Yazidis: Difference between revisions
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{{redirect|Yezidi Kurds}} |
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{{Infobox Religious group |
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{{Infobox Country or territory |
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|conventional_long_name = <span style="line-height:1.5em;">'''Yezidi'''<br/>حکومهتی ههرێمی کوردستان'''<br/>'''Êzidîtî'''<br/>''' |
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|image = [[Image:CAEIPDS0.jpg|250px]] |
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|caption = Yazidis on the mountain of [[Sinjar]], [[Iraq]]/[[Syria]]n border, 1920s. |
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|population = ca. 800,000–1,000,000 |
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|region1 = [[Image:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|25px]] [[Kurdistan]] |
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|pop1 = <900, 000 |
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|region2 = [[Image:Flag of Armenia.svg|25px]] [[Armenia]] |
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|pop2 = 60,000 |
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|region3 = [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] [[Germany]] |
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|pop3 = 90,000 |
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|region4 = [[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|25px]] [[Russia]] |
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|pop4 = 32,000 |
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|languages = [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |
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|scriptures = [[Kitêba Cilwe]] (Book of Illumination), |
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[[Mishefa Reş]] (Black Book) |
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|religions = [[Yazdânism]] (Yazidism) |
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}} |
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The '''Yazidi''' (also '''Yezidi''', [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]: ئێزیدی or ''Êzîdî'', [[Arabic]]: يزيدي or ايزدي, [[Turoyo|Assyrian/Syriac]]: ܓ̰ܠܟܝܐ) is a [[Kurds|Kurdish]] religion with ancient [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-European]] roots. Yazidis are primarily [[Kurdish language|Kurdish speaking]], and most live in [[Mosul]], [[Kurdistan Region]]. There are traditional communities in [[Transcaucasia]], [[Armenia]], [[Turkey]], and [[Syria]], but these have declined since the 1990s, <ref>http://www.kurdsat.tv</ref>their members emigrating to Europe, especially to [[Germany]]. |
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The term ''Dasni'' or ''Dasny'' is often misunderstood. A large Yezidi-clan/tribe is called Dasni. There are many Yazidis who belong to the tribe, and the two terms are sometimes seen as interchangeable. The Yazidis do not use it for [[self-designation]]. |
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==Demographics== |
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Yazidis make up an important [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] community. Estimates of the size of the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]]: communities vary significantly, between 70,000 and 500,000. The [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]n community has declined significantly (decreasing from 30,000 during the 1990s to an estimated 14,000 in 2008), while communities in [[Armenia]] have been more stable (some 40,000 according to 2001 census). In [[Russia]], the Yazidi population totals 31,273 (2002 census). In Syria, there are two main groupings, in the Jazira and the Kurd Daege, accounting for about 15,000 people. In Turkey, there are now just a very small remnant in some villages south-east of [[Diyarbakir]], remnants of a community of some 80,000 in 1970 (declined to 23,000 in 1985 and to 377 people in 2007{{Fact|date=August 2007}}). |
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The Yazidi number around 200,000 to 300,000 individuals in total, but estimates vary on their population size, partially due to the Yazidi tradition of secrecy when asked about one's religious beliefs. Lower estimates are around 100,000, and high estimates around 700,000. Expatriate Yazidi are concentrated in [[Germany]], numbering between 20,000 and 40,000, mainly in [[Lower Saxony]] and [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], most of them from Turkey. A much smaller diaspora community is found in the Netherlands. Very small groups are also found in [[Belgium]], [[Denmark]], [[Sweden]], [[France]], [[Switzerland]], [[the United Kingdom]], [[the US]], [[Canada]] and [[Australia]], probably totalling to below 5,000 people. |
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==Origins== |
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[[Image:Yezidismardino.JPG|thumb|Yazidi men in [[Mardin]], late 19th century]] |
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The origins of Yazidism are ultimately shrouded in Near Eastern prehistory. Although the Yazidis speak [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], their religion--a branch of [[Yazdanism]]--shows strong influence from archaic [[Mithraism]], [[Mesopotamian]] religious traditions, [[Christianity]] and ultimately, [[Islam]]. Their principal holy site is in [[Lalish]], northeast of [[Mosul, Iraq|Mosul]]. The Yazidis' own name for themselves is ''Êzidî'' or ''Êzîdî'' or, in some areas, ''Dasinî'' (the latter, strictly speaking, is a tribal name). Some scholars have derived the name Yazidi from Old Iranic ''[[yazata]]'' (divine being), while others say it is a derivation from [[Umayyad]] [[Caliph]] [[Yazid I]] (Yazid bin Muawiyah), revered by the Yazidis as an incarnation of the divine figure Sultan Ezi (this is no longer widely accepted). Yazidis, themselves, believe that their name is derived from the word ''Yezdan'' or ''Êzid'' "God". The Yazidis' cultural practices are observably [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], and almost all speak [[Kurmanjî]] (Northern Kurdish), with the exception of the villages of Bashiqa and Bahazane in Northern [[Iraq]], where [[Arabic]] is spoken. [[Kurmanjî]] is the language of almost all the orally transmitted religious traditions of the Yazidis. Thus, religious origins are somewhat complex. |
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The religion of the Yazidis is a highly [[syncretic]] one: [[Sufi]] influence and imagery can be seen in their religious vocabulary, especially in the terminology of their esoteric literature, but much of the mythology is non-Islamic. Their cosmogonies apparently have many points in common with those of ancient [[Persian religions]]. Early writers attempted to describe Yazidi origins, broadly speaking, in terms of [[Islam]], or Persian, or sometimes even [[paganism|pagan]] religions; however, publications since the 1990s have shown such an approach to be overly simplistic. |
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The origin of the Yazidi religion is now usually seen by scholars as a complex process of syncretism, whereby the belief system and practices of a local faith had a profound influence on the religiosity of adherents of the ˤAdawiyya Sufi order living in the Kurdish mountains, and caused it to deviate from Islamic norms relatively soon after the death of its founder, [[Shaykh]] [[Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir|ˤAdī ibn Musafir]] (Kurdish ''Şêx Adî''), who is said to be of [[Umayyad]] descent. He settled in the valley of [[Lalish|Laliş]] (some thirty-six miles north-east of Mosul) in the early 12<sup>th</sup> century. Şêx Adî himself, a figure of undoubted orthodoxy, enjoyed widespread influence. He died in 1162, and his tomb at Laliş is a focal point of Yazidi pilgrimage. |
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During the fourteenth century, important Kurdish tribes whose sphere of influence stretched well into what is now Turkey (including, for a period, the rulers of the principality of Jazira) are cited in historical sources as Yazidi. |
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==Religious beliefs= |
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[[Image:Melek taus.png|thumb|right|[[Melek Taus|Tawûsê Melek]], the [[peacock]] angel]] |
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In the Yazidi belief system, God created the world and it is now in the care of a ''Heptad'' of seven [[Holy]] Beings, often known as [[Angels]] or ''heft sirr'' (the Seven Mysteries). Preeminent among these is [[Melek Taus|Tawûsê Melek]] (frequently known as "Melek Tawus" in English publications), the Peacock Angel. According to the ''Encyclopedia of the Orient'', |
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{{Quote|The reason for the Yazidis reputation of being devil worshipers is connected to the other name of Melek Taus, [[Shaytan]], the same name the [[Qur'an|Koran]] has for Satan. Malak Taus filled 7 jars of tears through 7,000 years. His tears were used to extinguish the fire in hell. Therefore, there is no hell in Yazidism. Furthermore, the Yazidi story regarding Tawûsê Melek's rise to favor with God is almost identical to the story of the [[Genie#Jinn_in_Islam|jinn]] [[Iblis]] in [[Islam]], except that Yazidis revere Tawûsê Melek for refusing to submit to Adam, while Muslims believe that Iblis' refusal to submit caused him to fall out of Grace with God, and to later become Satan himself |
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Tawûsê Melek is often identified by Muslims and Christians with [[Shaitan]] ([[Satan]]). Yazidis, however, believe Tawûsê Melek is not a source of evil or wickedness. They consider him to be the leader of the [[archangels]], not a fallen angel. They also hold that the source of evil is in the heart and spirit of humans themselves, not in Tawûsê Melek. The active forces in their religion are Tawûsê Melek and Sheik Adî. |
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The ''[[Kitêba Cilwe]]'' "Book of Illumination," which claims to be the words of Tawûsê Melek, and which presumably represents Yazidi belief, states that he allocates responsibilities, blessings and misfortunes as he sees fit and that it is not for the race of [[Adam (Bible)|Adam]] to question him. Sheikh Adî believed that the spirit of Tawûsê Melek is the same as his own, perhaps as a reincarnation. He is believed to have said:{{Quote|I was present when Adam was living in Paradise, and also when [[Nimrod (king)|Nemrud]] threw [[Abraham]] in fire. I was present when God said to me: 'You are the ruler and Lord on the Earth'. God, the compassionate, gave me seven earths and throne of the heaven.}}Yazidi accounts of [[Creation myth|creation]] differ from that of [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]. They believe that God first created Tawûsê Melek from his own illumination (''Ronahî '') and the other six archangels were created later. God ordered Tawûsê Melek not to bow to other beings. Then God created the other archangels and ordered them to bring him dust (''Ax'') from the Earth (''Erd'') and build the body of Adam. Then God gave life to Adam from his own breath and instructed all archangels to bow to Adam. The archangels obeyed except for Tawûsê Melek. In answer to God, Tawûsê Melek replied, "How can I submit to another being! I am from your illumination while Adam is made of dust." Then God praised him and made him the leader of all angels and his deputy on the Earth. (This likely furthers what some see as a connection to the Islamic ''Shaytan,'' as according to legend he too refused to bow to Adam at God's command, though in this case it is seen as being a sign of Shaytan's sinful pride.) Hence the Yazidis believe that Tawûsê Melek is the representative of God on the face of the Earth, and comes down to the Earth on the first Wednesday of [[Nisan]] (April). Yazidis hold that God created Tawûsê Melek on this day, and celebrate it as New Year's Day. Yazidis argue that the order to bow to Adam was only a test for Tawûsê Melek, since if God commands anything then it must happen. (''Bibe, dibe''). In other words, God could have made him submit to Adam, but gave Tawûsê Melek the choice as a test. They believe that their respect and praise for Tawûsê Melek is a way to acknowledge his majestic and sublime nature. This idea is called "Knowledge of the Sublime" (''Zanista Ciwaniyê''). Şêx Adî has observed the story of Tawûsê Melek and believed in him. |
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One of the key creation beliefs of Yazidism is that all Yazidis are descendants of Adam rather than Eve. Yazidis believe that good and evil both exist in the mind and spirit of human beings. It depends on the humans, themselves, as to which they choose. In this process, their devotion to Tawûsê Melek is essential, since it was he who was given the same choice between good and evil by God, and chose the good. |
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Yazidis, who have much in common with the followers of [[Ahl-e Haqq]] (in western Iran), state that the world created by God was at first a ''pearl''. It remained in this very small and enclosed state for some time (often a [[40 (number)#In Religion|magic number]] such as forty or forty thousand years) before being remade in its current state. During this period the ''Heptad'' were called into existence, God made a covenant with them and entrusted the world to them. Besides Tawûsê Melek, members of the Heptad (the Seven), who were called into existence by God at the beginning of all things, include Şêx Adî, his companion Şêx Hasan and a group known as the ''Four Mysteries'': Shamsadin, Fakhradin, Sajadin and Naserdin. |
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The Yazidi [[holy book]]s are the ''Kitêba Cilwe'' ([[Yazidi Book of Revelation|Book of Revelation]]) and the ''Mishefa Reş'' ([[Yazidi Black Book|Black Book]]). |
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Two key and interrelated features of Yazidism are: a) a preoccupation with religious purity and b) a belief in [[metempsychosis]]. The first of these is expressed in the system of [[caste]], the food laws, the traditional preferences for living in Yazidi communities, and the variety of taboos governing many aspects of life. The second is crucial; Yazidis traditionally believe that the Seven Holy Beings are periodically reincarnated in human form, called a ''koasasa''. |
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A belief in the [[reincarnation]] of lesser Yazidi souls also exists. Like the [[Ahl-e Haqq]], the Yazidis use the [[metaphor]] of a change of garment to describe the process, which they call ''kiras guhorîn'' in Kurdish (changing the garment). Alongside this, Yazidi mythology also includes descriptions of [[heaven]] and [[hell]], with hell extinguished, and other traditions incorporating these ideas into a belief system that includes reincarnation. |
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==Organization== |
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Yazidi society is hierarchical. The secular leader is a hereditary [[emir]] or prince, whereas a chief [[sheikh]] heads the religious hierarchy. The Yazidi are strictly [[Endogamy|endogamous]]. In addition, members of the three Yazidi [[caste]]s, the [[murid]]s, sheikhs and [[Islam Pir|pir]]s, marry only within their group. |
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==Religious practices== |
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===Prayers=== |
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Yazidis have five daily prayers: Nivêja berîspêdê (the Dawn Prayer), Nivêja rojhilatinê (the Sunrise Prayer), Nivêja nîvro (the Noon Prayer), Nivêja êvarî (the Afternoon Prayer), Nivêja rojavabûnê (the Sunset Prayer). However, most Yezidis observe only two of these, the sunrise and sunset prayers. }}Worshipers should turn their face toward the sun, and for the noon prayer, they should face toward [[Lalish|Laliş]]. Such prayer should be accompanied by certain gestures, including kissing the rounded neck (''gerîvan'') of the sacred shirt (''kiras''). The daily prayer services must not be performed in the presence of outsiders, and are always performed in the direction of the sun. Wednesday is the holy day but Saturday is the day of rest. A Sect Shuns Lettuce and Gives the Devil His Due. |
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Yazidis pray three times a day, at dawn, midday and sunset, facing the direction of the sun each time. 'The sun is very holy to us,' said Walid Abu Khudur, the stocky, bearded guardian of the temple built in honor of a holy man here. 'It is like the eye of God, so we pray toward it.'... They have adopted Christian rituals like baptism and a smattering of practices from Islam ranging from circumcision to removal of their shoes inside their temples. The importance of fire as a divine manifestation comes from Zoroastrianism, the ancient Persian faith that forms the core of Yazidi beliefs. Indeed their very name is likely taken from an old Persian word for angel. |
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===Festivals=== |
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The Yazidi New Year falls in Spring (somewhat later than the [[Equinox]]). There is some lamentation by women in the cemeteries, to the accompaniment of the music of the ''Qewals'', but the festival is generally characterized by joyous events: the music of ''dehol'' (drum) and ''zorna'' ([[shawm]]), communal dancing and meals, the decorating of eggs. |
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Similarly, the village Tawaf, a festival held in the spring in honor of the patron of the local shrine, has secular music, dance and meals in addition to the performance of sacred music. |
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Another important festival is the ''Tawûsgeran'' (circulation of the peacock) where Qewals and other religious dignitaries visit Yazidi villages, bringing the ''senjaq'', sacred images of a peacock made from brass symbolising Tawûsê Melek. These are venerated, taxes are collected from the pious, sermons are preached and holy water distributed. |
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The greatest festival of the year for ordinary Yazidis is the ''Cejna Cemaiya'' "Feast of the Assembly" at Lalish, a seven-day occasion. A focus of widespread pilgrimage, this is an important time for social contact and affirmation of identity. The religious center of the event is the belief in an annual gathering of the ''Heptad'' in the holy place at this time. Rituals practiced include the sacrifice of a bull at the shrine of Şêx Shams and the practice of ''[[sema]]''. |
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===Pilgrimage=== |
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[[Image:Lalish.jpg|thumbnail|right|Tomb of Şêx Adî in Lalish]] |
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The most important [[ritual]] is the annual seven-day [[pilgrimage]] to the tomb of Şêx Adî in [[Lalish]], north of [[Mosul]], [[Iraq]]. |
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Satan's Alive and Well, but the Sect May Be Dying. The Yazidis, who are part of Iraq's Kurdish minority, had 100 of 150 villages demolished during the counterinsurgency operation against the Kurdish rebel movement that reached its peak in 1988. The campaign, which moved hundreds of thousands of people to collective villages, saw 4,000 Kurdish villages dynamited into rubble... The sect follows the teachings of Sheik Adi, a holy man who died in 1162, and whose crypt lies in the shrine in the Lalish Valley, about 15 miles east of Mosul. The shrine's graceful, fluted spires poke above the trees and dominate the fertile valley... Like Zoroastrians they venerate fire, the sun and the mulberry tree. They believe in the transmigration of souls, often into animals. The sect does not accept converts and banishes anyone who marries outside the faith. Yazidis are forbidden to disclose most of their rituals and beliefs to nonbelievers. A sacred microcosm of the world, as it were, it contains not only many shrines dedicated to the ''koasasa'', but a number of other landmarks corresponding to other sites or symbols of significance in other faiths, including ''Pirra selat'' "Serat Bridge" and a mountain called Mt. Arafat. The two sacred springs are called Zamzam and ''Kaniya Sipî'' "The White Spring". |
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If possible, Yazidis make at least one pilgrimage to Laliş during their lifetime, and those living in the region try to attend at least once a year for the autumn ''Feast of the Assembly'' which is celebrated from 23 [[Elul|Aylūl]] (September) to 1 [[Tishrei|Tashrīn]] (October). During the celebration, Yazidi bathe in the river, wash figures of Tawûsê Melek and light hundreds of lamps in the tombs of Şêx Adî and other saints. They also sacrifice an [[ox]], which is one reason they have been connected to [[Mithraism]], in addition to the presence of the dog and serpent in their iconography. The sacrifice of the [[ox]] is meant to declare the arrival of fall and to ask for precipitation during winter in order to bring back life to the Earth in the next Spring. Moreover, in [[astrology]], the ox is the symbol of Tashrīn. |
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===Purity and taboos=== |
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The Yazidis' concern religious purity, and their reluctance to mix elements perceived to be incompatible, is shown not only in their caste system, but also in various taboos affecting everyday life. Some of these, such as those on [[exogamy]] or on insulting or offending men of religion, are widely respected. Others are often ignored when men of religion are not present. Others still are less widely known and may be localized. |
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The purity of the four elements Earth, Air, Fire and Water is protected by a number of taboos, e.g. against spitting on earth, water or fire. Some discourage spitting or pouring hot water on the ground because they believe that spirits or souls that may be present would be harmed or offended by such actions if they happen to be hit by the discarded liquid. These may also reflect ancient [[Iran]]ian preoccupations, as apparently do taboos concerning bodily refuse, hair, and menstrual blood. |
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Too much contact with non-Yazidis is also considered polluting. In the past, Yazidis avoided military service which would have led them to live among [[Muslims]], and were forbidden to share such items as cups or razors with outsiders. A resemblance to the external ear may lie behind the taboo against eating lettuce, whose name ''koas'' resembles Kurdish pronunciations of ''koasasa''. Additionally, lettuce grown near Mosul is thought by some Yazidi to be fertilized with human waste, which may contribute to the idea that it is unsuitable for consumption. |
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Yazidis refrain from wearing the color blue. (Or possibly green as stated in "Soldier Poet and Rebel" by Miles Hudson) The origins of this prohibition are unknown, but may either be because blue represents Noah's flood, or it was possibly the color worn by a conquering king sometime in the past. Perhaps most probably, the prohibition may arise from their veneration of the Peacock Angel and an unwillingness to usurp His colour. |
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===Customs=== |
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Children are [[baptism|baptized]] at birth and [[circumcision]] is common but not required. Dead are buried in conical tombs immediately after death and buried with hands crossed. |
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Yazidi are dominantly [[monogamous]] but chiefs may be [[polygamy|polygamous]], having more than one wife. Yazidi are exclusively [[endogamy|endogamous]]; clans do not [[interreligious marriage|intermarry]] even with other Kurds and accept no [[convert]]s. They claim they are descended only from [[Adam (Bible)|Adam]] and not from [[Eve (Bible)|Eve]]. |
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A severe punishment is expulsion, which is also effectively [[excommunication]] because the soul of the exiled is forfeit. |
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In 2007, an incidence of honour killing - the [[stoning of Du'a Khalil Aswad]] - |
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===The Belief=== |
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[[Image:yeziditemple.JPG|right|thumb|The Chermera or “40 Men” Temple on the highest peak on the Sinjar mountains in northern Iraq. The temple is so old that no one remembers how it came to have that name, but it is believed to derive from the burial of 40 men on the mountaintop site]] |
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The tale of the Yazidis' origin found in the Black Book gives them a distinctive ancestry and expresses their feeling of difference from other races. Before the roles of the sexes were determined, [[Adam and Eve]] quarreled about which of them provided the creative element in the begetting of children. Each stored their seed in a jar which was then sealed. When Eve's was opened it was full of insects and other unpleasant creatures, but inside Adam's jar was a beautiful boychild. This lovely child, known as ''son of Jar'' grew up to marry a [[houri]] and became the ancestor of the Yazidis. Therefore, the Yazidi are regarded as descending from Adam alone, while other humans are descendants of both Adam and Eve.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} |
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==See also== |
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*[[Yazidis in Armenia]] |
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*[[Kurdistan]] |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.ezidatv.net Ezida TV] |
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[[Category:Kurdish people]] |
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[[Category:Mysticism]] |
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[[Category:Monotheistic religions]] |
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[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups]] |
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[[Category:Kurdistan]] |
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[[Category:Spiritual theories]] |
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[[ar:يزيدية]] |
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[[an:Yazidismo]] |
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[[arc:ܐܝܙܝܕܝܐ]] |
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[[de:Jesiden]] |
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[[et:Jeziidid]] |
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[[es:Yazidismo]] |
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[[eo:Jezidoj]] |
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[[fa:یزیدیان]] |
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[[fr:Yézidisme]] |
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[[it:Yazidismo]] |
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[[he:יזידים]] |
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[[ka:იეზიდები]] |
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[[ku:Êzîdîtî]] |
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[[mt:Jezidiżmu]] |
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[[arz:يزيدية]] |
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[[nl:Jezidi's]] |
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[[ja:ヤズィード派]] |
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[[no:Yezidismen]] |
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[[nn:Yezidismen]] |
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[[pl:Jazydyzm]] |
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[[ru:Езиды]] |
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[[sh:Jazidi]] |
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[[fi:Jesidismi]] |
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[[sv:Jezidism]] |
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[[tr:Yezidilik]] |
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[[zh:雅兹迪]] |
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