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Frozen vegetables

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Various frozen vegetables displayed on a Wal-Mart Supercentre shelf
Frozen vegetables are sometimes sold as a mix (right side of plate)

Frozen vegetables are vegetables that have had their temperature reduced and maintained to below their freezing point for the purpose of storage and transportation (often for far longer than their natural shelf life would permit) until they are ready to be eaten. They may be commercially packaged or frozen at home. A wide range of frozen vegetables are sold in supermarkets.

Examples of frozen vegetables which can be found in supermarkets include spinach, broccoli, cauliflower, peas, sweetcorn, yam (in Asia) either packaged as a single ingredient or as mixtures. There are occasions when frozen vegetables are mixed with other food types, such as pasta or cheese. Frozen fruits are produced using a very similar approach.

Some popular brands include Birds Eye and Green Giant, as well as supermarkets' 'store brand' items.

Frozen vegetables have some advantages over fresh ones, in that they are available when the fresh counterpart is out-of-season, they have a very long shelf life when kept in a freezer and that they often have been processed a step or more closer to eating (usually washed and cut, sometimes also seasoned). In many cases, they may be more economical to purchase than their fresh counterparts or are packaged while ripe. The fruit used for frozen fruit is overripe. Some use the terminology "spoiled" or "seconds".

The history of frozen fruits can date back to the Liao Dynasty of China, with the "frozen" pear being a classic delicacy eaten by the Khitan tribes in the Northeastern region of China.[1] Modern frozen vegetables with the flash freezing technique was popularized by Clarence Birdseye in 1929.[2]

Nutrition

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In general, boiling vegetables can cause them to lose vitamins. Thus, the process of blanching does have deleterious effects on some nutrients. In particular, vitamin C and folic acid are susceptible to loss during the commercial process. In addition, studies have shown that thawing frozen vegetables before cooking can accelerate the loss of vitamin C.[3][4]

Over the years, there has been controversy as to whether frozen vegetables are better or worse than fresh ones. Generally, reports show that frozen vegetables are as nutritionally beneficial when compared to fresh ones.[5]

A 1997 study performed by the University of Illinois, 2007 study performed by University of California – Davis and a 2003 Austrian study support that canned or frozen produce has no substantial nutritional difference not attributable to the presence of added salt, syrup or other flavouring. In fact, these studies suggest that canned or frozen produce is nutritionally superior because of the very rapid deterioration of nutrients in fresh produce.[6][7][8] A 2014 study which looks at both nutrition and cost provides the same conclusion about nutrition, but also that canned vegetables are consistently cheaper than frozen and fresh vegetables.[9]

An advantage that frozen vegetables have over canned is that many brands contain little or no added salt because the freezing process by itself is able to stop bacterial growth. However, many canned vegetable brands with little or no sodium have become available and many frozen brands do have salt added for more flavour.[10]

Safety

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Frozen vegetables can be contaminated with certain pathogens like Listeria.[11] It is recommended they are cooked before consumption to avoid potential listeriosis illness.[12]

Food safety regulations limit the amount of pathogens such as Listeria to safe limits (100 CFU/g in Europe). Contamination with Listeria is rare and results in product recalls or alerts. Although there is a risk of Listeria starting to grow during improper thawing to exceed the 100 CFU/g limit, the risk of infection remains much lower than other kinds of ready-to-eat food such as smoked fish, cooked meat, and soft cheese.[13]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Yi Ching, Leung. "Frozen pears: thirst-quenching Chinese treat from the Northeast!". www.zentopia-culture.com/. Leung Yi Ching. Retrieved 21 April 2017.[permanent dead link]
  2. ^ "Frozen Foods". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 2003-02-25.
  3. ^ Researchers preserve cancer-fighting properties in frozen broccoli
  4. ^ Nursal, B.; Yücecan, S. (2000). "Vitamin C losses in some frozen vegetables due to various cooking methods". Nahrung/Food. 44 (6): 451–3. doi:10.1002/1521-3803(20001201)44:6<451::AID-FOOD451>3.0.CO;2-5. PMID 11190845.
  5. ^ Danesi, F.; Bordoni, A. (2008). "Effect of Home Freezing and Italian Style of Cooking on Antioxidant Activity of Edible Vegetables". Journal of Food Science. 73 (6): H109–12. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00826.x. PMID 19241586.
  6. ^ "NUTRIENT CONSERVATION IN CANNED, FROZEN AND FRESH FOODS". Archived from the original on 2014-04-17. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
  7. ^ "Nutritional Comparison of Fresh, Frozen and Canned Fruits and Vegetables". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
  8. ^ "Are Frozen Vegetables Nutritious". Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2014-09-11.
  9. ^ Miller, Steven R.; Knudson, William A. (November 2014). "Nutrition and Cost Comparisons of Select Canned, Frozen, and Fresh Fruits and Vegetables". American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 8 (6): 430–437. doi:10.1177/1559827614522942.
  10. ^ Guidelines for a Low Sodium Diet
  11. ^ Willis, C.; McLauchlin, J.; Aird, H.; Amar, C.; Barker, C.; Dallman, T.; Elviss, N.; Lai, S.; Sadler-Reeves, L. (2020). "Occurrence of Listeria and Escherichia coli in frozen fruit and vegetables collected from retail and catering premises in England 2018-2019". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 334: 108849. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108849. PMID 32906080. S2CID 221619988.
  12. ^ "Listeria in frozen vegetables: How to reduce risks | EFSA". 20 April 2020.
  13. ^ Koutsoumanis, Konstantinos; Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Avelino; Bolton, Declan; Bover‐Cid, Sara; Chemaly, Marianne; Davies, Robert; De Cesare, Alessandra; Herman, Lieve; Hilbert, Friederike; Lindqvist, Roland; Nauta, Maarten; Peixe, Luisa; Ru, Giuseppe; Simmons, Marion; Skandamis, Panagiotis; Suffredini, Elisabetta; Jordan, Kieran; Sampers, Imca; Wagner, Martin; Da Silva Felicio, Maria Teresa; Georgiadis, Marios; Messens, Winy; Mosbach‐Schulz, Olaf; Allende, Ana (April 2020). "The public health risk posed by Listeria monocytogenes in frozen fruit and vegetables including herbs, blanched during processing". EFSA Journal. 18 (4). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6092. hdl:20.500.12327/1209.
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