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|conflict = French Revolutionary Wars
|conflict = French Revolutionary Wars
|image = [[File:Varoux.jpg|300px]]
|image = [[File:Varoux.jpg|300px]]
|caption = The Battle of Veroux
|date = 20 April 1792 – 25 March 1802
|date = 20 April 1792 – 25 March 1802
|place = [[Europe]], [[Egypt]], [[Middle East]], [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[Caribbean]], [[Indian Ocean]]
|place = [[Europe]], [[Egypt]], [[Middle East]], [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[Caribbean]], [[Indian Ocean]]
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{{flagicon image|Unofficial Flag of Malta (pre-1943).svg}} [[Malta]] <small>(1798–1800)</small>
{{flagicon image|Unofficial Flag of Malta (pre-1943).svg}} [[Malta]] <small>(1798–1800)</small>
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----
{{flag|Haiti|civil}}<br />
[[Haitian Revolution|(Haitian Revolution)]]<br />{{flag|Haiti|civil}}<br />
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----
[[Quasi war|(Quasi-war)]]<br />{{flag|United States|1795}}
[[Quasi war|(Quasi-war)]]<br />{{flag|United States|1795}}
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|combatant2 =
|combatant2 =
{{flagicon|France}} [[French First Republic|French Republic]]
{{flagicon|France}} [[French First Republic|French Republic]]
* [[Sister Republic]]s
* [[French client republic|French satellite states]]
* {{flagicon image|Green harp flag of Ireland 17th century.svg}} [[Society of United Irishmen|United Irishmen]]<ref>Started the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]] against British rule.</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Green harp flag of Ireland 17th century.svg}} [[Society of United Irishmen|United Irishmen]]<ref>Started the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]] against British rule.</ref>
* [[File:POL COA Ciołek.svg|20px]] [[Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)|Polish Legions]]<ref>Arrived in France following the abolition of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] after the [[Partitions of Poland|Third Partition]] in 1795.</ref>
* [[File:POL COA Ciołek.svg|20px]] [[Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)|Polish Legions]]<ref>Arrived in France following the abolition of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] after the [[Partitions of Poland|Third Partition]] in 1795.</ref>
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|commander1 =
|commander1 =
{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[József Alvinczi]]<br />
{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen|Archduke Charles]]<br />
{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour|Baillet de Latour]]<br />
{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour|Baillet de Latour]]<br />
⚫
{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]]<br />
{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[François Sebastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt|Count of Clerfayt]]<br />
{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[François Sebastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt|Count of Clerfayt]]<br />
{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen|Archduke Charles]]<br />
{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]]<br />
{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Michael von Melas]]<br />
{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[József Alvinczi]]<br />
{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser|Dagobert von Wurmser]]<br />
{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser|Dagobert von Wurmser]]<br />
⚫
{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Michael von Melas]]<br />
{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Pál Kray]]<br />
{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Pál Kray]]<br />
{{flagicon|Prussia|1750}} [[Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick|Duke of Brunswick]]<br />
{{flagicon|Prussia|1750}} [[Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick|Duke of Brunswick]]<br />
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|commander2 =
|commander2 =
{{flagicon|France}} [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[Charles François Dumouriez|Charles-F. Dumouriez]]<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine|Comte de Custine]]<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[François Christophe Kellermann|François Christophe Kellermann]]<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[Charles Pichegru]]<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[Charles Pichegru]]<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[Jean-Baptiste Jourdan]]<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[Jean-Baptiste Jourdan]]<br />
⚫
{{flagicon|France}} [[Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine|Comte de Custine]]<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[Lazare Hoche]] <br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[Lazare Hoche]] <br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[André Masséna]]<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[André Masséna]]<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau|Jean V. M. Moreau]]<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau|Jean V. M. Moreau]]<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[Charles François Dumouriez|Charles F. Dumouriez]]<br />
⚫
{{flagicon|France}} [[Francisco de Miranda]]<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[Louis Desaix]]{{KIA}}<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[Louis Desaix]]{{KIA}}<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[François Christophe Kellermann|François C. Kellermann]]<br />
{{flagicon|France}} [[Francisco de Miranda]]<br />
{{flagicon image|Green harp flag of Ireland 17th century.svg}} [[Wolfe Tone]]{{KIA}}<br />
{{flagicon image|Green harp flag of Ireland 17th century.svg}} [[Wolfe Tone]]{{KIA}}<br />
[[File:POL COA Ciołek.svg|20px]] [[Jan Henryk Dąbrowski]]
[[File:POL COA Ciołek.svg|20px]] [[Jan Henryk Dąbrowski]]
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The French Revolutionary Wars are usually divided between those of the [[First Coalition]] (1792–1797) and the [[Second Coalition]] (1798–1801). France was at war with [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] continuously from 1793 to 1802. Hostilities with Great Britain ceased with the [[Treaty of Amiens]] in 1802, but conflict soon started up again with the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. The Treaty of Amiens is usually reckoned to mark the end of the French Revolutionary Wars; however, historians have proposed other events before and after 1802 as the starting point of the Napoleonic Wars.
The French Revolutionary Wars are usually divided between those of the [[First Coalition]] (1792–1797) and the [[Second Coalition]] (1798–1801). France was at war with [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] continuously from 1793 to 1802. Hostilities with Great Britain ceased with the [[Treaty of Amiens]] in 1802, but conflict soon started up again with the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. The Treaty of Amiens is usually reckoned to mark the end of the French Revolutionary Wars; however, historians have proposed other events before and after 1802 as the starting point of the Napoleonic Wars.


== French Revolutionary Army ==
==Background==
=== French Revolutionary Army ===
{{Main|French Revolutionary Army}}
{{Main|French Revolutionary Army}}
In 1789–1792, the entire structure of France was transformed to fall into line with the Revolutionary principles of "[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité|Liberty, Equality and Fraternity]]". The signing of the [[Declaration of Pillnitz]] between [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor]] and King [[Frederick William II of Prussia]] and the subsequent French declaration of war meant that from its formation, the Republic of France was at war, and it required a potent military force to ensure its survival. As a result, one of the first major elements of the French state to be restructured was the army.
⚫
The transformation of the army was best seen in the officer corps. Before the revolution 90% had been aristocrats, compared to only 3% in 1794. Revolutionary fervor was high, and was closely monitored by the [[Committee of Public Safety]], which assigned Representatives on Mission to keep watch on generals. Indeed, some generals deserted, others were removed or executed. The government demanded that soldiers be loyal to the government in Paris, not to their generals.<ref>Robert Doughty and Ira Gruber, ed. ''Warfare in the Western World: volume 1: Military operations from 1600 to 1871'' (1996) p 187</ref>

⚫
The transformation of the army was best seen in the officer corps. Before the revolution 90% had been [[French nobility|nobility]], compared to only 3% in 1794. Revolutionary fervour was high, and was closely monitored by the [[Committee of Public Safety]], which assigned Representatives on Mission to keep watch on generals. Indeed, some generals deserted, others were removed or executed. The government demanded that soldiers be loyal to the government in Paris, not to their generals.<ref>Robert Doughty and Ira Gruber, ed. ''Warfare in the Western World: volume 1: Military operations from 1600 to 1871'' (1996) p 187</ref>
A characteristic of the French revolutionary armies, later perfected in the Napoleonic era, was their ability to a greater extent than their enemies forage war supplies from the territories they were marching in, "living off the fat of the land", and giving them a crucial advantage in strategic mobility.


== War of the First Coalition ==
== War of the First Coalition ==
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=== 1791–1792 ===
=== 1791–1792 ===
{{See also|Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars}}
{{See also|Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars}}
⚫
[[File:Manifeste de Brunswick caricature 1792.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Anonymous caricature depicting the treatment given to the [[Brunswick Manifesto]] by the French population]]


As early as 1791, the other monarchies of Europe looked with outrage at the revolution and its upheavals, and considered whether they should intervene, either in support of King [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]], or to prevent the spread of revolution, or to take advantage of the chaos in France. The key figure was [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]], brother of Louis XVI's Queen [[Marie Antoinette]]. Leopold had initially looked on the Revolution with equanimity, but became more and more disturbed as the Revolution became more radical, although he still hoped to avoid war. On 27 August, Leopold and King [[Frederick William II of Prussia|Frederick William II]] of [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], in consultation with [[emigré|emigrant French nobles]], issued the [[Declaration of Pillnitz]], which declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe in the well-being of Louis and his family, and threatened vague but severe consequences if anything should befall them. Although Leopold saw the Pillnitz Declaration as a non-committal gesture to placate the sentiments of French monarchists and nobles, it was seen in France as a serious threat and was denounced by the revolutionary leaders.<ref>Georges Lefebvre, ''The French Revolution Volume II: from 1793 to 1799'' (1964) ch 1</ref>
As early as 1791, the other monarchies of Europe looked with outrage at the revolution and its upheavals, and considered whether they should intervene, either in support of King [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]], or to prevent the spread of revolution, or to take advantage of the chaos in France. The key figure was [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]], brother of Louis XVI's Queen [[Marie Antoinette]]. Leopold had initially looked on the Revolution with equanimity, but became more and more disturbed as the Revolution became more radical, although he still hoped to avoid war. On 27 August, Leopold and King [[Frederick William II of Prussia|Frederick William II]] of [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], in consultation with [[emigré|emigrant French nobles]], issued the [[Declaration of Pillnitz]], which declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe in the well-being of Louis and his family, and threatened vague but severe consequences if anything should befall them. Although Leopold saw the Pillnitz Declaration as a non-committal gesture to placate the sentiments of French monarchists and nobles, it was seen in France as a serious threat and was denounced by the revolutionary leaders.<ref>Georges Lefebvre, ''The French Revolution Volume II: from 1793 to 1799'' (1964) ch 1</ref>


France declared war on Austria first, with the [[Legislative Assembly (France)|Assembly]] voting for war on 20 April 1792, after a long list of grievances presented by foreign minister [[Charles François Dumouriez|Dumouriez]]. Dumouriez prepared an immediate invasion of the Austrian Netherlands, where he expected the local population to rise against Austrian rule. However, the revolution had thoroughly disorganized the army, and the forces raised were insufficient for the invasion. Following the declaration of war, French soldiers deserted en masse and, in one case, murdered their general, [[Théobald Dillon]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Esdaile|title=The French Wars 1792–1815|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=t0WvnpSQlbsC&pg=PA7|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|page=7}}</ref>
France declared war on Austria first, with the [[Legislative Assembly (France)|Assembly]] voting for war on 20 April 1792, after a long list of grievances presented by foreign minister [[Charles François Dumouriez|Dumouriez]]. Dumouriez prepared an immediate invasion of the [[Austrian Netherlands]], where he expected the local population to rise against Austrian rule, [[Brabant Revolution|as they had earlier in 1790]]. However, the revolution had thoroughly disorganized the army, and the forces raised were insufficient for the invasion. Following the declaration of war, French soldiers deserted en masse and, in one case, murdered their general, [[Théobald Dillon]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Esdaile|title=The French Wars 1792–1815|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=t0WvnpSQlbsC&pg=PA7|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|page=7}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Manifeste de Brunswick caricature 1792.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Anonymous caricature depicting the treatment given to the [[Brunswick Manifesto]] by the French population]]

While the revolutionary government frantically raised fresh troops and reorganized its armies, a mostly Prussian allied army under [[Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick]] assembled at [[Koblenz]] on the Rhine. In July, the invasion commenced, with Brunswick's army easily taking the fortresses of [[Longwy]] and [[Verdun-sur-Meuse|Verdun]]. The duke then issued a proclamation called the [[Brunswick Manifesto]], written by the French king's cousin, [[Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de Condé]], the leader of an [[Army of Condé|émigré corps within the allied army]], which declared the Allies' intent to restore the king to his full powers and to treat any person or town who opposed them as rebels to be condemned to death by [[martial law]]. This, however, had the effect of strengthening the resolve of the revolutionary army and government to oppose them by any means necessary. On 10 August, [[10 August (French Revolution)|a crowd stormed]] the [[Tuileries Palace]], seizing the king and his family.
While the revolutionary government frantically raised fresh troops and reorganized its armies, a mostly Prussian allied army under [[Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick]] assembled at [[Koblenz]] on the Rhine. In July, the invasion commenced, with Brunswick's army easily taking the fortresses of [[Longwy]] and [[Verdun-sur-Meuse|Verdun]]. The duke then issued a proclamation called the [[Brunswick Manifesto]], written by the French king's cousin, [[Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de Condé]], the leader of an [[Army of Condé|émigré corps within the allied army]], which declared the Allies' intent to restore the king to his full powers and to treat any person or town who opposed them as rebels to be condemned to death by [[martial law]]. This, however, had the effect of strengthening the resolve of the revolutionary army and government to oppose them by any means necessary. On 10 August, [[10 August (French Revolution)|a crowd stormed]] the [[Tuileries Palace]], seizing the king and his family.


[[File:Valmy Battle painting.jpg|thumb|300px|left|The Battle of Valmy.]]
[[File:Valmy Battle painting.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The [[Battle of Valmy]]]]
The invasion continued, but at [[Battle of Valmy|Valmy]] on 20 September, the invaders came to a stalemate against Dumouriez and [[François Christophe Kellermann|Kellermann]] in which the highly professional French [[artillery]] distinguished itself. Although the battle was a tactical draw, it gave a great boost to French morale. Further, the Prussians, finding that the campaign had been longer and more costly than predicted, decided that the cost and risk of continued fighting was too great and, with winter approaching, they decided to retreat from France to preserve their army. The next day, the monarchy was formally abolished as the [[First French Republic|First Republic]] was declared.<ref>William Doyle, ''The Oxford History of the French Revolution'' (1989) p 194</ref>
The invasion continued, but at [[Battle of Valmy|Valmy]] on 20 September, the invaders came to a stalemate against Dumouriez and [[François Christophe Kellermann|Kellermann]] in which the highly professional French [[artillery]] distinguished itself. Although the battle was a tactical draw, it gave a great boost to French morale. Further, the Prussians, finding that the campaign had been longer and more costly than predicted, decided that the cost and risk of continued fighting was too great and, with winter approaching, they decided to retreat from France to preserve their army. The next day, the monarchy was formally abolished as the [[First French Republic|First Republic]] was declared.<ref>William Doyle, ''The Oxford History of the French Revolution'' (1989) p 194</ref>


Meanwhile, the French had been successful on several other fronts, occupying [[Savoy]] and [[Nice]] which were parts of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]], while General [[Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine|Custine]] invaded Germany, occupying several German towns along the Rhine, and reaching as far as [[Frankfurt]]. Dumouriez went on the offensive in Belgium once again, winning a great victory over the Austrians at the [[Battle of Jemappes]] on 6 November, and occupying the entire country by the beginning of winter.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeremy Black|title=British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions, 1783–1793|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zgbjPESz3dcC&pg=PA408|year=1994|page=408}}</ref>
Meanwhile, the French had been successful on several other fronts, occupying [[Savoy]] and [[Nice]] which were parts of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]], while General [[Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine|Custine]] invaded Germany, occupying several German towns along the Rhine, and reaching as far as [[Frankfurt]]. Dumouriez went on the offensive in the Austrian Netherlands once again, winning a great victory over the Austrians at the [[Battle of Jemappes]] on 6 November, and occupying the entire country by the beginning of winter.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeremy Black|title=British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions, 1783–1793|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zgbjPESz3dcC&pg=PA408|year=1994|page=408}}</ref>


=== 1793 ===
=== 1793 ===
{{See also|French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1793|Flanders Campaign|War in the Vendée}}
{{See also|French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1793|Flanders Campaign|War in the Vendée}}


[[File:Révolte Fouesnant.jpg|thumb|left|While the [[First Coalition]] attacked the new Republic, France faced civil war and counterrevolutionary guerrilla war. Here, several guerrillas of the [[Chouannerie]] have been taken prisoner.]]
[[File:Révolte Fouesnant.jpg|thumb|right|While the [[First Coalition]] attacked the new Republic, France faced civil war and counterrevolutionary [[guerrilla war]]. Here, several insurgents of the [[Chouannerie]] have been taken prisoner.]]


On 21 January, the revolutionary government executed [[Louis XVI]]. Spain and [[Portugal]] entered the anti-French coalition in January 1793, and, on 1 February, France declared war on Great Britain and the [[Dutch Republic]].<ref>Georges Lefebvre, ''''The French Revolution Volume II: from 1793 to 1799'' (1964) ch 1</ref>
On 21 January, the revolutionary government executed [[Louis XVI]]. Spain and [[Portugal]] entered the anti-French coalition in January 1793, and, on 1 February, France declared war on Great Britain and the [[Dutch Republic]].<ref>Georges Lefebvre, ''''The French Revolution Volume II: from 1793 to 1799'' (1964) ch 1</ref>


France [[Levée en masse|drafted hundreds of thousands of men]], beginning a policy of using mass conscription to deploy more of its manpower than the autocratic states could manage to do (first stage, with a decree of 24 February 1793 ordering the draft of 300,000 men, then with the general mobilization of all the young men able to be drafted, through the famous decree of 23 August 1793). This approach also allowed the French to maintain an offensive long enough that these vast armies might commandeer war material from territory taken from their enemies and, to a certain extent, "live off the fat of the land". Nonetheless, the Coalition allies launched a determined drive to invade France during the [[Flanders Campaign]].<ref>Alan Forrest, ''Soldiers of the French Revolution'' (1989)</ref>
France [[Levée en masse|drafted hundreds of thousands of men]], beginning a policy of using mass conscription to deploy more of its manpower than the autocratic states could manage to do (first stage, with a decree of 24 February 1793 ordering the draft of 300,000 men, then with the general mobilization of all the young men able to be drafted, through the famous decree of 23 August 1793). Nonetheless, the Coalition allies launched a determined drive to invade France during the [[Flanders Campaign]].<ref>Alan Forrest, ''Soldiers of the French Revolution'' (1989)</ref>


France suffered severe reverses at first. They were driven out of the [[Austrian Netherlands]] (Belgium), and serious revolts flared in the west and south of France. One of these, at [[Toulon]], was the first serious taste of action for an unknown young artillery officer [[Napoleon]] Bonaparte. He contributed to the [[Siege of Toulon|siege of the city and its harbor]] by planning an effective assault with well-placed artillery batteries raining projectiles down on rebel positions. This performance helped make his reputation as a capable tactician, and it fueled his meteoric rise to military and political power. Once the city was occupied, he participated in pacifying the rebelling citizens of Toulon with the same artillery that he first used to conquer the city.<ref>Robert Forczyk, ''Toulon 1793: Napoleon's First Great Victory'' (2005)</ref>
France suffered severe reverses at first. They were driven out of the [[Austrian Netherlands]], and serious [[French Counter-Revolution|revolts flared]] in the west and south of France. One of these, at [[Toulon]], was the first serious taste of action for an unknown young artillery officer [[Napoleon]] Bonaparte. He contributed to the [[Siege of Toulon|siege of the city and its harbor]] by planning an effective assault with well-placed artillery batteries raining projectiles down on rebel positions. This performance helped make his reputation as a capable tactician, and it fueled his meteoric rise to military and political power. Once the city was occupied, he participated in pacifying the rebelling citizens of Toulon with the same artillery that he first used to conquer the city.<ref>Robert Forczyk, ''Toulon 1793: Napoleon's First Great Victory'' (2005)</ref>


By the end of the year, large new armies and [[Reign of Terror|a fierce policy of internal repression]] had turned back foreign invaders and suppressed internal revolts. The French military was in the ascendant. [[Lazare Carnot]], a scientist and prominent member of the [[Committee of Public Safety]], organized the [[French Revolutionary Army|fourteen armies of the Republic]], and was then nicknamed the Organizer of the Victory.<ref>Paddy Griffith, ''The Art of War of Revolutionary France, 1789–1802 (1998)</ref>
By the end of the year, large new armies and [[Reign of Terror|a fierce policy of internal repression]] had turned back foreign invaders and suppressed internal revolts.
By the end of the year, large new armies had turned back foreign invaders, and the [[Reign of Terror]], a fierce policy of repression, had suppressed internal revolts. The French military was in the ascendant. [[Lazare Carnot]], a scientist and prominent member of the [[Committee of Public Safety]], organized the [[French Revolutionary Army|fourteen armies of the Republic]], and was then nicknamed the Organizer of the Victory.<ref>Paddy Griffith, ''The Art of War of Revolutionary France, 1789–1802 (1998)</ref>


=== 1794 ===
=== 1794 ===
{{See also|French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1794}}
{{See also|French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1794}}


[[File:Early flight 02562u (10).jpg|thumb|left|[[Jean-Baptiste Jourdan|General Jourdan]] at the [[Battle of Fleurus (1794)|battle of Fleurus]], 26 June 1794.]]
[[File:Early flight 02562u (10).jpg|thumb|right|[[Jean-Baptiste Jourdan|General Jourdan]] at the [[Battle of Fleurus (1794)|battle of Fleurus]], 26 June 1794]]


The year 1794 brought increased success to the revolutionary armies. Although an invasion of [[Piedmont (Italy)|Piedmont]] failed, an invasion of Spain across the [[Pyrenees]] took [[Donostia|San Sebastián]], and the French won a victory at [[Battle of Fleurus (1794)|Fleurus]], the [[French Aerostatic Corps]] use of the [[Observation balloon|reconnaissance balloon]] ''L'Entreprenant'' marked the first military use of an aircraft that had decisive influence on the outcome of the battle, and occupied all of Belgium and the [[Rhineland]].
The year 1794 brought increased success to the revolutionary armies. Although an invasion of [[Piedmont (Italy)|Piedmont]] failed, an invasion of Spain across the [[Pyrenees]] took [[Donostia|San Sebastián]], and the French won a victory at [[Battle of Fleurus (1794)|Fleurus]], the [[French Aerostatic Corps]] use of the [[Observation balloon|reconnaissance balloon]] ''L'Entreprenant'' marked the first military use of an aircraft that had decisive influence on the outcome of the battle, and occupied all of Low Countries and the [[Rhineland]].


At sea, the French and British fleets clashed on the [[Glorious First of June|First of June]] over a grain [[convoy]] arriving from the United States. Both sides claimed victory, since the British sank or captured a quarter of the French Atlantic Fleet with minimal losses of their own, but the vital convoy got through unharmed.
At sea, the French and British fleets clashed on the [[Glorious First of June|First of June]] over a [[convoy]] arriving from the United States. Both sides claimed victory, since the British sank or captured a quarter of the French Atlantic Fleet with minimal losses of their own, but the vital grain convoy got through unharmed and dispelled the threat of an impending famine.


=== 1795 ===
=== 1795 ===
{{See also|French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1795}}
{{See also|French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1795}}


After seizing the [[Netherlands]] in a surprise winter attack France established the [[Batavian Republic]] as a puppet state. Now Prussia and Spain, and then Hessen-Kassel, each decided to make a separate peace. In the three parts of the 1795 [[Peace of Basel]] Prussia secretly ceded the left bank of the Rhine to France; Spain withdrew from the [[War of the Pyrenees]]—freeing French armies from the Pyrenees front—and ceded the eastern five-eighths of [[Hispaniola]] (now the [[Dominican Republic]]). This ended the main crisis phase of the Revolution and France proper was free from invasion for many years.
After seizing the [[Netherlands]] in a surprise winter attack France established the [[Batavian Republic]] as a [[sister republic]]. Now Prussia and Spain, and then [[Hessen-Kassel]], each decided to make a separate peace. In the three parts of the 1795 [[Peace of Basel]] Prussia secretly ceded the left bank of the Rhine to France; Spain withdrew from the [[War of the Pyrenees]]—freeing French armies from the Pyrenees front—and ceded the eastern five-eighths of [[Hispaniola]] (now the [[Dominican Republic]]). This ended the main crisis phase of the Revolution and France proper was free from invasion for many years.


Britain attempted to reinforce the rebels in the [[War in the Vendée|Vendée]], but failed, and attempts to overthrow the government at Paris by force [[13 Vendémiaire|were foiled by the military garrison]] led by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], leading to the establishment of the [[French Directory|Directory]].
Britain attempted to reinforce the rebels in the [[War in the Vendée|Vendée]], but failed, and attempts to overthrow the government at Paris by force [[13 Vendémiaire|were foiled by the military garrison]] led by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], leading to the establishment of the [[French Directory|Directory]].
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{{See also|French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1796}}
{{See also|French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1796}}


[[File:La Bataille du Pont d'Arcole.jpg|thumb|[[Napoleon|General Bonaparte]] and his troops crossing the [[Battle of the Bridge of Arcole|bridge of Arcole]].]]
[[File:La Bataille du Pont d'Arcole.jpg|thumb|[[Napoleon|General Bonaparte]] and his troops crossing the [[Battle of the Bridge of Arcole|bridge of Arcole]]]]


The French prepared a great advance on three fronts, with Jourdan and [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau|Moreau]] on the Rhine, and Bonaparte in Italy. The three armies were to link up in [[State of Tyrol|Tyrol]] and march on [[Vienna]].
The French prepared a great advance on three fronts, with Jourdan and [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau|Moreau]] on the Rhine, and Bonaparte in Italy. The three armies were to link up in [[State of Tyrol|Tyrol]] and march on [[Vienna]].
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Jourdan and Moreau advanced rapidly into Germany, and Moreau had reached [[Bavaria]] and the edge of Tyrol by September, but Jourdan was defeated by [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen|Archduke Charles]], and both armies were forced to retreat back across the Rhine.
Jourdan and Moreau advanced rapidly into Germany, and Moreau had reached [[Bavaria]] and the edge of Tyrol by September, but Jourdan was defeated by [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen|Archduke Charles]], and both armies were forced to retreat back across the Rhine.


Napoleon, on the other hand, was completely successful in a daring invasion of Italy. He separated the armies of [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]] and [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austria]], defeating them in detail, and forced a peace on Sardinia while capturing [[Milan]] and besieging [[Mantua]]. He also had defeated successive Austrian armies sent against him under [[Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser|Wurmser]] and [[József Alvinczi|Alvintzy]] while continuing the siege.
Napoleon, on the other hand, was completely successful [[Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars#Bonaparte.27s_war||in a daring invasion of Italy]]. He separated the armies of [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]] and [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austria]], defeating them in detail, and forced a peace on Sardinia while capturing Milan and [[Siege of Mantua (1796–97)|besieging Mantua]]. He also had defeated successive Austrian armies sent against him under [[József Alvinczi|Alvintzy]] at the [[Battle of the Bridge of Arcole|bridge of Arcole]] and [[Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser|Wurmser]] at [[Battle of Rivoli|Rivoli]] while continuing the siege.


The [[War in the Vendée|rebellion in the Vendée]] was also finally crushed in 1796 by [[Louis Lazare Hoche|Hoche]], but Hoche's [[Expédition d'Irlande|attempt to land a large invasion force in Ireland]] was unsuccessful.
The [[War in the Vendée|rebellion in the Vendée]] was also finally crushed in 1796 by [[Louis Lazare Hoche|Hoche]], but Hoche's [[Expédition d'Irlande|attempt to land a large invasion force in Ireland]] was unsuccessful.
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{{See also|French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1797}}
{{See also|French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1797}}


In February, the [[Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)|Battle of Cape St. Vincent]] saw the British block an attempt by a larger Spanish fleet to join the French at [[Brest, France|Brest]].
In February, the [[Battle of Cape St Vincent (1797)|Battle of Cape St. Vincent]] saw the British block an attempt by a larger Spanish fleet to join the French fleet at [[Brest, France|Brest]] that [[Battle of Fishguard|had landed]] the [[Légion Noire]] (''The Black Legion'') in England.


Napoleon finally captured [[Siege of Mantua (1796–1797)|Mantua]] by siege, and, in the process, the Austrians surrendered eighteen thousand men. [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen|Archduke Charles of Austria]] was unable to prevent Napoleon from invading the [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]], and the Austrian government sued for peace in April, at the same time that a new French invasion of Germany, under the generals, [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau|Moreau]] and [[Lazare Hoche|Hoche]], began.
Napoleon finally captured [[Siege of Mantua (1796–1797)|Mantua]] by siege, and, in the process, the Austrians surrendered eighteen thousand men. [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen|Archduke Charles of Austria]] was unable to prevent Napoleon at the [[Battle of Tagliamento]] from invading the [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]], and the Austrian government sued for peace in April, at the same time that a new French invasion of Germany, under the generals, [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau|Moreau]] and [[Lazare Hoche|Hoche]], began.


Austria signed the [[Treaty of Campo Formio]] in October, conceding [[Belgium]] to France and recognizing French control of the [[Rhineland]] and much of Italy. The ancient republic of [[Venice]] was partitioned between Austria and France. This ended the War of the [[First Coalition]], although Great Britain remained a belligerent.<ref>Paul W. Schroder, ''The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848'' (1996) pp 100-76 [http://www.questia.com/library/3696068/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848 online]</ref>
Austria signed the [[Treaty of Campo Formio]] in October, conceding the [[Austrian Netherlands]] (modern [[Belgium]]) to France and recognizing French control of the [[Rhineland]] and much of Italy. The ancient [[republic of Venice]] was partitioned between Austria and France. This ended the War of the [[First Coalition]], although Great Britain remained a belligerent.<ref>Paul W. Schroder, ''The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848'' (1996) pp 100–76 [http://www.questia.com/library/3696068/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848 online]</ref>


=== 1798 ===
=== 1798 ===
{{Main|French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1798|French campaign in Egypt and Syria|Quasi-War}}
{{Main|French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1798|French campaign in Egypt and Syria|Quasi-War}}


[[File:Bonaparte en Egypte.jpg|thumb|[[Napoleon Bonaparte]] leading a French expeditionary corps to Egypt]]
[[File:Bonaparte en Egypte.jpg|thumb|[[Napoleon Bonaparte]] leading an [[Expedition to Egypt|expeditionary corps to Egypt]]]]


With only Britain left to fight and not enough of a navy to fight a direct war, Napoleon conceived of an [[French Invasion of Egypt|invasion of Egypt]] in 1798, which satisfied his personal desire for glory and the Directory's desire to have him far from Paris. The military objective of the expedition is not entirely clear, but may have been to threaten British dominance in India.
With only Britain left to fight and not enough of a navy to fight a direct war, Napoleon conceived of an [[French Invasion of Egypt|invasion of Egypt]] in 1798, which satisfied his personal desire for glory and the Directory's desire to have him far from Paris. The military objective of the expedition is not entirely clear, but may have been to threaten [[East India Company|British dominance in India]].


Napoleon sailed from [[Toulon]] to [[Alexandria]], taking [[Malta]] on the way, and landing in June. Marching to [[Cairo]], he won a great victory at the [[Battle of the Pyramids]]; however, his fleet was destroyed by [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Nelson]] at the [[Battle of the Nile]], stranding him in Egypt. Napoleon spent the remainder of the year consolidating his position in Egypt.<ref>Paul Strathern, ''Napoleon in Egypt: The Greatest Glory'' (2007)</ref>
Napoleon sailed from [[Toulon]] to [[Alexandria]], taking [[Malta]] on the way, and landing in June. Marching to [[Cairo]], he won a great victory at the [[Battle of the Pyramids]]; however, his fleet was sunk by [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Nelson]] at the [[Battle of the Nile]], stranding him in Egypt. Napoleon spent the remainder of the year consolidating his position in Egypt.<ref>Paul Strathern, ''Napoleon in Egypt: The Greatest Glory'' (2007)</ref>


The French government also took advantage of internal strife in Switzerland to invade, establishing the [[Helvetian Republic]] and annexing [[Geneva]]. French troops also deposed [[Pope Pius VI]], establishing a [[Roman Republic (18th century)|republic in Rome]].
The French government also took advantage of internal strife in Switzerland to invade, establishing the [[Helvetian Republic]] and annexing [[Geneva]]. French troops also deposed [[Pope Pius VI]], establishing a [[Roman Republic (18th century)|republic in Rome]].


An expeditionary force was sent to [[County Mayo]] to assist in the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|rebellion]] against Britain in the summer of 1798. It had some success against British forces, most notably at [[Castlebar]], but was ultimately routed while trying to reach [[Dublin]]. French ships sent to assist them were captured by the [[Royal Navy]] off [[County Donegal]].
An expeditionary force was sent to [[County Mayo]] to assist in the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|rebellion against Britain]] in the summer of 1798. It had some success against British forces, most [[Battle of Castlebar|notably at Castlebar]], but was [[Battle of Ballinamuck|ultimately routed]] while trying to reach [[Dublin]]. French ships sent to assist them [[Battle of Tory Island|were captured]] by the Royal Navy off [[County Donegal]].


The French were also under pressure in Belgium and [[Luxembourg]] where the local people revolted against conscription and anti-religious violence ([[Peasants' War (1798)|Peasants' War]]).
The French were also under pressure in the [[Southern Netherlands]] and [[Luxembourg]] where the local people revolted against conscription and anti-religious violence ([[Peasants' War (1798)|Peasants' War]]).


The French in 1798 fought an undeclared war at sea against the United States, that was known as the "[[Quasi-War]]". It was resolved in 1799.
The French in 1798 fought an undeclared war at sea against the United States, that was known as the "[[Quasi-War]]". It was resolved in 1799.
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{{Main|Second Coalition}}
{{Main|Second Coalition}}


Britain and Austria organized a new coalition against France in 1798, including for the first time Russia, although no action occurred until 1799 except against [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies|Naples]].
Britain and Austria organized a new coalition against France in 1798, including for the first time the [[Russian Empire]], although no action occurred until 1799 except against the [[kingdom of the Two Sicilies]].


=== 1799 ===
=== 1799 ===
{{See also|French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1799}}
{{See also|French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1799}}


In Europe, the allies mounted several invasions, including campaigns in Italy and Switzerland and an Anglo-Russian invasion of the [[Netherlands]]. Russian general [[Aleksandr Suvorov]] inflicted a series of defeats on the French in Italy, driving them back to the Alps. However, the allies were less successful in the Netherlands, where the British retreated after a stalemate (although they did manage to capture the Dutch fleet), and in Switzerland, where after initial victories a Russian army was completely defeated at the [[Second Battle of Zurich]]. This reverse, as well as British insistence on searching shipping in the [[Baltic Sea]] led to Russia withdrawing from the Coalition.<ref>Christopher Duffy, ''Eagles over the Alps: Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland, 1799'' (1999)</ref>
In Europe, the allies mounted several invasions, including [[Suvorov's Italian expedition|campaigns in Italy and Switzerland]] and an [[Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland|Anglo-Russian invasion]] of the [[Netherlands]]. Russian general [[Aleksandr Suvorov]] inflicted a series of defeats on the French in Italy, driving them back to the Alps. However, the allies were less successful in the Netherlands, where the British retreated after a defeat [[Battle of Castricum|at Castricum]], and in Switzerland, where after initial victories a Russian army was completely routed at the [[Second Battle of Zurich]]. This reverses, as well as British insistence on searching shipping in the [[Baltic Sea]] led to Russia withdrawing from the Coalition.<ref>Christopher Duffy, ''Eagles over the Alps: Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland, 1799'' (1999)</ref>


Napoleon himself invaded Syria from Egypt, but after a failed [[Siege of Acre (1799)|siege of Acre]] retreated to Egypt, repelling a British-Turkish invasion. Alerted to the political and military crisis in France, he returned, leaving his army behind, and used his popularity and army support to mount [[18 Brumaire|a coup]] that made him [[First Consul]], the head of the French government.<ref>Georges Lefebvre, ''The French Revolution Volume II: from 1793 to 1799'' (1964) ch 13</ref>
Napoleon himself invaded Syria from Egypt, but after a failed [[Siege of Acre (1799)|siege of Acre]] retreated to Egypt, repelling a British-Turkish invasion. Alerted to the political and military crisis in France, he returned, leaving his army behind, and used his popularity and army support to mount [[18 Brumaire|a coup]] that made him [[First Consul]], the head of the French government.<ref>Georges Lefebvre, ''The French Revolution Volume II: from 1793 to 1799'' (1964) ch 13</ref>
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Britain continued the war at sea. A [[Second League of Armed Neutrality|coalition of non-combatants]] including Prussia, Russia, Denmark, and Sweden joined to protect neutral shipping from Britain's blockade, resulting in [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Nelson]]'s surprise attack on the Danish fleet in harbor at the [[Battle of Copenhagen (1801)|Battle of Copenhagen]].<ref>Dudley Pope, ''The Great Gamble: Nelson at Copenhagen'' (1972).</ref>
Britain continued the war at sea. A [[Second League of Armed Neutrality|coalition of non-combatants]] including Prussia, Russia, Denmark, and Sweden joined to protect neutral shipping from Britain's blockade, resulting in [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Nelson]]'s surprise attack on the Danish fleet in harbor at the [[Battle of Copenhagen (1801)|Battle of Copenhagen]].<ref>Dudley Pope, ''The Great Gamble: Nelson at Copenhagen'' (1972).</ref>

In December 1801, an [[Saint-Domingue expedition|expedition was sent to Saint-Domingue]] to quell [[Haitian Revolution|the revolution that had started there in 1791]] once and for all, but the [[Blockade of Saint-Domingue|blockade of the Caribbean island]] by the British fleet made the sending of reinforcements impossible.


=== 1802 ===
=== 1802 ===
In 1802, the British and French signed the [[Treaty of Amiens]], ending the war. Thus began the longest period of peace during the period 1792–1815. The treaty is generally considered to be the most appropriate point to mark the transition between the French Revolutionary Wars and the [[Napoleonic Wars]], although Napoleon was not crowned emperor until 1804.
In 1802, the British and French signed the [[Treaty of Amiens]], ending the war. Thus began the longest period of peace during the period 1792–1815. The treaty is generally considered to be the most appropriate point to mark the transition between the French Revolutionary Wars and the [[Napoleonic Wars]], although Napoleon was not [[Coronation of Napoleon I|crowned emperor]] until 1804.


== Outcome ==
== Outcome ==
The [[First French Republic]], starting from a position precariously near occupation and collapse, had defeated all its enemies (bar Britain and the United States, whose inability to directly strike at France made this a moot point) and produced a revolutionary army that would take the other powers years to emulate. With the conquest of the left bank of the Rhine and domination of the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Italy, the Republic had achieved nearly all the territorial goals that had eluded the [[Valois Dynasty|Valois]] and [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] monarchs for centuries.
The [[First French Republic]], starting from a position precariously near occupation and collapse, had defeated all its enemies (bar Britain and the United States, whose inability to directly strike at France made this a moot point) and produced a revolutionary army that would take the other powers years to emulate. With the conquest of the left bank of the Rhine and domination of the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Italy, the Republic had achieved nearly all the territorial goals that had eluded the [[Valois Dynasty|Valois]] and [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] monarchs for centuries.

However the Amiens peace proved to be fragile, and lasted little over a year before hostilities resumed with the [[Third Coalition]].


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte]]
* [[Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte]]
* [[Napoleonic Wars]]
* [[Napoleonic Wars]]
{{subject bar|book1=History of France|book2=History of Europe|portal1=France|portal2=History|portal3=Politics|portal4=War}}

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== External links ==
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* [[s:EB1911:French Revolutionary Wars|1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' article on French Revolutionary Wars]] at [[Wikisource]] <!-- has a lot of typos, needs proofreading -->
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* [http://web2.airmail.net/napoleon/index.html Napoleon, His Armies and Battles]
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{{French Revolution navbox}}


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|2}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
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* Black, Jeremy. ''British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions, 1783–93'' (1994)
* Black, Jeremy. ''British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions, 1783–93'' (1994)
* [[Blanning, T. C. W.]] ''The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787–1801''. (1996) [http://www.amazon.com/French-Revolutionary-Wars-1787-1802-Modern/dp/0340569115/ excerpt and text search]
* [[Blanning, T. C. W.]] ''The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787–1801''. (1996) [http://www.amazon.com/French-Revolutionary-Wars-1787-1802-Modern/dp/0340569115/ excerpt and text search]
* Bryant, Arthur. ''Years of Endurance 1793–1802'' (1942);on Britain
* [[Arthur Bryant|Bryant, Arthur]]. ''Years of Endurance 1793–1802'' (1942);on Britain
* Connelly, Owen. ''The wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1792–1815'' (2006)
* [[Owen Connelly|Connelly, Owen]]. ''The wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon, 1792–1815'' (2006)
* Crawley, C. W., ed. ''The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 9: War and Peace in an Age of Upheaval, 1793–1830'' (1965), comprehensive global coverage by experts
* Crawley, C. W., ed. ''The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 9: War and Peace in an Age of Upheaval, 1793–1830'' (1965), comprehensive global coverage by experts
* Doughty, Robert, and Ira Gruber, eds. ''Warfare in the Western World: volume 1: Military operations from 1600 to 1871'' (1996) pp 173-94
* Doughty, Robert, and Ira Gruber, eds. ''Warfare in the Western World: volume 1: Military operations from 1600 to 1871'' (1996) pp 173–94
* [[Trevor N. Dupuy|Dupuy, Trevor N.]] and Dupuy, R. Ernest. ''The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History'' (2nd ed. 1970) pp 678-93
* [[Trevor N. Dupuy|Dupuy, Trevor N.]] and Dupuy, R. Ernest. ''The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History'' (2nd ed. 1970) pp 678–93
* Esdaile, Charles. ''The French Wars 1792–1815'' (2002) 113pp [http://www.amazon.com/French-Wars-1792-1815-Lancaster-Pamphlets-ebook/dp/B000P2XH9Y/ excerpt and text search], ch 1
* Esdaile, Charles. ''The French Wars 1792–1815'' (2002) 113pp [http://www.amazon.com/French-Wars-1792-1815-Lancaster-Pamphlets-ebook/dp/B000P2XH9Y/ excerpt and text search], ch 1
* Forrest, Alan. ''Soldiers of the French Revolution'' (1989)
* Forrest, Alan. ''Soldiers of the French Revolution'' (1989)
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* Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. ''The French Revolutionary Wars'' (Essential Histories) (2013) [http://www.amazon.com/French-Revolutionary-Wars-Essential-Histories-ebook/dp/B00DSLXXKM/ excerpt and text search]
* Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. ''The French Revolutionary Wars'' (Essential Histories) (2013) [http://www.amazon.com/French-Revolutionary-Wars-Essential-Histories-ebook/dp/B00DSLXXKM/ excerpt and text search]
* Gardiner, Robert. ''Fleet Battle And Blockade: The French Revolutionary War 1793–1797'' (2006), naval [http://www.amazon.com/Fleet-Battle-Blockade-Revolutionary-1793-1797/dp/1845600118/ excerpt and text search]
* Gardiner, Robert. ''Fleet Battle And Blockade: The French Revolutionary War 1793–1797'' (2006), naval [http://www.amazon.com/Fleet-Battle-Blockade-Revolutionary-1793-1797/dp/1845600118/ excerpt and text search]
* Griffith, Paddy. ''The Art of War of Revolutionary France, 1789–1802'' (1998) [http://www.amazon.com/Art-War-Revolutionary-France-1789-1802/dp/1853673358/ excerpt and text search]; military topics, but not a battle history
* [[Paddy Griffith|Griffith, Paddy]]. ''The Art of War of Revolutionary France, 1789–1802'' (1998) [http://www.amazon.com/Art-War-Revolutionary-France-1789-1802/dp/1853673358/ excerpt and text search]; military topics, but not a battle history
* Knight, Roger. ''Britain Against Napoleon: The Organisation of Victory, 1793–1815'' (2013)
* [[R. J. B. Knight|Knight, Roger]]. ''Britain Against Napoleon: The Organisation of Victory, 1793–1815'' (2013)
* Lavery, Brian. '' Nelson's Navy, Revised and Updated: The Ships, Men, and Organization, 1793–1815'' (2nd ed. 2012)
* [[Brian Lavery|Lavery, Brian]]. '' Nelson's Navy, Revised and Updated: The Ships, Men, and Organization, 1793–1815'' (2nd ed. 2012)
* Lefebvre, Georges. ''The French Revolution Volume II: from 1793 to 1799'' (1964).
* [[Georges Lefebvre|Lefebvre, Georges]]. ''The French Revolution Volume II: from 1793 to 1799'' (1964).
* Lynn, John A. ''The Bayonets Of The Republic: Motivation And Tactics In The Army Of Revolutionary France, 1791–94'' (1984)
* [[John A. Lynn|Lynn, John A.]] ''The Bayonets Of The Republic: Motivation And Tactics In The Army Of Revolutionary France, 1791–94'' (1984)
* Roberts, Andrew. ''Napoleon'' (2014), a major biography
* [[Andrew Roberts (historian)|Roberts, Andrew]]. ''Napoleon'' (2014), a major biography
* Rodger, A.B. ''The War of the Second Coalition: 1798 to 1801, a strategic commentary'' (1964)
* Rodger, A.B. ''The War of the Second Coalition: 1798 to 1801, a strategic commentary'' (1964)
* Ross, Steven T. '' Quest for Victory; French Military Strategy, 1792–1799'' (1973)
* Ross, Steven T. '' Quest for Victory; French Military Strategy, 1792–1799'' (1973)
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* {{cite book |authorlink=Gunther E. Rothenberg |first=Gunther E. |last=Rothenberg |year=1982
* {{cite book |authorlink=Gunther E. Rothenberg |first=Gunther E. |last=Rothenberg |year=1982
|title=Napoleon's Great Adversaries: The Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792–1814}}
|title=Napoleon's Great Adversaries: The Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792–1814}}
* Rothenberg, Gunther E. "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' (1988) 18#4 pp. 771-793 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/204824 in JSTOR]
* Rothenberg, Gunther E. "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon," ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' (1988) 18#4 pp. 771–793 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/204824 in JSTOR]
* Schroeder, Paul W. ''The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848'' (Oxford University Press, 1996); advanced diplomatic history; pp 100-230 [http://www.questia.com/library/3696068/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848 online]
* [[Paul W. Schroeder|Schroeder, Paul W.]] ''The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848'' (Oxford University Press, 1996); advanced diplomatic history; pp 100–230 [http://www.questia.com/library/3696068/the-transformation-of-european-politics-1763-1848 online]
* Schneid, Frederick C.: [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20101025334 ''The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars''], [[European History Online]], Mainz: [[Institute of European History]], 2011, retrieved: 29 June 2011.
* Schneid, Frederick C.: [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20101025334 ''The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars''], [[European History Online]], Mainz: [[Institute of European History]], 2011, retrieved: 29 June 2011.

=== Historiography ===
=== Historiography ===
* Simms, Brendan. "Britain and Napoleon," ''Historical Journal'' (1998) 41#3 pp. 885-894 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2639908 in JSTOR]
* Simms, Brendan. "Britain and Napoleon," ''Historical Journal'' (1998) 41#3 pp. 885–894 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2639908 in JSTOR]


=== In French ===
=== In French ===
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* Attar, Frank, ''• Aux armes citoyens ! Naissance et fonctions du bellicisme révolutionnaire''. ISBN 2-0208-8891-2
* Attar, Frank, ''• Aux armes citoyens ! Naissance et fonctions du bellicisme révolutionnaire''. ISBN 2-0208-8891-2


{{Subject bar |commons=y |b=y |b-search="French Revolutionary Wars" |q=y |s=y}}
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== External links ==
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* [[s:EB1911:French Revolutionary Wars|1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' article on French Revolutionary Wars]] at [[Wikisource]] <!-- has a lot of typos, needs proofreading -->
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* [http://web2.airmail.net/napoleon/index.html Napoleon, His Armies and Battles]
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{{French Revolution navbox}}


[[Category:French Revolutionary Wars| ]]
[[Category:French Revolutionary Wars| ]]
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