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Coordinates: 38°23′45″N 67°31′47″E / 38.39583°N 67.52972°E / 38.39583; 67.52972
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{{Infobox cave
{{Infobox cave
| name = Boybuloq
| name = Boybuloq
| other_name = Boy Bulok
| other_name = Boy-Bulok, Boj-Bulok
| photo =
| photo = Boybuloq Entrance 2017.jpg
| photo_caption = Cave entrance
| photo_width =
| photo_alt =
| map = Uzbekistan
| photo_caption =
| relief = yes
| location = Dehibolo, [[Uzbekistan]]
| map = Asia
| map_width =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location =
| land_registry_number =
| coords = {{coord|38|23|45|N|67|31|47|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords = {{coord|38|23|45|N|67|31|47|E|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| depth = {{convert|1415|m}}
| depth = {{convert|1415|m}}
| length = {{convert|14800|m}}
| length = {{convert|14800|m}}
| elevation = {{convert|2647|m}}
| height_variation =
| geology = [[Jurassic]] [[limestone]]<ref name="ART"/>
| elevation = {{convert|2650|m}}
| discovery = 1984
| entrance_count = 2
| difficulty =
| geology = Jurassic limestone <ref name="karst" />
| hazards =
| entrance_count = 1
| entrance_list =
| access =
| difficulty =
| hazards =
| access =
| show_cave =
| show_cave_length =
| lighting =
| visitors =
| features =
| survey =
| survey_format =
| website =
}}
}}


'''Boybuloq Cave''' (also known as '''Boy Bulok''') is a [[limestone cave]] in [[Uzbekistan]] which has the greatest depth of any known cave in Asia. Because of its elevation in the [[Gissar Range]], near Uzbekistan's highest village, the cave and surrounding area are inaccessible much of the year due to snow.
'''Boybuloq''' (also known as '''Boy-Bulok''' and '''Boj-Bulok'''{{efn|name=fn1}}, {{Lang-uz|Boybuloq}}, {{Lang-ru|Бой-Булок}}) is a [[limestone cave]] in [[Uzbekistan]], the [[List_of_deepest_caves|deepest cave]] in [[Central Asia]] and all [[Asia]] except its [[West Asia|western part]]. The cave is {{convert|1415|m}} deep and {{convert|14800|m}} long with the main entrance at an elevation of {{convert|2647|m}}. It is situated at the edge of Baysun-Tau mountain ridge, the southern spur of the [[Gissar Range]], in the southeast of the country. The nearest village is [[Dehibolo]] (Дюйбало in Russian), to the north of [[Boysun]].<ref name="WDC"/><ref name="BB"/><ref name="BB2018"/><ref name="EHAC"/><ref name="HEVC"/>


The cave developed in covered Upper and Middle [[Jurassic]] limestones, in [[monocline|monoclinal]] strata, in the preserved wing of an [[anticline]]. The thickness of limestone [[Stratum|strata]] is from 200 to 350 meters. Contrary to most limestone caves it was not formed by water precipitation penetrating from the surface but, as the soluble rock is covered by insoluble strata, by [[condensation]].<ref name="ART"/> Hence the cave consists mainly of very narrow passages which descend along the incident angle of strata, from time to time interrupted by [[Pitch_(ascent/descent)#Caving|vertical shafts]], no deeper than {{convert|30|m}}, and ends with an impassable [[Sump_(cave)|siphon]].<ref name="EHAC"/>
The cave contains fossilized [[dinosaur footprint]]s, and the upper entrance has long been frequented by locals accessing a nearby spring. It was first explored by [[speleologist]]s in 1984, and subsequent expeditions have mapped {{convert|14800|m}} of passages, plumbing a total depth of {{convert|1415|m}}. The cave could connect with nearby Vishnevsky Cave, and extend much deeper and become the deepest cave in the world.


It was explored by Russian cavers since 1984, in the framework of [[Yekaterinburg|Ekaterinburg]] speleo club (SGS) and the Assoсiation of Ural speleologists (ASU), with the participation of cavers from [[Italy]], [[Great Britain]], [[Slovakia]], [[France]] and [[Switzerland]] (in chronological order).<ref name="WAW"/><ref name="BB2018FE"/>
== Description ==
Boybuloq Cave is located around {{convert|60|km}} from the town of [[Boysun]] in the [[Gissar Range]] of mountains.<ref name=adventure>{{cite web |title=Boy-Bulok cave|url=http://centralasia-adventures.com/en/sights/boy_bulok_cave.html |website=Asia Adventures |language=en}}</ref><ref name=bbc>{{cite news |last1=Qobil |first1=Rustam |title=Lost in Asia's deepest cave |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-46555824 |accessdate=7 January 2019 |work=BBC News |date=27 December 2018}}</ref> It lies above [[Dehibolo]], Uzbekistan's highest village, with the cave entrance located {{convert|2650|m}} above sea level.<ref>{{cite news |title=Boy-Bulok – deepest cave in Uzbekistan explored |url=https://kun.uz/en/news/2018/10/22/boy-bulok-deepest-cave-in-uzbekistan-explored |accessdate=7 January 2019 |work=Kun.uz |date=22 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=rgs>{{cite news |title=Russian Cavers Explored More Than 30 Caves in 2018 |url=https://www.rgo.ru/en/article/russian-cavers-explored-more-30-caves-2018 |accessdate=7 January 2019 |work=Russian Geographical Society |date=18 December 2018}}</ref> Owing to its remote location the area is inaccessible from late January to mid April due to snow.<ref name=bbc/>


== Naming ==
It is the deepest known cave in Asia having been explored to a depth of {{convert|1415|m}} from the entrance.<ref name=bbc/> At the lowest discovered level a water-filled siphon currently blocks further exploration.<ref name=adventure/> It is thought that it has the potential to be the deepest known cave in the world, with a theorised depth of {{convert|2500|m}} making it deeper than the {{convert|2212|m|ft|adj=on}} [[Veryovkina Cave]].<ref name=adventure/> The explored length of the cave is {{convert|14800|m}}.<ref name=rgs/>
After the rain a small stream, a rarity in otherwise very arid mountain, flows from the cave entrance and it gave the cave a name. It is a composition of two words: boy buloq, which translates to rich spring in [[Uzbek language]] and the language of the people from the nearest village, the [[Tajik language|Tajiki]].<ref name="HEBBC"/><ref name="MACA"/>


== History ==
== Early History ==
[[File:Mustafa's oil lamp.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|left|The lamp of Mustafa, the first cave explorer]]
The cave entrance has been known to locals for a long time as a water spring is nearby.<ref name=adventure/> It was entered by a local carpenter in 1971 who was looking for water during a period of drought. He did not return and remained missing despite searches by local people.<ref name=bbc/> [[Speleologist]]s entered the cave in 1984 and the next year Russian explorers discovered and returned the body of the carpenter.<ref name=bbc/><ref name=rgs/> Some 14 expeditions were made over the next few years by the Russians with some involvement from Italian speleologists and the full depth of {{convert|1415|m}} was reached by 1992.<ref name=ics>{{cite journal |last1=Tsurikhin |first1=Evgeny |last2=Loginov |first2=Vadim |last3=Sauro |first3=Francesco |last4=Breitenbach |first4=Seb |title=Exploration of High Altitude Caves in the Baisun-Tau Mountain Range, Uzbekistan |journal=2013 ICS Proceedings: Exploration and Cave Techniques |date=2014 |page=148 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34126435 |accessdate=7 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>


The cave was known to local people since ancient times, because from its entrance a stream of water flows down the slope of the otherwise very arid mountain landscape. In the winter, from January to April, the village Dehibolo at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}}, its name translates to "the highest village", is cut off by the snow, and later in the summer the few springs, which provide water to residents, can dry off.<ref name="BBC"/> In May 1971, in time of severe [[drought]], Mustafaqul Zokirov, a teacher from Dehibolo and a father of eight, departed on a 4-hour trek to the cave (6 km)<ref name="BT2015"/> with his teenage son and [[Pack animal|pack donkeys]] to fetch water. The cave was known to him, he visited it several times before. The party reached the cave, and as there was no stream at the entrance, Mustafaqul went deeper into the cave to search for water. After a crawl of about one hour, he reached the point close to the first shaft, where his [[kerosene lamp]] went out. In the darkness he missed the direction towards the entrance, and fell to his death into the abyss. His son waited till the next morning and returned to the village.<ref name="LADC"/><ref name="HEBBC"/><ref name="SGSFSC"/>
Expeditions resumed in 2007 and a 25-man joint Russian-French-Swiss series of expeditions was carried out from 2018.<ref name=karst>{{cite news |title=Cave explorers discovered dinosaurs footprints during the study of deep karst caves in Uzbekistan |url=https://chrdk.ru/english/deep-karst-caves-in-uzbekistan |accessdate=7 January 2019 |agency=RSNF |publisher=Chrdk |date=1 September 2018 |language=ru}}</ref><ref name=ics/> One key focus of the expeditions, which will continue in 2019, was to search for a connection to the nearby Vishnevsky Cave, the second deepest cave in the area.<ref name=bbc/> The 2018 expeditions mapped more than {{convert|2|km|mi}} of new passages in the caves and discovered several promising leads for new explorations.<ref name=karst/> A series of [[dinosaur footprint]]s were also discovered near the Boybuloq Cave entrance by a team from the Yekaterinburg Caving Club and explorations of the Vishnevsky Cave reached a new depth of {{convert|735|m}}.<ref name=karst/><ref name=rgs/>


Young men from Dehibolo tried to find Mustafaqul in the cave on several occasions that summer and in the following years but to no avail. His remains were only discovered in 1985, during the first [[Speleology|speleological]] exploration of the cave.<ref name="SGSFSC"/>
== See also ==

* [[List of deepest caves]]
== Exploration ==
[[File:Dinosaur footprint.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|40x40 cm fossilized dinosaur footprint in the canyon which leads to Boybuloq]]

After the discovery of [[Kiev]] Cave on the Kirk Tau plateau in Uzbekistan in 1972, 2340 m a. s. l., which was in the subsequent years explored to the depth of 990 m and was in the years 1977-1978 the deepest cave in the USSR,<ref name="KC"/> Russian speleologists from Ekaterinburg (SGS) in the late [[1970s]] and early [[1980s]] started to search for new deep caves in the wider area of the country.<ref name="SGS40OA"/> In May 1981 they discovered the Zindan cave (later renamed renamed to Urals-Zenkov (Zindan) cave), 3100 m a. s. l., in the Ketmen'-Čapta ridge. Its [[Spring (hydrology)|spring]] at the elevation of 1300 m indicated the possibility of a very deep cave. Until January 1983 the final depth of 565 m was reached, in the siphon too narrow to [[Scuba diving|dive]].<ref name="SGS40OA"/><ref name="ZUCZ"/> Several search expeditions in the summer 1983 were fruitless, while in 1984 a token SGS expedition to Khodja-Gur-Gur-Ata massif discovered a number of promising entrances.<ref name="SGSFSC"/>

During a larger expedition in 1985 a group of five expedition members was sent to Surkhan-Tau ridge to scout its surface for new caves. On the way, in the village Kurgancha, 1455 m a. s. l.,<ref name="LCCA"/> they were told of a cave higher in the mountain, called Boybuloq where a villager from the highest [[Human settlement|settlement]] in Uzbekistan, the village Dehibolo, went to search for water in 1971 and never returned.<ref name="HEBBC"/><ref name="MACA"/> They followed the [[stream bed]] and discovered the low cave entrance, at an elevation of 2650 m. The cave began with 30 meters of a crawl, up to the throat in liquid [[mud]], after which it was possible to stand up.<ref name="ART"/> A narrow [[meander]] followed, it slowly ascended for 600 meters in straight direction, to a height of 90 meters, where it turned down.<ref name="BBC"/> Soon a 27 meter pit was reached and they discovered human bones at its bottom. They belonged to Mustafaqul Zokirov.<ref name="HEBBC"/>

Not only Boybuloq cave but most other caves in the area are a long sequence of tight passages which are difficult to pass, and where possibilities for help or [[Cave rescue|rescue operation]] are very limited,<ref name="ART"/> as described by Sergej Kuklev, a member of the SGS team:

{{quote|I asked Ilija, trying to speak as calmly as possible, how, in his opinion, would it be more convenient to get through the tight meander, top or bottom? After some thinking he responded that the bottom choice would undoubtedly be more convenient. And so, I, flattened like a [[flounder]], climbed in a hole under the rocks, barely wide enough for my head. And got stuck, of course. The caving suit, torn in all possible places, didn’t let go, so I had to stop to take a breath ... Only God or his/her own might can help a person which got stuck in Boybuloq - two people together just do not fit in a tight corridor. On one of previous expeditions it happened that a caver fell off a rope in a [[Pit cave|pit]] and, flying 17 meters, broke both legs. All we could do was to have [[Analgesic|painkillers]] ready at all times. It took him two days to crawl out of the cave on his own ...<ref name="ART"/>}}

[[File:Boybuloq Cave Profile with Surface NW-SE 1985-2008.svg|thumb|upright=3.0|left|Boybuloq - cave profile with surface NW-SE, as seen from the SW]]

In the following years further expeditions took place: in 1986 the cave was deepened to -400 m, in 1987 to -500 m and the remains of Zokirov were returned to his family, in 1988 a siphon at -600 m was [[Freediving|free-dived]] and also the barrier on the other side lowered so that the lake could be waded through, and a new branch of the cave was discovered - it continued to -900 m. In 1989 a combined Soviet-Italian team reached the terminal siphon at -1154 m, and managed to climb upwards to the point at an elevation of +156 m which gave the total cave depth of 1310 m.<ref name="EHAC"/> In 1990 a Soviet-British team managed to extend the New branch in the cave upwards to +222 m (total depth 1376 m).<ref name="A90"/> As can be seen from the above map this international participation in discoveries was reflected in the naming of three substantial cave sections: the Italian, English and Russian tunnels.

[[File:Лагерь у пещеры Бой-Булок.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|left|1992 Boybuloq expedition camp]]

[[File:Бойсун.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Expedition members around Sadyk Džuraev from Dehibolo, 2013]]

In 1991 lower levels of the New branch were discovered, and in 1992 an additional [[Glossary_of_climbing_terms#chimney|chimney]] upwards was climbed, to +257 m which gave the final cave depth of 1415 m.<ref name="SGSFSC"/><ref name="BB"/> In 1995 a major collapse in the cave was dug through, in 1998 the diving of the siphon at -560 m was unsuccessful, and the spring Holtan-Čašma, where the water from the terminal cave siphon comes to light, was also dived.<ref name="SGSFSC"/> The spring is situated 130 m below the terminal cave siphon while the horizontal distance is 7 km, and so the connecting passages are most likely submerged.<ref name="HEBBC"/> In the next years the turmoil which followed the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] was unfavorable for caving expeditions and SGS cavers returned to Uzbekistan only in 2007, to Boybuloq, and expeditions followed almost every year.<ref name="EBBS"/> New passages in Boybuloq were discovered and explored, yet the cave depth remained the same.<ref name="P2SS"/> [[Cave diving|Diving]] in the Holtan-Čašma spring was resumed in 2014, 2015 and 2016, when, at a horizontal distance of 170 m and depth of 18 m, a lenticular [[grotto]] was reached with narrow, downwards extending slots, too narrow to pass.<ref name="BBERY"/>

== Višnevskij Cave ==
[[File:Mountain ridge with Višnevskij cave entrance.jpg|thumb|upright=4.0|center|Chul-Bair mountain ridge with marked entrance to the cave, named after Višnevskij]]

'''2015''' In the year of the death of [[Aleksandr Sergeevič Višnevskij]], leader of SGS expeditions to Boybuloq from 1988 - 1992 and from 1995 - 2008,<ref name="FASUAVD"/> a SGS and ASU search team of 7, led by Vasilij Samsonov from [[Orenburg]], methodically examined the 3 km long section of the 150-200 m high wall which forms the edge of the ridge above Boybuloq. They found several possible cave entrances, all located 30-50 m below the crest of the wall and the most promising proved to be the one marked as ČB-15 (Chul-Bair 15). The entrance is an 8 m high grotto at an elevation of 3522 m, 25 m below the top of the ridge, access requires a rope descent. It continued with a series of small shafts, connected by narrow meanders. 400 meters far and 70 meters deep the team stopped at a very narrow passage with strong draught. After 4 hours of work they broke the way through and it continued with a bigger shaft, which they left for the next year.<ref name="HEVC"/><ref name="CNAV"/>

'''2016''' A team of 7, 4 Russians and 3 Italians (La Venta speleo club), from the Baysun-Tau 2016 expedition, worked in the cave. Due to long access route from the base camp (3 hours) part of the camp was moved to the top of the ridge. Situation there was complicated by the lack of water, strong wind and low temperature at night. The team widened the last narrow passage from 2015, descended 15 m into the hall "Martens" which continued with a very narrow but tall meander (3-30 m), followed by an inclined and very slippery meander. It ended with a 40 m shaft, 4-5 hours crawl from the entrance, at the bottom of which a Camp -168 was later erected. They followed the draught, and after a series of narrow passages, vertical and horizontal, which required widening, descended into a slightly wider meander with a small stream at the bottom. After 300 m a 12 m shaft was reached, after which the next meander led, as a tributary, to a wider and higher meander with a larger stream. It ended with a narrow passage which they broke through and reached another 8 m shaft, where the lack of time forced them to return. The surveyed part of the cave was deepened to 234 m and prolonged to 1089 m, with more left unsurveyed. The map showed that the cave, now renamed to Višnevskij cave, steadily descended in the direction of Boybuloq.<ref name="R2016BE"/><ref name="HEVC"/>

[[File:Расширение меандра в пещере ЧБ 17.jpg|thumb|upright=2.0|left|Georgij Sapožnikov is widening a meander in ČB-17, 2017]]

'''2017''' A team of 10, from SGS and ASU, set camp above the cave, 3500 m above sea level. After a brief [[acclimatization]] they set up the tent underground Camp -168 from where Sergej Terehin and Artur Abdjušev pushed their way through the cave till the siphon at -735 m, in a day-and-night non-stop [[sortie]]. Another camp, of [[hammock]]s, was set up, the new part is a corridor, on average 50 cm wide, with a stream, into which 4 tributaries (unexplored) flow. The survey reached 586 m in depth and 2800 m in length, it showed that the cave descends steadily towards the New branch of Boybuloq, at an angle of 19 degrees, the same as the surface, at a distance from the surface of 70 - 100 m. Precise survey of the ridge surface was also made, for the construction of the [[3D]] cave model. Part of the team scouted for additional cave entrances on the ridge plateau and along the wall, which would shorten the tiresome and time consuming crawl to the cave bottom. Several interesting caves were found, such as Lunnaja (Moon cave), U istočnika (At the Source), Logovo, they also worked in ČB-17, but none connected to Višnevskij cave.<ref name="HEVC"/>

[[File:BB-Vishn Team 2018.jpg|thumb|upright=2.5|right|Chul-Bair 2018 expedition team]]

'''2018''' An international team of 25, 14 from SGS and ASU, 8 from France and 3 from Switzerland set off to explore not only Višnevskij cave, but also caves Boybuloq, Lunnaja and ČB-5. They camped at an altitude of 3000 m, one hour from the entrance to Višnevskij and 1,5 hours from Boybuloq. In the cave two hammock camps were set up, at -350 m and at -600 m. Close to the lower camp, in a side tributary which continued in the opposite (ascending) direction, a small gallery was discovered, a hint of a possible continuation towards Boybuloq. In one of the other two tributaries examined, a large, 80 m tall chimney was found, which gets close (20 m) to the surface. Outside, in the canyon which leads to Boybuloq, dinosaur footprints were discovered, while in the new branch of this cave more precise survey was made for better location of the connecting point with Višnevskij cave. Siphon bypass was not found, but 2500 m of new tunnels were mapped in Višnevskij and Lunnaja caves.<ref name="HEVC"/><ref name="BB2018"/><ref name="BBDCUE"/><ref name="RCE30C"/><ref name="CEDDF"/>

[[File:Chulbair 10-08-2019.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|left|Aleksej Seregin and Ekaterina Bazarova on top of the ridge above the cave entrance, 2019]]

'''2019''' It was difficult to assemble the expedition as there was no clear continuation, especially not around the siphon but, when cavers from [[Moscow]] and [[Irkutsk]] also joined the SGS and ASU team, a group of 15 gathered. The surface camp was set up in a proven location near Lunnaja cave, and a team of four: Evgenij Sakulin, Petr Kovešnikov, Anastasija Janina and Andrej Minogin departed to the bottom, to set a Camp Siphon there and to try to find a continuation in the ascending tributary at -600 m. Yet on the very first day at the bottom Evgenij and Anastasija managed to crawl through a narrow, half flooded passage and reached a meander behind the siphon. The cave continued in the right direction. Other plans were scrapped and the team, reinforced with Evgenij Rybka, Vasilij Samsonov and Vadim Loginov (there was a phone connection from the camp to the surface), set off to the new part. It was a wide meander with a stream at the bottom and 1-5 m deep drops. After a while the stream disappeared below the dripstone floor in a narrow passage, above which the "Big gallery" began. It was dry, the ceiling gradually lowered, the tunnel turned to a crawl, solid floor was replaced by clay, it got wet. This part took 2 hours to cross. The passage was cut by a new meander where, below the ceiling, the "Big Collapse Hall" opened up. The following meander was not wide, with a small stream at the bottom, in places covered with dripstone. Another tributary joined from the left.<ref name="HEVC"/>

[[File:Подземный лагерь в пещере имени Вишневского.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Vasilij Samsonov and Sergej Terehin in Camp -168 m, 2019]]

[[File:PBL Gnezdo.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|right|Camp Gnezdo (Nest) at -1049 m, 2019]]

The passage continued with a few small drops which needed rigging. The beautiful colored meander was named "Amber River" because of the many dripstone formations. From the right came a larger inflow, most likely the main stream which disappeared in the floor before the "Big Gallery". The junction was named "Aquapark", crossing it required a run under a shower. On the left, under the ceiling of the meander, on a small shelf, the Camp "Gnezdo" (Nest) was set up. An even larger meander followed, with a stream of about 1 liter/second. It could seem very small, but for this arid mountain it is a lot. Soon a 12-meter drop, "Freerope" came, with a good shower, followed by 10, 8 and 12 m pits which also required rigging. The party stopped on top of another 20 m shaft, named "50 m rope", after which one more pit was visible. There were no more time, no more rope, no more anchors. The cave ran steadily in the direction of a cascade of pits in the New Branch of Boybuloq. Višnevskij cave was deepened to 1158 m and prolonged to 8004 m. In 2019 three underground camps were installed, at -168 m, -614 m and -1049 m, 2628 m of new tunnels were surveyed, 438 m of new depth.<ref name="HEVC"/><ref name="AVC"/><ref name="CNAV"/><ref name="SRSEU"/><ref name="SUEC"/>

The deepest point reached in Višnevskij was 50 m vertically (above) and 200 m horizontally apart from Boybuloq. The connection would make a system with the cumulative depth of {{convert|2033|m}}.<ref name="HEVC"/> It could be achieved during the next expedition or later, if the main stream of the Višnevskij cave would pass the Boybuloq without evident connection in the rendez-vous area at the elevation of around {{convert|2300|m}} a. s. l.<ref name="WAW"/>

[[File:BB Vishn Wiki 05 2 F.svg|thumb|upright=4.5|center|Cave profile of Boybuloq and Višnevskij caves with surface ]]

'''2020''' Due to [[Covid-19 pandemic]] the plans for a large expedition to caves of Chul-Bair mountain ridge, especially to the Višnevskij cave, were put on hold.<ref name="WAW"/>

== Cave and the World ==
Discoveries in the Višnevskij cave, achieved during the 2019 expedition, confirmed the assumption about the existence of a very deep, complex and wide-spread high-mountain cave system on the Chul-Bair ridge.<ref name="WAW"/>

In the world there are [[Eight-thousander#List_of_14|14 mountains higher than 8,000 meters]] - the first was scaled in 1950 and the last in 1964 but only [[List_of_deepest_caves|2 caves are deeper than 2,000 meters]].<ref name="AFC8000"/><ref name="SNF1964"/> Both so-called supercaves,<ref name="HWDC"/> the last [[Ecoregion#Terrestrial|terrestrial]] [[frontier]]s, achieved that status half a century later, [[Krubera Cave|Krubera-Voronja]] (2,197 m deep) surpassed 2,000 m in 2004, after 44 years of exploration, [[Veryovkina Cave|Verëvkina]] (2,212 m deep) in 2017, 49 years after the discovery.<ref name="KVC"/><ref name="ASDVC2204"/> The anticipated connection of Boybuloq and Višnevskij cave would make the third such cave.<ref name="HEVC"/> In 2001 the location of the deepest cave in the world moved from [[Central Europe]] to [[Abkhazia]] in the [[Western Caucasus]] where, as of 2020, the four [[List of deepest caves|deepest caves]] were to be found.<ref name="EKV2001"/> The possibility for achieving greater depths is however limited as the cave entrance elevations in the relevant limestone areas, the [[Arabika Massif|Arabika]] nad Bzyb massifs, rarely surpass 2300 m (top peaks are Mt. Arabika, 2656 m and Mt. Napra, 2684 m).<ref name="NHA"/> The other two limestone areas with known great deep cave potential, are the [[Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca]] in southern Mexico with [[Chevé Cave]] where the limestone layer is over 2,500 m thick, and [[Aladaglar]] massif in Turkey with Kuzgun cave, with limestone layer thickness of 4,000 m. Yet despite very substantial efforts, over 40 years of work in Sierra Juárez and over 20 years in Aladaglar, no depth past the 1524 m and 1400 m, respectively, could be reached.<ref name="HWDC"/><ref name="2021SCE"/><ref name="KCIC"/><ref name="CKT"/>

All these facts considerably increased the attention, paid to Boybuloq, to Uzbekistan, and to central Asia, in the speleo world. Several regional projects were initiated, such as ''Research of karst and the caves of mountain Baysun-Tau, 2020-2021'',<ref name="SPRKCMBT"/> ''Karst on the Roof of the World (Pamir, Tajikistan), 2020-2021'',<ref name="PKRW"/> ''Central Asian transboundary speleoproject'',<ref name="CATP"/> ''Speleological expedition “Tuya-Muyun - 2021 (Foothills of the Alai ridge, Kyrgyzstan)''.<ref name="SETM2021"/> Boybuloq and Chul-Bair were also added to the list of Uzbekistan tourist attractions.<ref name="B-BC"/>

The cave was covered in the book of the visit by Italian cavers in 1989,<ref name="CSCA"/> it featured in a report by [[BBC]]<ref name="LADC"/>, there are several pages devoted to it in the book by SGS, the team who developed the cave,<ref name="SGSITS"/> and it is the main subject in a novel by one of the team members.<ref name="HMS"/>

== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1
|For greater accuracy Cyrillic names in this article are [[Romanization|romanized]] according to [[Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic]].}}
}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
{{Reflist|30em}}

<ref name="CEDDF">{{cite news
| title = Спелеологи обнаружили следы динозавров при изучении глубоких карстовых пещер в Узбекистане
| trans-title = Cave explorers discovered dinosaurs footprints during the study of deep karst caves in Uzbekistan
| publisher = TASS | date=31 August 2018 | language=ru
| url = https://nauka.tass.ru/nauka/5509379
| accessdate= 5 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="BB2018">{{cite web
| first = Vadim | last = Loginov
| title = Бой-Булок 2018 | trans-title = Boybuloq 2018 | language = ru
| date = 11 March 2018
| publisher = SGS - Ekaterinburg speleo club
| url = http://sgs.su/news/text/286/
| access-date = 6 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="HEVC">{{cite web
| first1 = Vasilij | last1 = Samsonov
| first2 = Vadim | last2 = Loginov
| title = История исследования пещеры им. А.С. Вишневского
| trans-title = History of the exploration of A. S. Višnevskij cave
| language = ru
| date = 12 April 2020
| publisher = SGS - Ekaterinburg Speleo Club
| url = http://sgs.su/about/6/
| access-date = 9 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="PKRW">{{cite web
| title = Проект — «Карст на Крыше мира» (Памир, Таджикистан). 2020-2021
| trans-title = Project - "Karst on the Roof of the World" (Pamir, Tajikistan). 2020-2021
| language = ru | date = 2020
| publisher = Foundation for the Preservation and Exploration of Caves
| place = Bishkek
| url = https://speleo.kg/projects/expedition-projects/7-proekt-vysokij-karst-pamir-tadzhikistan-june-6-july-17/
| access-date = 6 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="CATP">{{cite web
| title = Центрально-Азиатский трансграничный спелеопроект
| trans-title = Central Asian transboundary speleoproject
| language = ru | date = 2020
| publisher = Foundation for the Preservation and Exploration of Caves
| place = Bishkek
| url = https://speleo.kg/projects/czentralno-aziatskij-transgranichnyj-speleoproekt/
| access-date = 6 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="WAW">{{cite web
| title = Who are we
| date = December 2020
| publisher = SGS - Ekaterinburg speleo club
| url = http://sgs.su/text/aboutsgs/
| access-date = 7 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="B-BC">{{cite web
| title=Boy-Bulok cave
| date = 2020 | publisher = Asia Adventures | place = Tashkent
| url = http://centralasia-adventures.com/en/sights/boy_bulok_cave.html
| access-date = 16 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="SGSFSC">{{cite book
| editor = SGS - Sverdlovsk speleo club
| year = 2011 | title = СГС - Первые полвека. Пещеры. События. Люди.
| trans-title = SGS - The first semi-centennial. Caves. Events. People.
| language = ru | publisher = Azimuth Publishing, SGS - Sverdlovsk speleo club
| chapter = История исследования пещеры Бой-Булок / Boy Bulok cave - History of exploration
| first = Aleksandr | last = Višnevskij
| url = https://book.exje.ru/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Speleo_book_print1.pdf
| pages= 65-66
| access-date = 1 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="BT2015">{{cite book
| editor-first = Sergej | editor-last = Evdokimov
| title = Журнал АСУ 27| trans-title = ASU Journal No. 23
| publisher = The Assoсiation of Ural Speleologists
| chapter = БАЙСУНТАУ-2015 / Baysun-Tau-2015
| first1 = Evgenij | last1 = Curihin | first2 = Ivan | last2 = Russkih
| first3 = Vasilij | last3 = Samsonov | first4 = Vadim | last4 = Loginov
| pages = 4-6 | place= Perm | year = 2016 | language = ru
| url = https://viv-asu.ru/index.php/component/phocadownload/category/1-files?download=183:skachat-zhurnal-asu-27-13-mb-pdf&lang=ru&usg=AOvVaw0UW75Vb1Cj3RZxyQRnVx6B
| access-date = 11 February 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name="SGS40OA">{{cite book
| editor-first1 = Sergej | editor-last1 = Evdokimov
| editor-first2 = Aleksandr | editor-last2 = Višnevskij
| editor-first3 = Emma | editor-last3 = Lobanova
| editor-first4 = Aleksandr | editor-last4 = Plastinin
| editor-first5 = Sergej | editor-last5 = Valujskij
| title = СГС - 40 лет | trans-title = SGS - 40 years
| publisher = The Assoсiation of Ural Speleologists
| volume = 6 | place= Perm | year = 2001 | language = ru
| chapter = Наша Азия / Our Asia
| first1 = Aleksandr | last1 = Višnevskij
| first2 = Vladimir | last2 = Zotov
| pages = 40-42
| url = https://viv-asu.ru/index.php/component/phocadownload/category/2-fajly-asu?download=8:sgs&usg=AOvVaw0uzuokVrqqdhIWdMaFlnYY
| access-date = 5 May 2020 }}</ref>

<ref name="HEBBC">{{cite web
| first = Sergej
| last = Kuklev
| title = История исследования пещеры Бой-Булок (Александр Вишневский)
| trans-title = History of exploration of Boy Bulok cave (Aleksandr Višnevskij)
| language = ru
| date = 1999
| publisher = Комиссия спелеологии и карстоведения / Speleology and Karst Studies Commission
| url = http://www.rgo-speleo.ru/caves/azia/boy_bulok_hist.htm
| access-date = 1 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="LCCA">{{cite web
| first1 = Aleksandr | last1 = Višnevskij
| first2 = Vladimir | last2 = Mal'cev
| first3 = Viktor | last3 = Dubljanskij
| first4 = Jurij | last4 = Dubljanskij
| title = Крупнейшие пещеры Средней Азии
| trans-title = The largest caves of Central Asia
| language = ru
| date = 2004
| publisher = Комиссия спелеологии и карстоведения / Speleology and Karst Studies Commission
| url = http://rgo-speleo.ru/biblio/aziya.htm
| access-date = 6 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="P2SS">{{cite web
| first1 = Valentin | last1 = Potapov
| first2 = Ekaterina | last2 = Jacucenko
| title = Часть 2 Камни на склоне
| trans-title = Part 2 Stones on a Slope
| language = ru
| date = August 2012
| publisher = Спелеоклуб Самарского университета / Samara University Speleoclub
| url = http://speleo.ssau.ru/index.php?status=article&dnew=ARTICL/2012/08/Asia12_off.html
| access-date = 26 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="BBC">{{cite web
| title = Бой-Булок пещера
| trans-title = Boybuloq cave
| language = ru
| date = 2015
| publisher = Meros.uz Культурное наследие Узбекистана / Cultural Heritage of Uzbekistan
| url = https://meros.uz/ru/object/boy-boloq-gori
| access-date = 26 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="SGSITS">{{cite book
| editor = SGS - Sverdlovsk speleo club
| year = 2016 | title = СГС - В центре кадра
| trans-title = SGS - In the spotlight
| language = ru, en
| publisher = SGS - Sverdlovsk speleo club, Azimuth Publishing
| url = https://book.exje.ru/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/%D0%A1%D0%93%D0%A1-%D0%B2-%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0.pdf
| pages = 58-67
| access-date = 1 May 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="ART">{{cite web
| first = Sergej
| last = Kuklev
| title = Азия: туда и обратно
| trans-title = Asia: round trip
| language = ru
| date = 1999
| url = http://www.skuklev.narod.ru/asia.htm
| url-status=live |archive-url = http://samlib.ru/k/kuklew_s_g/asia.shtml
| archive-date = 9 January 2006
| access-date = 1 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="MACA">{{cite web
| first = Sergej
| last = Kuklev
| title = Средневековье Средней Азии
| trans-title = Middle Ages of Central Asia
| language = ru
| date = 9 March 2011
| publisher = Сетевое издание "МК - Урал" (Московский Комсомолец) / Network Edition of "MK-Ural" (Moskovskij Komsomolec)
| url = https://chel.mk.ru/articles/2011/03/09/570905-srednevekove-sredney-azii.html
| access-date = 27 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="EBBS">{{cite web
| first = Ol'ga
| last = Čerepanova
| title = Стартовала экспедиция в Бой-Булок
| trans-title = Expedition to Boy-Bulok started
| language = ru
| date = 4 August 2008
| url = https://cml.happy.kiev.ua/cgi-bin/cml.cgi?num=10709
| access-date = 2 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="LADC">{{cite web
| first = Rustam
| last = Qobil
| title = Lost in Asia's deepest cave
| language = en
| date = 27 December 2018
| publisher = British Broadcasting Corporation
| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46555824
| access-date = 4 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="RCE30C">{{cite web
| title = Russian cavers explored more than 30 caves in 2018
| language = en
| date = 18 December 2018
| publisher = Russian Geographical Society
| url = https://www.rgo.ru/en/article/russian-cavers-explored-more-30-caves-2018
| access-date = 4 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="SRSEU">{{cite web
| title = Sensational result of a speleological expedition in Uzbekistan
| language = en
| date = 29 August 2019
| publisher = Pravda Vostoka
| location = Tashkent
| url = https://www.pv.uz/en/news/sensatsionnyj-rezultat-speleologicheskoj-ekspeditsii-v-uzbekistane
| access-date = 4 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="BBDCUE">{{cite web
| first = Marat
| last = Nadjibayev
| title = Boy-Bulok &ndash; deepest cave in Uzbekistan explored
| language = en
| date = 22 October 2018
| publisher = kun.uz / News of Uzbekistan and the World
| url = https://kun.uz/en/news/2018/10/22/boy-bulok-deepest-cave-in-uzbekistan-explored
| access-date = 4 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="SUEC">{{cite web
| title = Struggle for the underground "Everest" continues: Speleological expedition in Surkhandarya region ended with a sensational result
| language = en
| date = 29 August 2019
| publisher = Uzbekistan National News Agency
| url = http://uza.uz/en/society/struggle-for-the-underground-everest-continues-speleological-29-08-2019
| access-date = 4 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="FASUAVD">{{cite web
| title = Скончался основатель Ассоциации спелеологов Урала Александр Вишневский
| trans-title = The founder of the Association of Speleologists of the Urals Alexander Vishnevsky died
| language = ru
| publisher = obltv.ru / Sverdlovsk region TV
| date = 16 June 2015
| url = https://www.obltv.ru/news/society/skonchalsa_osnovatel_associacii_speleologov_urala_aleksandr_vishnevskij/
| access-date = 5 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="HMS">{{cite book
| first = Sergej Gennad'evič | last = Kuklev
| year = 2016 | title = В голове моей опилки...
| trans-title = In the head of my sawdust...
| language = ru
| publisher = Aegitas
| pages = 239}}</ref>

<ref name="CNAV">{{cite web
| title = The cave named Alexander Vishnevskiy
| language = en
| date = 2019
| publisher = Asia adventures
| location = Tashkent
| url = http://centralasia-adventures.com/en/sights/caves_of_uzbekistan/aleksndr_veshnevskiys_cave.html
| access-date = 7 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="KC">{{cite web
| first = Evgenij | last = Snetkov
| title = Киевская (КиЛСИ)
| trans-title = Kiev Cave (KiLSI)
| work = speleoatlas.ru - Caving atlas of Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
| language = ru
| date = 8 February 2018
| publisher = Русское географическое общество / Russian Geographic Society
| url = https://speleoatlas.ru/caves/kievskaya-20009/
| access-date = 24 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="ZUCZ">{{cite web
| first = Evgenij | last = Curihin
| title = Уральская им. Зенкова (Зиндан)
| trans-title = Urals-Zenkov (Zindan) cave
| work = speleoatlas.ru - Caving atlas of Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
| language = ru
| date = 10 April 2017
| publisher = Русское географическое общество / Russian Geographic Society
| url = https://speleoatlas.ru/caves/uralskaya-im-zenkova-12790/
| access-date = 24 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="WDC">{{cite web
| first = Bob | last = Gulden | title = Worlds deepest caves | language = en
| publisher = [[National Speleological Society]] (NSS)
| work = Geo2 Committee on Long and Deep Caves
| url = http://www.caverbob.com/wdeep.htm | date = 22 January 2020 | access-date = 16 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="BB2018FE">{{cite web
| editor-first1 = Antoine
| editor-last1 = Aigueperse
| editor-first2 = Arnauld
| editor-last2 = Malard
| title = Boy Bulok 2018
| language = fr, en
| date = December 2018
| url = https://www.groupe-speleo-vulcain.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/2018_Rapport_Expe_Ouzbekistan_MIN.pdf
| access-date = 9 March 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="BB">{{cite web
| first = Evgenij | last = Curihin
| title = Бой-Булок (Бай-Булак)
| trans-title = Boybuloq
| work = speleoatlas.ru - Caving atlas of Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
| language = ru
| date = 1 April 2017
| publisher = Русское географическое общество / Russian Geographic Society
| url = https://speleoatlas.ru/caves/boy-bulok-11730/
| access-date = 18 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="EHAC">{{cite conference
| first1 = Evgenij| last1 = Curihin
| first2 = Vadim | last2 = Loginov
| first3 = Francesco | last3 = Sauro
| first4 = Sebastian | last4 = Breitenbach
| title = Exploration of High Altitude Caves in the Baisun-Tau Mountain Range, Uzbekistan
| language = en
| book-title = 2013 ICS (International Congress of Speleology) Proceedings / Exploration and Cave Techniques
| date = 2014 | page = 147-152
|url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259646057
| access-date = 28 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="AVC">{{cite web
| first = Evgenij | last = Curihin
| title = Имени Александра Вишневского (ЧБ-15)
| trans-title = Aleksandr Višnevskij Cave (ČB-15)
| work = speleoatlas.ru - Caving atlas of Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
| language = ru
| date = 18 November 2019
| publisher = Русское географическое общество / Russian Geographic Society
| url = https://speleoatlas.ru/caves/imeni-aleksandra-vishnevskogo-19130/
| access-date = 18 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="R2016BE">{{cite journal
| first1 = Vadim | last1 = Loginov
| first2 = Vasilij | last2 = Samsonov
| first3 = Evgenij | last3 = Curihin
| title = Результаты Байсунской экспедиции - 2016.
| trans-title = The results of the 2016 Boysun expedition.
| language = ru
| date = 2016
| volume = 29
| pages = 3-4
| journal = Журнал АСУ / ASU Journal
| publisher = ASU - The Assoсiation of Ural Speleologists
| url = https://viv-asu.ru/index.php/component/phocadownload/category/1-files?download=185:zhurnal-asu-29-32-1-mb-pdf&lang=ru
| access-date = 23 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="A90">{{cite journal
| first1 = Paz | last1 = Vale
| first2 = Rob | last2 = Wallis
| title = Aspex '90 | language = en
| date = 1991 | issue = 52 | pages = 20-23
| journal = Caves and Caving
| publisher = British Cave Research Association
}}</ref>

<ref name="BBERY">{{cite journal
| first = Georgij | last = Sapožnikov
| title = Бой-Булок - исследования последних лет (2014-2016 гг).
| trans-title = Boy-Bulok - explorations of recent years (2014-2016).
| language = ru
| date = 2016
| volume = 29
| pages = 5-6
| journal = Журнал АСУ / ASU Journal
| publisher = ASU - The Assoсiation of Ural Speleologists
| url = https://viv-asu.ru/index.php/component/phocadownload/category/1-files?download=185:zhurnal-asu-29-32-1-mb-pdf&lang=ru
| access-date = 23 May 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="SPRKCMBT">{{cite web
| title = Special project - Research of karst and the caves of mountain Baysun-Tau. 2020-2021
| language = en
| publisher = Foundation for the Preservation and Exploration of Caves
| date = 2020
| url = https://speleo.kg/en/projects/8-speczproekt-issledovaniya-karsta-i-peshher-gornogo-massiva-bajsun-tau-3-avgusta-16-avgusta/
| access-date = 2 June 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="AFC8000">{{cite book
| last = Herzog | first = Maurice | author-link = Maurice Herzog
| year = 1951 | title = Annapurna: First Conquest of an 8000-meter Peak | page = 257
| publisher = E.P Dutton & Co. | location = New York
| others = Translated from the French by Nea Morin and Janet Adam Smith}}</ref>

<ref name="SNF1964">{{cite web
| title = Shishapangma - Northeast Face - 1964
| publisher = Himalaya Masala
| date = 2013
| url = https://www.himalayamasala.com/static/himalayan-climbs/shishapangma-northeast-face-1964.html
| access-date = 11 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="ASDVC2204">{{cite web
| first = Pavel | last = Demidov
| title = По данным топосъемки глубина пещеры Верёвкина от входа составила 2204 метра.
| trans-title = According to the survey, the depth of Verëvkina cave from the entrance reached 2204 meters
| language = Russian
| date = 11 September 2017
| publisher = incave.org
| url = http://incave.org/po-dannym-toposemki-glubina-peshhery-veryovkina-ot-vxoda-sostavila-2204-metra/
| accessdate = 10 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="KVC">{{cite book
|editor1-last = White |editor1-first = William B.
|editor2-last = Culver |editor2-first = David C.
|year = 2012 |title = Encyclopedia of Caves |publisher = Academic Press |location = Cambridge, MA
|edition = 2nd |chapter = Krubera (Voronya) Cave
|first = Alexander |last = Klimchouk
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=alDky3N0CmkC&q=%22Alexander+Klimchouk%22+Krubera+%28Voronja%29+Cave&pg=PA443
|isbn= 9780123838322 |pages= 423-450
|access-date = 10 February 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name="HWDC">{{cite journal
| first = Stephen | last = Ornes
| title = The hunt is on for the deepest cave
| date = 12 December 2015
| issue = 3051 | journal = New Scientist
| url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22830515-100-the-hunt-is-on-for-the-worlds-deepest-cave-in-mexico/
| access-date = 11 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="EKV2001">{{cite web
| first1 = Denis | last1= Provalov | first2 = Evgenija | last2 = Grišina
| first3 = Dmitrij | last3 = Skljarenko
| title = Экспедиция "Крубера-Воронья - 2001" / (7.01.2001) Рекорд Мира!
| trans-title = Expedition "Krubera-Voronya - 2001" / (2001-01-07) World Record!
| language = Russian | date = 24 March 2001 | publisher = Mountain.RU
| url = http://mountain.ru/speleo/voronya/
| accessdate = 11 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="NHA">{{cite web
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<ref name="2021SCE">{{cite web
| last = Stone | first = Bill | title = 2021 Sistema Cheve Expedition
| publisher = U.S. Deep Caving Team
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| first1 = Alexander | last1 = Klimchouk | first2 = Lutfi | last2 = Nazik | first3 = Serdar | last3 = Bayari
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| title = Kuzgun Cave and its Context: the first super-deep cave in the Aladaglar Massif, Turkey
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|year = 2021 |title = Caves and Karst of Turkey - Vol. 1 / History, Archaeology and Caves
|publisher = Springer International Publishing
|chapter = 45 Interesting Caves of Turkey
|first = Ali |last = Yamaç
|chapter-url = https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030655006#
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|editor1-last = Bernabei |editor1-first = Tullio
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|trans-title= Caves and stories of Central Asia. The geographic explorations of the Samarkand Project
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<ref name="SETM2021">{{cite web
| title = Speleological expedition “Tuya-Muyun - 2021” (Foothills of the Alai ridge, Kyrgyzstan) August, 2021
| date = 2020 | place = Bishkek
| publisher = Foundation for the Preservation and Exploration of Caves
| url = https://speleo.kg/en/expeditions/speleo-ekologicheskaya-ekspedicziya-tuya-muyun/
| accessdate = 16 February 2021}}</ref>
}}


[[Category:Caves of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Caves of Uzbekistan]]

Revision as of 07:36, 9 March 2021

Boybuloq
Boy-Bulok, Boj-Bulok
Cave entrance
Map showing the location of Boybuloq
Map showing the location of Boybuloq
LocationDehibolo, Uzbekistan
Coordinates38°23′45″N 67°31′47″E / 38.39583°N 67.52972°E / 38.39583; 67.52972
Depth1,415 metres (4,642 ft)
Length14,800 metres (48,600 ft)
Elevation2,647 metres (8,684 ft)
GeologyJurassic limestone[1]
Entrances2

Boybuloq (also known as Boy-Bulok and Boj-Bulok[a], Uzbek: Boybuloq, Russian: Бой-Булок) is a limestone cave in Uzbekistan, the deepest cave in Central Asia and all Asia except its western part. The cave is 1,415 metres (4,642 ft) deep and 14,800 metres (48,600 ft) long with the main entrance at an elevation of 2,647 metres (8,684 ft). It is situated at the edge of Baysun-Tau mountain ridge, the southern spur of the Gissar Range, in the southeast of the country. The nearest village is Dehibolo (Дюйбало in Russian), to the north of Boysun.[2][3][4][5][6]

The cave developed in covered Upper and Middle Jurassic limestones, in monoclinal strata, in the preserved wing of an anticline. The thickness of limestone strata is from 200 to 350 meters. Contrary to most limestone caves it was not formed by water precipitation penetrating from the surface but, as the soluble rock is covered by insoluble strata, by condensation.[1] Hence the cave consists mainly of very narrow passages which descend along the incident angle of strata, from time to time interrupted by vertical shafts, no deeper than 30 metres (98 ft), and ends with an impassable siphon.[5]

It was explored by Russian cavers since 1984, in the framework of Ekaterinburg speleo club (SGS) and the Assoсiation of Ural speleologists (ASU), with the participation of cavers from Italy, Great Britain, Slovakia, France and Switzerland (in chronological order).[7][8]

Naming

After the rain a small stream, a rarity in otherwise very arid mountain, flows from the cave entrance and it gave the cave a name. It is a composition of two words: boy buloq, which translates to rich spring in Uzbek language and the language of the people from the nearest village, the Tajiki.[9][10]

Early History

The lamp of Mustafa, the first cave explorer

The cave was known to local people since ancient times, because from its entrance a stream of water flows down the slope of the otherwise very arid mountain landscape. In the winter, from January to April, the village Dehibolo at an elevation of 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), its name translates to "the highest village", is cut off by the snow, and later in the summer the few springs, which provide water to residents, can dry off.[11] In May 1971, in time of severe drought, Mustafaqul Zokirov, a teacher from Dehibolo and a father of eight, departed on a 4-hour trek to the cave (6 km)[12] with his teenage son and pack donkeys to fetch water. The cave was known to him, he visited it several times before. The party reached the cave, and as there was no stream at the entrance, Mustafaqul went deeper into the cave to search for water. After a crawl of about one hour, he reached the point close to the first shaft, where his kerosene lamp went out. In the darkness he missed the direction towards the entrance, and fell to his death into the abyss. His son waited till the next morning and returned to the village.[13][9][14]

Young men from Dehibolo tried to find Mustafaqul in the cave on several occasions that summer and in the following years but to no avail. His remains were only discovered in 1985, during the first speleological exploration of the cave.[14]

Exploration

40x40 cm fossilized dinosaur footprint in the canyon which leads to Boybuloq

After the discovery of Kiev Cave on the Kirk Tau plateau in Uzbekistan in 1972, 2340 m a. s. l., which was in the subsequent years explored to the depth of 990 m and was in the years 1977-1978 the deepest cave in the USSR,[15] Russian speleologists from Ekaterinburg (SGS) in the late 1970s and early 1980s started to search for new deep caves in the wider area of the country.[16] In May 1981 they discovered the Zindan cave (later renamed renamed to Urals-Zenkov (Zindan) cave), 3100 m a. s. l., in the Ketmen'-Čapta ridge. Its spring at the elevation of 1300 m indicated the possibility of a very deep cave. Until January 1983 the final depth of 565 m was reached, in the siphon too narrow to dive.[16][17] Several search expeditions in the summer 1983 were fruitless, while in 1984 a token SGS expedition to Khodja-Gur-Gur-Ata massif discovered a number of promising entrances.[14]

During a larger expedition in 1985 a group of five expedition members was sent to Surkhan-Tau ridge to scout its surface for new caves. On the way, in the village Kurgancha, 1455 m a. s. l.,[18] they were told of a cave higher in the mountain, called Boybuloq where a villager from the highest settlement in Uzbekistan, the village Dehibolo, went to search for water in 1971 and never returned.[9][10] They followed the stream bed and discovered the low cave entrance, at an elevation of 2650 m. The cave began with 30 meters of a crawl, up to the throat in liquid mud, after which it was possible to stand up.[1] A narrow meander followed, it slowly ascended for 600 meters in straight direction, to a height of 90 meters, where it turned down.[11] Soon a 27 meter pit was reached and they discovered human bones at its bottom. They belonged to Mustafaqul Zokirov.[9]

Not only Boybuloq cave but most other caves in the area are a long sequence of tight passages which are difficult to pass, and where possibilities for help or rescue operation are very limited,[1] as described by Sergej Kuklev, a member of the SGS team:

I asked Ilija, trying to speak as calmly as possible, how, in his opinion, would it be more convenient to get through the tight meander, top or bottom? After some thinking he responded that the bottom choice would undoubtedly be more convenient. And so, I, flattened like a flounder, climbed in a hole under the rocks, barely wide enough for my head. And got stuck, of course. The caving suit, torn in all possible places, didn’t let go, so I had to stop to take a breath ... Only God or his/her own might can help a person which got stuck in Boybuloq - two people together just do not fit in a tight corridor. On one of previous expeditions it happened that a caver fell off a rope in a pit and, flying 17 meters, broke both legs. All we could do was to have painkillers ready at all times. It took him two days to crawl out of the cave on his own ...[1]

Boybuloq - cave profile with surface NW-SE, as seen from the SW

In the following years further expeditions took place: in 1986 the cave was deepened to -400 m, in 1987 to -500 m and the remains of Zokirov were returned to his family, in 1988 a siphon at -600 m was free-dived and also the barrier on the other side lowered so that the lake could be waded through, and a new branch of the cave was discovered - it continued to -900 m. In 1989 a combined Soviet-Italian team reached the terminal siphon at -1154 m, and managed to climb upwards to the point at an elevation of +156 m which gave the total cave depth of 1310 m.[5] In 1990 a Soviet-British team managed to extend the New branch in the cave upwards to +222 m (total depth 1376 m).[19] As can be seen from the above map this international participation in discoveries was reflected in the naming of three substantial cave sections: the Italian, English and Russian tunnels.

1992 Boybuloq expedition camp
Expedition members around Sadyk Džuraev from Dehibolo, 2013

In 1991 lower levels of the New branch were discovered, and in 1992 an additional chimney upwards was climbed, to +257 m which gave the final cave depth of 1415 m.[14][3] In 1995 a major collapse in the cave was dug through, in 1998 the diving of the siphon at -560 m was unsuccessful, and the spring Holtan-Čašma, where the water from the terminal cave siphon comes to light, was also dived.[14] The spring is situated 130 m below the terminal cave siphon while the horizontal distance is 7 km, and so the connecting passages are most likely submerged.[9] In the next years the turmoil which followed the dissolution of the Soviet Union was unfavorable for caving expeditions and SGS cavers returned to Uzbekistan only in 2007, to Boybuloq, and expeditions followed almost every year.[20] New passages in Boybuloq were discovered and explored, yet the cave depth remained the same.[21] Diving in the Holtan-Čašma spring was resumed in 2014, 2015 and 2016, when, at a horizontal distance of 170 m and depth of 18 m, a lenticular grotto was reached with narrow, downwards extending slots, too narrow to pass.[22]

Višnevskij Cave

Chul-Bair mountain ridge with marked entrance to the cave, named after Višnevskij

2015 In the year of the death of Aleksandr Sergeevič Višnevskij, leader of SGS expeditions to Boybuloq from 1988 - 1992 and from 1995 - 2008,[23] a SGS and ASU search team of 7, led by Vasilij Samsonov from Orenburg, methodically examined the 3 km long section of the 150-200 m high wall which forms the edge of the ridge above Boybuloq. They found several possible cave entrances, all located 30-50 m below the crest of the wall and the most promising proved to be the one marked as ČB-15 (Chul-Bair 15). The entrance is an 8 m high grotto at an elevation of 3522 m, 25 m below the top of the ridge, access requires a rope descent. It continued with a series of small shafts, connected by narrow meanders. 400 meters far and 70 meters deep the team stopped at a very narrow passage with strong draught. After 4 hours of work they broke the way through and it continued with a bigger shaft, which they left for the next year.[6][24]

2016 A team of 7, 4 Russians and 3 Italians (La Venta speleo club), from the Baysun-Tau 2016 expedition, worked in the cave. Due to long access route from the base camp (3 hours) part of the camp was moved to the top of the ridge. Situation there was complicated by the lack of water, strong wind and low temperature at night. The team widened the last narrow passage from 2015, descended 15 m into the hall "Martens" which continued with a very narrow but tall meander (3-30 m), followed by an inclined and very slippery meander. It ended with a 40 m shaft, 4-5 hours crawl from the entrance, at the bottom of which a Camp -168 was later erected. They followed the draught, and after a series of narrow passages, vertical and horizontal, which required widening, descended into a slightly wider meander with a small stream at the bottom. After 300 m a 12 m shaft was reached, after which the next meander led, as a tributary, to a wider and higher meander with a larger stream. It ended with a narrow passage which they broke through and reached another 8 m shaft, where the lack of time forced them to return. The surveyed part of the cave was deepened to 234 m and prolonged to 1089 m, with more left unsurveyed. The map showed that the cave, now renamed to Višnevskij cave, steadily descended in the direction of Boybuloq.[25][6]

Georgij Sapožnikov is widening a meander in ČB-17, 2017

2017 A team of 10, from SGS and ASU, set camp above the cave, 3500 m above sea level. After a brief acclimatization they set up the tent underground Camp -168 from where Sergej Terehin and Artur Abdjušev pushed their way through the cave till the siphon at -735 m, in a day-and-night non-stop sortie. Another camp, of hammocks, was set up, the new part is a corridor, on average 50 cm wide, with a stream, into which 4 tributaries (unexplored) flow. The survey reached 586 m in depth and 2800 m in length, it showed that the cave descends steadily towards the New branch of Boybuloq, at an angle of 19 degrees, the same as the surface, at a distance from the surface of 70 - 100 m. Precise survey of the ridge surface was also made, for the construction of the 3D cave model. Part of the team scouted for additional cave entrances on the ridge plateau and along the wall, which would shorten the tiresome and time consuming crawl to the cave bottom. Several interesting caves were found, such as Lunnaja (Moon cave), U istočnika (At the Source), Logovo, they also worked in ČB-17, but none connected to Višnevskij cave.[6]

Chul-Bair 2018 expedition team

2018 An international team of 25, 14 from SGS and ASU, 8 from France and 3 from Switzerland set off to explore not only Višnevskij cave, but also caves Boybuloq, Lunnaja and ČB-5. They camped at an altitude of 3000 m, one hour from the entrance to Višnevskij and 1,5 hours from Boybuloq. In the cave two hammock camps were set up, at -350 m and at -600 m. Close to the lower camp, in a side tributary which continued in the opposite (ascending) direction, a small gallery was discovered, a hint of a possible continuation towards Boybuloq. In one of the other two tributaries examined, a large, 80 m tall chimney was found, which gets close (20 m) to the surface. Outside, in the canyon which leads to Boybuloq, dinosaur footprints were discovered, while in the new branch of this cave more precise survey was made for better location of the connecting point with Višnevskij cave. Siphon bypass was not found, but 2500 m of new tunnels were mapped in Višnevskij and Lunnaja caves.[6][4][26][27][28]

Aleksej Seregin and Ekaterina Bazarova on top of the ridge above the cave entrance, 2019

2019 It was difficult to assemble the expedition as there was no clear continuation, especially not around the siphon but, when cavers from Moscow and Irkutsk also joined the SGS and ASU team, a group of 15 gathered. The surface camp was set up in a proven location near Lunnaja cave, and a team of four: Evgenij Sakulin, Petr Kovešnikov, Anastasija Janina and Andrej Minogin departed to the bottom, to set a Camp Siphon there and to try to find a continuation in the ascending tributary at -600 m. Yet on the very first day at the bottom Evgenij and Anastasija managed to crawl through a narrow, half flooded passage and reached a meander behind the siphon. The cave continued in the right direction. Other plans were scrapped and the team, reinforced with Evgenij Rybka, Vasilij Samsonov and Vadim Loginov (there was a phone connection from the camp to the surface), set off to the new part. It was a wide meander with a stream at the bottom and 1-5 m deep drops. After a while the stream disappeared below the dripstone floor in a narrow passage, above which the "Big gallery" began. It was dry, the ceiling gradually lowered, the tunnel turned to a crawl, solid floor was replaced by clay, it got wet. This part took 2 hours to cross. The passage was cut by a new meander where, below the ceiling, the "Big Collapse Hall" opened up. The following meander was not wide, with a small stream at the bottom, in places covered with dripstone. Another tributary joined from the left.[6]

Vasilij Samsonov and Sergej Terehin in Camp -168 m, 2019
Camp Gnezdo (Nest) at -1049 m, 2019

The passage continued with a few small drops which needed rigging. The beautiful colored meander was named "Amber River" because of the many dripstone formations. From the right came a larger inflow, most likely the main stream which disappeared in the floor before the "Big Gallery". The junction was named "Aquapark", crossing it required a run under a shower. On the left, under the ceiling of the meander, on a small shelf, the Camp "Gnezdo" (Nest) was set up. An even larger meander followed, with a stream of about 1 liter/second. It could seem very small, but for this arid mountain it is a lot. Soon a 12-meter drop, "Freerope" came, with a good shower, followed by 10, 8 and 12 m pits which also required rigging. The party stopped on top of another 20 m shaft, named "50 m rope", after which one more pit was visible. There were no more time, no more rope, no more anchors. The cave ran steadily in the direction of a cascade of pits in the New Branch of Boybuloq. Višnevskij cave was deepened to 1158 m and prolonged to 8004 m. In 2019 three underground camps were installed, at -168 m, -614 m and -1049 m, 2628 m of new tunnels were surveyed, 438 m of new depth.[6][29][24][30][31]

The deepest point reached in Višnevskij was 50 m vertically (above) and 200 m horizontally apart from Boybuloq. The connection would make a system with the cumulative depth of 2,033 metres (6,670 ft).[6] It could be achieved during the next expedition or later, if the main stream of the Višnevskij cave would pass the Boybuloq without evident connection in the rendez-vous area at the elevation of around 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) a. s. l.[7]

Cave profile of Boybuloq and Višnevskij caves with surface

2020 Due to Covid-19 pandemic the plans for a large expedition to caves of Chul-Bair mountain ridge, especially to the Višnevskij cave, were put on hold.[7]

Cave and the World

Discoveries in the Višnevskij cave, achieved during the 2019 expedition, confirmed the assumption about the existence of a very deep, complex and wide-spread high-mountain cave system on the Chul-Bair ridge.[7]

In the world there are 14 mountains higher than 8,000 meters - the first was scaled in 1950 and the last in 1964 but only 2 caves are deeper than 2,000 meters.[32][33] Both so-called supercaves,[34] the last terrestrial frontiers, achieved that status half a century later, Krubera-Voronja (2,197 m deep) surpassed 2,000 m in 2004, after 44 years of exploration, Verëvkina (2,212 m deep) in 2017, 49 years after the discovery.[35][36] The anticipated connection of Boybuloq and Višnevskij cave would make the third such cave.[6] In 2001 the location of the deepest cave in the world moved from Central Europe to Abkhazia in the Western Caucasus where, as of 2020, the four deepest caves were to be found.[37] The possibility for achieving greater depths is however limited as the cave entrance elevations in the relevant limestone areas, the Arabika nad Bzyb massifs, rarely surpass 2300 m (top peaks are Mt. Arabika, 2656 m and Mt. Napra, 2684 m).[38] The other two limestone areas with known great deep cave potential, are the Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca in southern Mexico with Chevé Cave where the limestone layer is over 2,500 m thick, and Aladaglar massif in Turkey with Kuzgun cave, with limestone layer thickness of 4,000 m. Yet despite very substantial efforts, over 40 years of work in Sierra Juárez and over 20 years in Aladaglar, no depth past the 1524 m and 1400 m, respectively, could be reached.[34][39][40][41]

All these facts considerably increased the attention, paid to Boybuloq, to Uzbekistan, and to central Asia, in the speleo world. Several regional projects were initiated, such as Research of karst and the caves of mountain Baysun-Tau, 2020-2021,[42] Karst on the Roof of the World (Pamir, Tajikistan), 2020-2021,[43] Central Asian transboundary speleoproject,[44] Speleological expedition “Tuya-Muyun - 2021 (Foothills of the Alai ridge, Kyrgyzstan).[45] Boybuloq and Chul-Bair were also added to the list of Uzbekistan tourist attractions.[46]

The cave was covered in the book of the visit by Italian cavers in 1989,[47] it featured in a report by BBC[13], there are several pages devoted to it in the book by SGS, the team who developed the cave,[48] and it is the main subject in a novel by one of the team members.[49]

Notes

  1. ^ For greater accuracy Cyrillic names in this article are romanized according to Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic.

References

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  48. ^ SGS - Sverdlovsk speleo club, ed. (2016). СГС - В центре кадра [SGS - In the spotlight] (PDF) (in Russian and English). SGS - Sverdlovsk speleo club, Azimuth Publishing. pp. 58–67. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  49. ^ Kuklev, Sergej Gennad'evič (2016). В голове моей опилки... [In the head of my sawdust...] (in Russian). Aegitas. p. 239.
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