Willie Johnston (Medal of Honor)
William H. "Willie" Johnston | |
|---|---|
| Born | July 1850 Morristown, New York |
| Allegiance | United States of America Union |
| Service | Union Army |
| Years of service | 1861 - 1865 |
| Rank | Drummer boy |
| Battles / wars | American Civil War |
| Awards | Medal of Honor |
William H. "Willie" Johnston (born July 1850), from St. Johnsbury, Vermont, was a drummer boy in Company D of the 3rd Vermont Infantry. His service during the Seven Days retreat in the Peninsula Campaign was exemplary. He was the only drummer in his division to come away with his instrument, during a general rout. His superiors considered this a meritorious feat, when fellow soldiers had thrown away their guns. As a result, he received the Medal of Honor on the recommendation of his division commander, thereby becoming the youngest recipient of the highest decoration at 13 years of age.[1][2]
Early life
Johnston was born in Morristown, New York, in 1850 to William B. H. Johnston, and Eliza, both born in England.[3] His mother died while he was young and the family moved to Montreal, Canada, by 1856 where his father, a railroad engineer and machinist, remarried to Theresa E. Martin. Apparently his family moved to Salem, Vermont (now Derby) by 1859.[4]
Civil War service
Willie's father enlisted in the 3rd Vermont Infantry in June 1861 and the regiment mustered at St. Johnsbury 16 July. Young Willie intended to enlist at the same time and probably went with the regiment to Camp Griffin, outside Washington. He was present for duty with the regiment since it mustered but was originally denied pay, company officials thinking he was too young to draw pay. He was formally enlisted in Company D as a drummer on December 11, 1861, in camp. Descriptive rolls list him as 11 years old and five feet tall. His father was a member of Company B of the same regiment, with the rank of corporal.[5][6]
The 3rd Vermont was assigned to Franklin's VI Corps, Smith's 2nd Division, Brooks' Vermont Brigade for McClellan's Peninsula Campaign. Johnston's first fight was at Lee's Mill, Virginia, on April 16, 1862. His father William was wounded in the battle, losing his left forefinger to the second joint, from a gun shot while charging the enemy.
During his next campaign, the Seven Days Battles from June 25 to July 1, 1862, Johnston was cited for bravery.
During that retreat many men threw away all their equipment so they would have less weight to carry. Johnston, however, retained his drum and brought it safely to Harrison's Landing. There, he had the honor of drumming for the division parade, he being the only drummer boy to bring his instrument off the battlefields. Johnston's division commander, BGen. Baldy Smith, noted this fact and included them in his report.
It is suggested that President Lincoln heard the story and wrote Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, suggesting the youth be given a medal, but no evidence exists. In any case Stanton approved the award and Willie Johnston was presented his Medal of Honor on September 16, 1863, at the age of 13, for a deed performed when he was but 11 years of age.[7] No official details of the reason for Willie's award survive, but the story is found in contemporary newspapers.[8]
This was the second Medal of Honor ever awarded. Secretary Stanton presented the actual award.
After the campaign, Johnston served as a nurse in a hospital in Baltimore and was transferred to Company H, 20th Regiment of Veteran Reserve Corps, where he played in the regimental brass band as Drum Major. His carte de visite photograph must have been taken at this time as his cap insignia is from this unit.
Johnston re-enlisted, on the same day as his father, at Brandy Station, Va., on February 15, 1864. After some confusion as to which unit he'd reenlisted in (He'd intended to return to the 3rd Vermont, yet he was still on the rolls of the 20th VRC) he was mustered out of service on December 30, 1865.
Post-War Years
He evidently had an interest in making the military a career. In 1867 Johnston competed for a position at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, but wasn't selected.[9] He then attended Norwich University in 1869 but is listed as a non-graduate.[10]
He moved to Charlestown, Massachusetts, and on 1 March 1870 was married to Nellie Murphy.[11] They had five children, the eldest son being named William Henry Johnston, so it is supposed this was also his father's full name.[12]
The family lived at 65 Tremont Street, Charlestown, where he worked as a machinist, the same occupation as his father. Since this address is just outside the gates of the Boston Navy Yard, and Willie's father had stated that he was with the navy, this was probably his employer.
He was still alive in 1899 when he attended a Medal of Honor Legion reunion in Burlington, Vermont.[13]
His date of death and burial location are unknown.
Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Musician, Company D, 3d Vermont Infantry. Place and date: Unknown. Entered service at: St. Johnsbury, Vt. Birth: Morristown, N.Y. Date of issue: 16 September 1863.
Citation:
Date and place of act not on record in War Department.
Media
- Wisler, G. Clifton. Mr. Lincoln's Drummer. 1995.
- "Willie went to war", Vermont Civil War Enterprises, 2005, first biography, Marius B. Peladeau
- A statue to him was erected in Santa Clarita, California.[14]
- At the Fairbanks Museum in St. Johnsbury, Vermont there is some Civil War memorabilia on display. This includes Johnston’s photograph and drumsticks. Johnston is featured in the museum's kit and as "Mr. Lincoln’s Drummer."[15]
A plaque was placed in his honor at Berkeley Plantation in Virginia in June, 2012 by the Vermont Civil War Hemlocks. The plaque states: "At Harrison's Landing on July 4th, 1862, Willie Johnston -- age 11, 3rd Vermont Drummer Boy played for Div. review. For keeping his drum during the arduous 7 days battles, he was awarded the Medal of Honor by Sec. of War Stanton. He remains the youngest recipient of the Medal of Honor. His gravesite is unknown. Dedicated June 2012 The Vermont Civil War Hemlocks. (Harrison's Landing is located at Berkeley Plantation in Virginia.)
Historical note
Until the establishment of the Medal of Honor there was only one decoration presented in the United States Army - the original Purple Heart. However, since the Purple Heart had not been awarded since the Revolutionary War, and would not be used again until World War I, the Medal of Honor was effectively the only award available to U.S. military personnel at the time of the Civil War.
After the war the government ordered a review of medal awards and rescinded many, but Willie's was allowed to stand.
See also
Notes
- ^ [1]
- ^ At the time, this was the only medal available besides the purple heart.
- ^ National Archives and Records Administration, 1850 Federal Census, File: M432, Roll 589, pg. 51
- ^ Theresa stated she'd emigrated in 1859. Nat'l Archives and Records Administration, 1900 Federal Census, Film: T623, Roll 120, pg. 98
- ^ Civil War Pension, Cpl. Wm. B. H. Johnston, application #407,829
- ^ [2]
- ^ <Congressional Medal of Honor Case File 2503
- ^ St. Johnsbury, "The Caledonian", 31 Oct 1863
- ^ St. Johnsbury "The Caledonian", 22 Feb 1867, pg. 3
- ^ Ellis, William Arba, "Norwich University, 1819-1911: Her History, Her Graduates, Her Roll of Honor", pg. 655.
- ^ Massachusetts, Marriages, 1841-1915, Volume 227, Charlestown, Massachusetts, State Archives, Boston; FHL microfilm 1433028, p. 149, No. 54
- ^ Massachusetts, Births, 1841-1915, FHL microfilm 1428075, pg. 171
- ^ "The Vermonter", Vol V, No. 1, 1899, pps 15-17
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
External references
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History.
- "Civil War Medal of Honor recipients (A-L)". Medal of Honor citations. United States Army Center of Military History. August 6, 2009. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
- "Willie Johnston". Claim to Fame: Medal of Honor recipients. Find a Grave. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
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