Prospero Farinacci

Doctor Prospero Farinacci
Giuseppe Cesari called Cavalier D'Arpino, Portrait of Prospero Farinacci, 1607, oil on canvas (Museo nazionale di Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome, Italy)
Born	(1554-11-01)November 1, 1554 Rome, Papal States
Died	31 December 1618(1618-12-31) (aged 64) Rome, Papal States
Resting place	San Silvestro al Quirinale
Nationality	Italian
Occupation(s)	Jurist, lawyer, judge
Known for	Praxis et Theorica Criminalis, one of the most influential works of criminal jurisprudence in Civil law countries until the reforms of Cesare Beccaria (1738–94).
Children	Ludovico Farinacci
Parent(s)	Marcello Farinacci and Bernardina Farinacci
Academic background
Alma mater	Sapienza University of Rome University of Perugia
Academic advisors	Tobia Nonio Rinaldo Ridolfi
Influences	Bartolus de Saxoferrato Tiberio Deciani Giulio Claro
Academic work
Discipline	Criminologist, legal theorist, criminal lawyer, defense attorney
School or tradition	Mos italicus iura docendi
Influenced	Virtually every area of criminal law in Western civil law countries under the Ancien Régime

Prospero Farinacci (1 November 1554 – 31 December 1618) was an Italian Renaissance jurist, lawyer and judge. His Praxis et Theorica Criminalis (Practice and Theory of Criminal Law) was the strongest influence on criminal law in Civil law countries until the Age of Enlightenment. Farinacci defended Beatrice Cenci who was accused of killing her father in the most famous criminal case of the time. As a judge he was known for his harsh sentencing.

Biography

The son of a Capitoline notary, Farinacci was born in Rome in 1554. He studied law at La Sapienza in Rome, receiving his doctorate in 1567 at the early age of twenty-three. Prospero soon earned himself the reputation as an able advocate. In 1567 he became the general commissioner in the service of the Orsini family of Bracciano. He reached the height of his professional career as the Papal Datario (the officer of the Roman Curia who investigates candidates for papal benefices) under Pope Clement VIII (1592–1605). He went on to become Giureconsulto e Procuratore Fiscale della Camera Apostolica (Consulting Jurist and Tax Attorney for the papal Treasury) under Pope Paul V.

Along with this eminence, he was also a notoriously difficult character with quite a checkered private life. In 1570 he was imprisoned for an unknown crime. In 1582 he was stabbed in the face in a street fight, leaving him with a diagonal scar on the left cheek and a blind left eye. In 1584 he was jailed for the serious crime of bearing arms in public. Whilst he was a staunch prosecutor of sodomites, in 1595 he was himself accused of sodomy with Bernardino Rocchi, a sixteen-year-old page in the Palazzo Altemps, the house of his benefactor. He was excused of the crime by Pope Clement VIII, who famously made a pun on Farinacci's name (which alludes to "flour" in Italian) by claiming that "The flour is good, it's the bag that's bad."

Farinacci was perhaps most famous as the advocate in the scandalous trial for murder, actually patricide, of Beatrice Cenci and her relatives (1599), which ended in their gruesome public beheadings. He played a major role in the defense and although he was not able to save the girl, he did convince the pope to allow the youngest brother, Bernardo, to survive, invoking both the boy's young age and temporary mental infirmity as mitigating factors.

In 1600 Farinacci had a son with a prostitute called Cleria. Ludovico later joined the clergy and in the end became his father's sole heir. Prospero's portrait by Giuseppe Cesari can be found in the Museo nazionale di Castel Sant'Angelo.

Works

Responsa criminalia, 1606

Prospero Farinacci was best known for his legal decisions and opinions which he published in four massive tomes and many editions. His most important works are:

• Praxis et theorica criminalis, 1594–1614. Farinacci's Praxis et Theorica Criminalis exerted a very considerable influence on Western legal culture and became a fundamental reference point in Civil law countries in the modern era. The Praxis was also well known in customary law countries: Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, writing in Scotland in 1678, drew extensively on Farinacci. The Praxis is most noteworthy as the definitive work on the jurisprudence of torture. Farinacci devoted considerable attention to the use of torture in criminal trials and in general placed severe restrictions on its use.
• Responsa criminalia (in Latin). Vol. 1. Venice: Giorgio Varisco. 1606.
• Responsa criminalia. Vol. 2. Rome. 1615.
• Responsa criminalia. Vol. 3. Rome. 1620.

Further reading

• Prospero Farinacci at the Encyclopædia Britannica
• Rossi, Gian Vittorio (1645). Pinacotheca imaginum, illustrium, doctrinae vel ingenii laude, virorum. Vol. 1. Cologne: Kalcov. pp. 179–181.
• Crasso, Lorenzo (1666). Elogi d'huomini letterati. Venice: Combi e La Nou. pp. 175–178.
• Graziosi, Marina, 'Women and Criminal Law: the Notion of Diminished Responsibility in Prospero Farinacci and other Renaissance Jurists', in Women in Italian Renaissance Culture and Society, L. Panizza, ed., Oxford (EHRC), 2000, pp. 166–181.
• Marchisello, Andrea, “Alieni thori violatio”: l'adulterio come delitto carnale in Prospero Farinacci (1544–1618). In Seidel Menchi, Silvana, and Quaglioni, Diego (eds.), Trasgressioni. Seduzione, concubinato, adulterio, bigamia (XIV–XVIII secolo), Bologna: il Mulino, 2004, pp. 133–183.

External links

• Mazzacane, Aldo (1995). "FARINACCI, Prospero". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 45: Farinacci–Fedrigo (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.