Astyanax biotae
| Astyanax biotae | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Characiformes |
| Family: | Characidae |
| Genus: | Astyanax |
| Species: | A. biotae
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| Binomial name | |
| Astyanax biotae Castro & Vari, 2004
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Astyanax biotae is a small species of freshwater fish native to various localities in Brazil. It primarily eats invertebrates, like copepods and aquatic fly larvae, and its diet also includes seeds, fruits, and filamentous algae. Its scales are largely silver, with a touch of yellow-brown on the back and a hint of blue on the sides. Like many species of Astyanax, it has a humeral spot, which is a blotch of pigmentation in the area above or around the pectoral fin.
Though it is not studied well enough to have an official worldwide conservation status, researchers suggest a ranking of least concern for A. biotae, given a recently expanded native region and presence in several protected areas. Its original range was solely within the Brazilian state of Paraná; a 2018 study broadened this into São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul. It is not currently at risk of extinction, but A. biotae faces habitat loss, largely due to agricultural factors like destruction of the riparian zone and pollution from pesticides.
Taxonomy
[edit]Astyanax biotae was first described in 2004 by Brazilian ichthyologists Ricardo M. C. Castro and Richard P. Vari.[2] Since then, A. biotae has not undergone the same rigorous taxonomic evaluation that some congeners have. Astyanax bimaculatus, for example, has had as many as 14 names;[3] A. biotae has only ever had one.[4][5] Though there are various species complexes recognized within the Astyanax genus, A. biotae is not currently assigned to any of them.[6]
Genetically, A. biotae is thought to be affiliated with congeners in a group that includes Astyanax dissimlis, Astyanax minor, and Astyanax scabripinnis.[7]
Etymology
[edit]The specific name biotae is in reference to Biota, the Virtual Biodiversity Institute Program, for its leadership in research, conservation, cataloging, and sustainable use of resources relating to biodiversity in Brazil. The genus name Astyanax is an allusion to the Iliad, wherein Astyanax was a Trojan warrior and son of Prince Hector. The specific reason for this allusion was not laid out in the original text, but modern research points to the scales of type species Astyanax argentatus, which are large and silvery like armor.[8]
Astyanax biotae has no common name.[9]
Description
[edit]Astyanax biotae is a small fish, reaching a maximum of 5.2 cm (2.0 in) standard length (SL).[10] There are 32–35 pored lateral-line scales, and the lateral line is complete.[11] There are 11 dorsal-fin rays, 12 or 13 pectoral-fin rays, 7 or 8 pelvic-fin rays, 27–30 anal-fin rays, and 19 caudal-fin rays.[12] The length of the body is roughly 2.5 to 3 times the depth;[11] the body shape is subrhomboidal. Sexual dimorphism is unknown.
The middle of the back is a yellowish-brown color that fades into a silvery-blue tinge on the sides; the belly is plain silver. The pelvic and pectoral fins are mostly clear with a mild yellow hue, and the dorsal and anal fins are slightly gray-blue with a dark margin. The caudal fin is also gray-blue, with slightly stronger coloration towards the ends of each lobe, and the middle caudal-fin rays are dark.[13] Some portions of the face and head are silvery, and the eyes have green highlights.[2] There is a single humeral spot that displays some vertical elongation, which can be used to tell it apart from several congeners that display horizontal elongation, such as members of the Astyanax bimaculatus species complex.[6] A. biotae also has a silver lateral stripe.[12] The scales of the flank have a dark-brown border.[5]
When preserved in alcohol, the majority of scale coloration disappears in favor of a uniform yellow-brown.[13] This is with the exception of an irregular dark-brown stripe down each side (silver in life), and a distinct dark spot on the caudal peduncle.[2]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Astyanax biotae was originally described from a stream called Agua Mole in the Rio Paranapanema basin, in the Brazilian municipality Diamante do Norte of Paraná state.[2] At the time, it was thought to be endemic to the region, but future studies broadened its native range into the states of São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul.[6]
Riparian vegetation in areas that A. biotae inhabits often includes sparse forest and pastures, with a strong presence of pteridophytes (like ferns and horsetails) and grasses.[1]
Diet and ecology
[edit]Astyanax biotae feeds on invertebrates, aquatic detritus, seeds, and filamentous algae.[11] Its diet also includes fallen fruit, but it appears to be largely zooplanktivorous; in one study, more than 80% of the diet of examined specimens was composed of microcrustaceans, mainly from class Copepoda. Other food items include the larvae of Chironomidae (non-biting midges) and juveniles of Ephemeroptera (mayflies).[6]
Conservation status
[edit]In terms of global evaluation, the IUCN classes A. biotae as data deficient. Due to some modern doubts regarding its taxonomic validity, identified specimens are rare in some regions where sightings have been reported, and A. biotae is near impossible to evaluate as a result.[1] In the Mato Grosso do Sul State of Brazil, specifically, A. biotae has been determined to be a species of least concern, as of 2018. However, some of its habitat does face anthropogenic pressures, largely in the form of agriculture; deforestation (damaging the riparian zone), pesticide contamination, and excess sediment deposition have been recorded in some areas. Other locales, meanwhile, are in protected regions of the state.[13]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) (2022). "Astyanax biotae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (in Portuguese). 2022: e.T187088A1822939. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T187088A1822939.pt. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ a b c d Castro, Ricardo M. C.; Vari, Richard P. (2004). "Astyanax biotae, A New Species Of Stream Fish From The Rio Paranapanema Basin, Upper Rio Parana System, Southeastern Brazil (Ostariophysi : Characiformes : Characidae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 117 (3): 330–338. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ Bailly, Nicolas (2017). "Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ Bailly, Nicolas (2017). "Astyanax biotae Castro & Vari, 2004". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ a b "Astyanax biotae". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
- ^ a b c d Oliveira, Carlos Alexandre Miranda; Oliveira, Anielly Galego de; Pavanelli, Carla Simone (23 March 2018). "Expanding the geographical distribution of Astyanax biotae Castro & Vari, 2004 (Characiformes, Characidae), with comments on its conservation status". Check List. 14 (2): 387–392. doi:10.15560/14.2.387.
- ^ Rossini, Bruno César; Oliveira, Carlos Alexandre Miranda; Melo, Filipe Augusto Gonçalves de; Bertaco, Vinicius de Araújo; Astarloa, Juan M. Díaz de; Rosso, Juan J.; Foresti, Fausto; Oliveira, Claudio (19 December 2016). "Highlighting Astyanax Species Diversity through DNA Barcoding". PLOS ONE. 11 (12): e0167203. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1167203R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167203. PMC 5167228. PMID 27992537.
- ^ Scharpf, Christopher; Lazara, Kenneth J. (19 June 2024). "Family CHARACIDAE: Subfamily STETHAPRIONINAE Eigenmann 1907 (American Tetras)". The ETYFish Project. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
- ^ "Astyanax biotae Castro & Vari 2004". Encyclopedia of Life. National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Astyanax biotae". FishBase. June 2023 version.
- ^ a b c Ota, Renata Rúbia; Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho; Graça, Weferson Júnio da; Pavanelli, Carla Simone (11 June 2018). "Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology. 16 (2). doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20170094. S2CID 90481718.
- ^ a b "Astyanax biotae Castro, Vari 2004 - Plazi TreatmentBank". treatment.plazi.org. Plazi TreatmentBank. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ a b c Vilela, Maria José Alencar; Severo-Neto, Francisco; Carvalho, Fernando Rogério (29 November 2018). "Conservation status of Astyanax biotae (Characiformes: Characidae) in Mato Grosso do Sul, upper Paraná River basin, Brazil". Biotemas. 31 (4): 47–56. doi:10.5007/2175-7925.2018v31n4p47. S2CID 196671792.
External links
[edit]- Biota on Portuguese Wikipedia, the program from which A. biotae got its specific name