New York, NY: Wm. H. Wise & Co., 1946): 172.
  5. ^ Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman (W.W. Norton and company, New York, NY, 1997. p. 135)
  6. ^ "William Laurence, Ex-Science Writer For The Times, Dies". New York Times. March 19, 1977. Retrieved May 26, 2008. William L. Laurence, a science reporter who was the only journalist to witness the historic nuclear blast at Alamogordo, N.M., in 1945 and later the only newspaperman permitted to fly on the atomicbomb mission over Nagasaki, Japan, died here today of complications from a blood clot in the brain. He was 89 years old. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ Amy Goodman and David Goodman. "The Exception to the Rulers: Exposing Oily Politicians, War Profiteers, and the Media that Love Them". Hyperion, 2004, pp. 296–298.
  8. ^ Groves, Leslie R. (1983). Now it can be told : the story of the Manhattan Project ([New ed.] ed.). New York, N.Y: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80189-1. It seemed desirable for security reasons, as well as easier for the employer, to have Laurence continue on the payroll of the New York Times, but with his expenses covered by the MED
  9. ^ Laurence, William L. (September 12, 1945). "U.S. Atomb Bomb Site Belies Tokyo Tales: Tests on New Mexico Range Confirm that Blast, and not Radiation, Took Toll" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
  10. ^ William L. Laurence. “Dawn Over Zero : The story of the atomic bomb”. Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 1946, p. 224. "mine has been the honor, unique in the history of journalism, of preparing the War Department's official press release for worldwide distribution,"
  11. ^ Amy Goodman and David Goodman, "The Hiroshima Cover-Up: How the War Department's Times man Won a Pulitzer"
  12. ^ Mitchell, Robert Jay Lifton & Greg (1995). Hiroshima in America : fifty years of denial. New York, N.Y.: Putnam. ISBN 978-0-399-14072-3., qtd. by Goodman, Amy and Goodman, David, "Hiroshima Cover-up: How the War Department's Times man Won a Pulitzer", [1]

Further reading

  • Keever, Beverly Deepe. News Zero: the New York Times and the Bomb. Common Courage Press, 2004. ISBN 1-56751-282-8
  • Weart, Spencer. Nuclear Fear: A History of Images. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988.

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