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{{Short description|Wooden percussion instrument used in Buddhist rituals in China}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Wooden fish
| pic = mokugyo.jpg
| piccap = Wooden fish
| t = [[wikt:木魚|木魚]]
| p = mùyú
| kanji = [[wikt:木魚|木魚]]
| kana = もくぎょ
| revhep = mokugyo
| tib = [[wikt:ཤིང་ཉ།|ཤིང་ཉ།]]
| wylie = shingnya
| mnc = [[wikt:ᡨᠣᡴᠰᡳᡨᡠ|ᡨᠣᡴᠰᡳᡨᡠ]]
| mnc_rom = toksitu
| qn = [[wikt:mõ|mõ]]
| chunom = 楳
| hangul = 목어
| hanja = [[wikt:木魚|木魚]]
}}
A '''wooden fish''', also known as a '''Chinese temple block''', '''wooden bell''', or '''''muyu''''', is a type of [[Woodblock (instrument)|woodblock]] that originated from [[China]] that is used as a [[percussion instrument]] by monks and lay people in the [[Mahayana]] tradition of [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beck|first=John H.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71632274|title=Encyclopedia of Percussion|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-97123-2|edition=2nd|location=New York|pages=60|oclc=71632274}}</ref><ref name="bl92-115">{{cite book|last=Blades|first=James|url=https://archive.org/details/percussioninstru00jame/page/115|title=Percussion Instruments and Their History|publisher=Bold Strummer|year=1992|isbn=9780933224612|location=Westport|page=[https://archive.org/details/percussioninstru00jame/page/115 115]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Joseph |last1=Adato |first2= George |last2=Judy|title=The Percussionist's Dictionary: Translations, Descriptions and Photographs of Percussion Instruments from Around the World|year=1985|publisher=Alfred Music Publishing|isbn=9781457493829|page=12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Museum|first=National Palace|date=2013-06-01|title=Origins and Developments of the Lingnan School of Painting_Monk and Wooden Fish Drum|url=http://theme.npm.edu.tw/exh102/lingnan/en/photo02.html|access-date=2020-06-08|website=National Palace Museum|language=en}}</ref>  They are used in Buddhist ceremonies in [[China]], [[Korea]], [[Japan]], [[Vietnam]] and other Asian countries. They may be referred to as a Chinese block, Korean block or, rarely, as a skull.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8V3Z6j2ExEC|title=Percussion Instruments and Their History|last=Blades|first=James|date=1992|publisher=Bold Strummer|isbn=9780933224612|page=391|language=en}}</ref> 

Wooden fish often used in rituals usually involving the recitation of [[sutra]]s, [[mantra]]s, or other [[Buddhist texts]]. In [[Chan Buddhism]], the wooden fish serve to maintain rhythm during chanting. In [[Pure Land Buddhism]], they are used when chanting the name of [[Amitabha]].

Wooden fish come in many sizes and shapes, ranging from {{Convert|150|mm|in}}, for laity use or sole daily practice, or to {{Convert|1.2|m|ft}} for usage in temples. Wooden fish are often (in Chinese temples) placed on the left of the altar, alongside a [[Rin gong|bell bowl]], its metal percussion counterpart. Wooden fish often rest on a small embroidered cushion to prevent unpleasant knocking sounds caused from the fish lying on the surface of a hard table or ground, as well as to avoid damage to the instrument.

== Mythical origins ==
[[File:Nieuhof-Description-générale-de-la-Chine-1665 0852.tif|thumb|A [[mendicant]] with a "wooden fish" (sitting in the middle, with a big hat), drawn by [[Johan Nieuhof]] (Description générale de la Chine 1665) between 1655 and 1658]]
There are many tales associated with its invention. One Buddhist legend says that a monk went to India to acquire [[Sūtra|sutras]] but on his way he found the way blocked by a wide, flooded river. A fish offered to carry the monk across the river because it wanted to atone for a crime it had committed when it was a human. Its simple request was that on the monk's way to obtain sutras, he should ask the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] to guide the fish on a method to attain [[Bodhisattva]]hood. The monk agreed to the fish's request and continued his quest. On his return to China after 17 years with the scriptures, he came upon the flooded river. The same fish asked the monk if he had made the request to Buddha but the monk said he had forgotten. The furious fish splashed him into the river. A passing fisherman saved the drowning monk but all the sutras had been lost in the river. Filled with anger at the fish, the monk made a wooden effigy of a fish head which he beat with a wooden hammer. To his surprise, each time he hit the wooden fish, it made the sound of a [[Chinese characters|Chinese character]]. He became so happy that he beat the wooden fish regularly. After a few years the monk had got back the lost scriptures he had lost to the flood from the mouth of the wooden fish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-01/11/content_44457.htm|title= The Legend of the Wooden Fish|website=en.chinaculture.org|access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>

==Usage==
[[File:Mogeo drum.jpg|thumb|A Korean monk playing a ''mogeo'']]
===Traditional versions===
The original type of wooden fish is in the shape of a dragon-fish hybrid creature. Along with a large temple bell and drum, It is found suspended in front of Buddhist monasteries. When proceeding with various duties (such as eating, lectures, or chores), a monk and a supervisor utilize the instrument to call all monastics to go to their tasks. Historically, this was the first wooden fish developed, which gradually evolved into the round wooden fish used by modern Buddhists.

The instrument is carved with fish scales on its top, and a carving of two fish heads embracing a [[pearl]] on the handle (to symbolize unity), hence the instrument is called a wooden fish for that reason.  In [[Buddhism]] the fish, which never sleeps, symbolizes wakefulness. Therefore, it is to remind the chanting monks to concentrate on their [[sutra]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-29|title=Mokugyo: Drumming for a Wakeful Mind with the Wooden Fish Drum's Unique Sound|url=https://buddhaweekly.com/drumming-for-a-wakeful-mind/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Buddha Weekly: Buddhist Practices, Mindfulness, Meditation|language=en-US}}</ref> where recitation of texts is necessary<ref name=bl92-115/> and the sound symbolizes wakeful attention.<ref name=bl92-115/> It can also symbolize wealth and abundance.<ref name=bl92-115/> At funerals, the processions walk in a slow and unison rhythm while sounding wooden fishes.<ref name=bl92-115/> Other purposes include prayers for rain.<ref name=bl92-115/> In Confucianism, the wooden fish is struck at specific intervals to signify certain stages of ceremonies at temple.<ref name=bl92-115/> In Buddhism, it is struck during chants of Buddha's name.<ref name=bl92-115/>

In [[Korean Buddhism]], wooden fish have seen broader use. Two separate words are used in Korean to distinguish different types of wooden fish. '''''Moktak''''' (hangeul: [[wikt:목탁|목탁]]; hanja: [[wikt:木鐸|木鐸]]) refers to a smaller-sized, hand-held variant, whereas '''''mogeo''''' (hangeul: [[wikt:목어|목어]]; hanja: [[wikt:木魚|木魚]]) means a full-sized piece that resembles a fish or dragon, with a hollow core. ''Moktak'', a small version of ''mogeo'' (wooden fish), can come with ornaments, or not, and is more oblong in shape. It has a handle for easy carrying during portable uses. ''Mogeo'' are usually hung from the ceiling and played with two sticks drummed from the hollowed-out bottom.

In Japan, wooden fish are called '''''mokugyo''''' (kanji: [[wikt:木魚|木魚]]; hiragana: [[もくぎょ]]), and some huge specimens found in Buddhist temples weigh more than 300 kg.

The Vietnamese name for the wooden fish is '''''[[wikt:mõ|mõ]]''''' (chữ Nôm: [[wikt:楳|楳]]), and the [[Manchu language|Manchu]] name is '''''toksitu''''' ([[wikt:ᡨᠣᡴᠰᡳᡨᡠ|ᡨᠣᡴᠰᡳᡨᡠ]]).

===Modern types===
The most common ones in use remain the traditional instruments that are round in shape and often made out of wood. However, other materials are now used as well such as composite plastic. All instruments are hollow with a ridge outside that provide the hollow sound when struck. The hollow tone differs among wooden fish because of their size, material, and the size of its internal hollow.  Often the mallet used to strike the fish has a rubber coated tip to provide a muffled, but clear sound when struck. A simplified form is given in the [[Temple block (instrument)|temple block]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Moktak.jpg|''Moktak'', a Korean variant of wooden fish
File:Mok-eo at Bogwang-sa.JPG|''Mogeo'' at Bogwangsa, Paju, South Korea
File:Bell Tower IMG 20161003 113624.jpg|''Mogeo'' on the bell tower at [[Buseoksa]], Yeongju, South Korea
File:보문사 목어와 법고.jpg|''Mogeo'' at Bomunsa, Incheon, South Korea
File:Chapin Mill Mokugyu Drum.JPG|Intricate carvings on this huge ''mokugyo'', over {{Convert|3|ft|m|adj=on}} wide.
File:Largest Mokugyo.jpg|One of the largest wooden fish in the world, located at [[Hase-dera (Kamakura)|Hasedera]] in [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]], Japan
File:Wooden plate.jpg|An original type of wooden fish at [[Manpuku-ji]], [[Uji, Kyoto|Uji]], Japan
File:ManpukujiFish.jpg|Head of the wooden fish at Manpuku-ji, Uji, Japan
File:Shofukuji Nagasaki January 2012 04.jpg|The wooden fish at Shofukuji, Nagasaki, Japan
File:Mõ Chùa Bút Tháp, Bắc Ninh.jpg|''Mõ'' at [[Bút Tháp Temple]], Bắc Ninh, Vietnam
File:Tây Ninh 2022 (tượng gỗ con cá rồng).jpg|Wooden fish in a temple in Tây Ninh, Vietnam
File:Tu viện Vĩnh Nghiêm, hậu đường (đầu gõ con cá).jpg|''Mõ'' in Vĩnh Nghiêm Buddhist monastery, HCMC, Vietnam
File:Chùa Xá Lơi - Quận 3 - tpHCM - 2019 (3).jpg|''Mõ'' at [[Xá Lợi Temple]], District 3, HCMC, Vietnam
File:Vowz Band 坊主バンド 2023.jpg|''Mokugyo''s on stage, [[Yotsuya]], Japan 
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Fish-drum|Fish drum]]
* [[Bell tower (wat)]]
* [[Drum tower (Chinese Buddhism)]]
* [[Drum tower (Asia)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Traditional Chinese musical instruments}}
{{Traditional Japanese musical instruments}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wooden Fish}}
[[Category:Idiophones]]
[[Category:Chinese musical instruments]]
[[Category:Zen]]
[[Category:Buddhist ritual implements]]
[[Category:Fish in Buddhism]]
[[Category:Drum kit components]]
[[Category:Sacred musical instruments]]