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Sugarcane mosaic virus

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Sugarcane mosaic virus
Symptoms of sugarcane mosaic virus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Stelpaviricetes
Order: Patatavirales
Family: Potyviridae
Genus: Potyvirus
Species:
Sugarcane mosaic virus
Strains
  • Abaca mosaic virus[1]
Synonyms
  • Grass mosaic virus
  • Maize dwarf mosaic virus strain B
  • Sorghum red stripe virus

Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae. The virus was first noticed in Puerto Rico in 1916 and spread rapidly throughout the southern United States in the early 1920s.[2] SCMV is of great concern because of the high economic impact it has on sugarcane and maize.

Hosts

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Sugarcane mosaic virus causes mosaic symptoms in sugarcane, maize, sorghum, and other poaceous plants.[3] In sugarcane, this is the most widespread virus and 21 strains of it have been found in the United States.[3] The SCMV complex has been shown to consist of four distinct potyviruses and includes strains of Johnsongrass mosaic virus (JGMV), maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), and SCMV.[4]

Vectors

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The aphid Myzus persicae was first found to vector SCMV from sorghum to sorghum by Anzalone 1962.[5]

Symptoms

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Symptoms of sugarcane mosaic virus include intense mottling throughout the laminar region of the plant, characterized by discoloration of the plants leaves, and growth stunting.[6] In maize, the infection occurs first in the youngest leaves with symptoms such as irregular, light or dark green mosaic coloring developing along the veins. The virus can result in severe yield loss of the infected host and the disease eventually leads to necrosis.[7] Diagnosis of sugarcane mosaic virus is achieved first through recognizing the typical light green mosaic pattern of the infection, electron microscopy of leaf dips, as well as virus isolation and purification methods. One diagnosis technique being studied is the next-generation sequencing method (NGS) or sap inoculation, which was found to have a 90% success rate in a 2011 study. NGS could allow quick assessment of disease and be used for routine diagnosis against potential disease-causing agents.[8]

Management

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The disease is spread through sap containing the virus and can be transferred to other areas mostly by mechanical means such as lawn mowers and other equipment.[7] To minimize spread of sugarcane mosaic virus all equipment used should be sanitized. Fungicides and other pesticides have been shown to be ineffective when dealing with viral disease. The best way to deal with a viral disease is through plant host resistance.[7] The leading management tool has been to transform viral genes into maize plants, but transgenic plants have increasingly raised concerns for their potential negative ecological effects, such as reversal of silencing by viral suppressors, complementation, synergy, and gene flow among closely related organisms.[9] Resistant strains have been utilized to control the virus in southern United States and tropical regions; however, these strains have not been able to be adapted in cooler conditions present in central and north-west Europe.[10]

Importance

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The family Potyviridae, which includes approximately 200 species of economically important plant viruses, causes significant losses in agricultural, pasture, horticultural and ornamental crops.[2] Sugarcane mosaic virus is one of the largest and most economically important plant viruses due to its wide host range. In the mid-1920s, epidemics of the disease nearly collapsed the sugarcane industry in Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, and southern United States.[6] In Australia, losses have been reported between SCMV causes major problems in most of the sugarcane growing countries and many varieties have gone out of cultivation due to yield losses of up to 50%.[11] SCMV has also had a high incidence rate on maize being grown in China, the second largest maize producing country in the world. The virus, particularly maize dwarf mosaic disease caused by SCMV, has been among the most damaging diseases affecting maize production in China due to the large affect it has on yield.[9] The high incidence of co-infection and the occurrence of new strains or genome variations indicate that SCMV will continue to be a threat to industry.

References

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  1. ^ "Sugarcane mosaic virus abaca mosaic strain (SCMVA0)[Overview]". Global Database. EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization). 2001-02-04. Retrieved 2021-09-04.
  2. ^ a b Wu, Liuji; Zu, Xiaofeng; Wang, Shunxi; Chen, Yanhui (2012-12-01). "Sugarcane mosaic virus – Long history but still a threat to industry". Crop Protection. 42 (Supplement C): 74–78. Bibcode:2012CrPro..42...74W. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2012.07.005.
  3. ^ a b Yang, Z. N.; Mirkov, T. E. (1997). "Sequence and Relationships of Sugarcane Mosaic and Sorghum Mosaic Virus Strains and Development of RT-PCR-Based RFLPs for Strain Discrimination". Phytopathology. 87 (9): 932–939. doi:10.1094/phyto.1997.87.9.932. PMID 18945064.
  4. ^ Shukla, Dharma D.; Ward, C. W.; Brunt, A. A.; (CSIRO, Division of Biomolecular Engineering) (1994). The Potyviridae. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International. pp. 360–371/xii+516. ISBN 978-0-85198-864-1. OCLC 31649005. CABI ISC 19952304874.
  5. ^ Long, W. H.; Hensley, S. D. (1972). "Insect Pests of Sugar Cane". Annual Review of Entomology. 17 (1). Annual Reviews: 149–176. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.17.010172.001053. ISSN 0066-4170.
  6. ^ a b B.E.L. Lockhart, M.J. Irey, J.C. Comstock. "Sugarcane Bacilliform Virus, Sugarcane Mild Mosaic Virus and Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Syndrome" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b c Harmon, Phil (2015-11-03). "Mosaic Disease of St. Augustinegrass Caused by Sugarcane Mosaic Virus". edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2017-10-22.
  8. ^ Adams, I. P.; Miano, D. W.; Kinyua, Z. M.; Wangai, A.; Kimani, E.; Phiri, N.; Reeder, R.; Harju, V.; Glover, R. (2013-08-01). "Use of next-generation sequencing for the identification and characterization of Maize chlorotic mottle virus and Sugarcane mosaic virus causing maize lethal necrosis in Kenya". Plant Pathology. 62 (4): 741–749. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2012.02690.x. ISSN 1365-3059.
  9. ^ a b Gan, Defang; Zhang, Jiao; Jiang, Haibo; Jiang, Tong; Zhu, Suwen; Cheng, Beijiu (2010-11-01). "Bacterially expressed dsRNA protects maize against SCMV infection". Plant Cell Reports. 29 (11): 1261–1268. doi:10.1007/s00299-010-0911-z. ISSN 0721-7714. PMID 20734050. S2CID 33489917.
  10. ^ Melchinger, A. E.; Kuntze, L.; Gumber, R. K.; Lübberstedt, T.; Fuchs, E. (1998-06-01). "Genetic basis of resistance to sugarcane mosaic virus in European maize germplasm". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 96 (8): 1151–1161. doi:10.1007/s001220050851. ISSN 0040-5752. S2CID 23674240.
  11. ^ Viswanathan, R.; Balamuralikrishnan, M. (2005-03-01). "Impact of mosaic infection on growth and yield of sugarcane". Sugar Tech. 7 (1): 61–65. doi:10.1007/BF02942419. ISSN 0972-1525. S2CID 33825861.
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