Xystodesmidae

Xystodesmidae
	Apheloria virginiensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Myriapoda
Class:	Diplopoda
Order:	Polydesmida
Family:	Xystodesmidae; Cook, 1895
Subfamilies
	Melaphinae ; Parafontariinae; Xystodesminae
Diversity
	c. 60 genera, 300+ species
Synonyms
	Fontariidae Attems, 1926; Eurydesmidae Chamberlin, 1950

Xystodesmidae is a family of millipedes. Its members often have very small distributional areas, with many species only known from a single locality.^[1] They are found across the northern hemisphere, with peak diversity in the Appalachian Mountains, where one-third of the 300 or so species occur.^[2] They are particularly abundant in deciduous broadleaf forests in the Mediterranean Basin, Africa, Asia, Central and North America, and Russia.^[2] Information on basic taxonomy is scant for this family; for example, it is estimated that the genus Nannaria contains over 200 species, but only 25 have so far been described.^[2]

Xystodesmidae contains many colorful and distinctive species, including Apheloria virginiensis of the eastern U.S. and Harpaphe haydeniana of the western U.S. The Sierra luminous millipedes of the genus Motyxia exhibit the only known examples of bioluminescence in the Polydesmida. Species of Apheloria and Brachoria in the Appalachians exhibit Müllerian mimicry, in which unrelated species resemble one another where they co-occur.^[3]

The family Xystodesmidae was named by O. F. Cook in 1895, upon the description of Xystodesmus martensii, (previously Polydesmus martensii). Xytodesmidae is placed in the suborder Chelodesmidea within the order Polydesmida (the "flat-backed" or "keeled millipedes"). Xystodemids are characterized by a relatively broad and compact body shape and one or more spines on the second leg-segments (prefemoral spines) in most species.^[4]

Classification

The family is divided into three subfamilies: the Melaphinae with around 10 species, the Parafontariinae with a dozen species in a single genus, and the Xystodesminae, with many genera and species.^[5]

Subfamily Melaphinae

Macellolophini

Macellolophus

Melaphini

Melaphe
Ochridaphe

Subfamily Parafontariinae

Parafontaria

Subfamily Xystodesminae

The subfamily Xystodesminae is subdivided into ten tribes,^[5]^[6] each ending in the suffix "-ini", although taxonomist Richard Hoffman stated in his 1999 checklist: "I am by no means satisfied that this is the definitive arrangement, nor that the tribal divisions of the Xystodesminae are entirely satisfactory either."^[5]

Apheloriini Hoffman, 1980

Chonaphini Verhoeff, 1941

Devilleini Brölemann, 1916

Devillea

Nannarini Hoffman, 1964

Nannaria
Oenomaea

Orophini Hoffman, 1964

Pachydesmini Hoffman, 1980

Rhysodesmini Brolemann, 1916

Sigmocheirini Causey, 1955

Ochthocelata
Sigmocheir

Xystocheirini Cook, 1904

Xystodesmini Hoffman, 1980

References

^ Richard L. Hoffman (1995). "Laurel Creek Xystodesmid Milliped Sigmoria whiteheadi". In Karen Terwilliger, John R. Tate & Susan L. Woodward (ed.). A Guide to Endangered and Threatened Species in Virginia. University of Tennessee Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-939923-31-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c Paul E. Marek & Jason E. Bond (2006). "Phylogenetic systematics of the colorful, cyanide-producing millipedes of Appalachia (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini) using a total evidence Bayesian approach". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 41 (3): 704–729. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.043. PMID 16876439.
^ Marek, P. E.; Bond, J. E. (2009). "A Mullerian mimicry ring in Appalachian millipedes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (24): 9755–9760. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810408106. PMC 2700981. PMID 19487663.
^ Hoffman, R L (1978). "The Taxonomic and Nomenclatorial Status of the Milliped Generic Names Parafontaria Verhoeff, Caphonaria Verhoeff, and Japonaria Attems (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae)". Spixiana. 1. München :Zoologische Staatssammlung München: 215–224.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hoffman, R. 1999. Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publications 8, 1–553
^ Marek, P., et al. (2014) A Species Catalog of the Millipede Family Xystodesmidae (Diplopoda: Polydesmida). Special Publication 17. Virginia Museum of Natural History. 140 p.

External links

Data related to Xystodesmidae at Wikispecies
Media related to Xystodesmidae at Wikimedia Commons

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[1] Richard L. Hoffman (1995). "Laurel Creek Xystodesmid Milliped Sigmoria whiteheadi". In Karen Terwilliger, John R. Tate & Susan L. Woodward (ed.). A Guide to Endangered and Threatened Species in Virginia. University of Tennessee Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-939923-31-1.

[Marek-2] Paul E. Marek & Jason E. Bond (2006). "Phylogenetic systematics of the colorful, cyanide-producing millipedes of Appalachia (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae, Apheloriini) using a total evidence Bayesian approach". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 41 (3): 704–729. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.043. PMID 16876439.

[Marek&Bond2009-3] Marek, P. E.; Bond, J. E. (2009). "A Mullerian mimicry ring in Appalachian millipedes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (24): 9755–9760. doi:10.1073/pnas.0810408106. PMC 2700981. PMID 19487663.

[4] Hoffman, R L (1978). "The Taxonomic and Nomenclatorial Status of the Milliped Generic Names Parafontaria Verhoeff, Caphonaria Verhoeff, and Japonaria Attems (Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae)". Spixiana. 1. München :Zoologische Staatssammlung München: 215–224.

[Hoffman1999-5] Hoffman, R. 1999. Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publications 8, 1–553

[6] Marek, P., et al. (2014) A Species Catalog of the Millipede Family Xystodesmidae (Diplopoda: Polydesmida). Special Publication 17. Virginia Museum of Natural History. 140 p.

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