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Coordinates: 31°23′53″N 100°34′52″E / 31.398°N 100.581°E / 31.398; 100.581
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The '''1973 Luhuo earthquake''' struck near the town of [[Zhaggo]] in the [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]] of [[Sichuan Province]], [[China]] on February 6 with a magnitude of 7.6 {{M|s|link=yes}}. The earthquake had a maximum intensity of X (''Extreme'') on the [[Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale|Mercalli intensity scale]], resulting in 2,199 deaths and a further 2,743 injuries in the Sichuan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Significant Earthquake CHINA: SICHUAN PROVINCE|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=4624&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display|access-date=29 November 2020|website=NOAA NCEI}}</ref><ref name="Utsu"/>
The '''1973 Luhuo earthquake''' struck near the town of [[Zhaggo]] in the [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]] of [[Sichuan Province]], [[China]] on February 6 with a magnitude of 7.6 {{M|s|link=yes}}. The earthquake had a maximum intensity of X (''Extreme'') on the [[Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale|Mercalli intensity scale]], resulting in 2,199 deaths and a further 2,743 injuries in the Sichuan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Significant Earthquake CHINA: SICHUAN PROVINCE|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=4624&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display|access-date=29 November 2020|website=NOAA NCEI}}</ref><ref name="Utsu"/> Serious and widespread
destruction to villages were reported in Luhuo County as a result of the earthquake.

==Tectonic setting==
Western [[Sichuan]] is situated at the edge of the [[Tibetan Plateau]] in a vast zone of complex continental deformation caused by the [[Geology of the Himalaya|collision]] of the [[Indian Plate]] with the [[Eurasian Plate]]. As the thrusting of the Indian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate along the [[Himalayas]] continues, the continental crust within the Eurasian Plate is actively uplifted and thickened, forming the Tibetan Plateau. As there are no active thrust structures within the plateau, compression is accommodated by [[strike-slip]] motion along large structures including the [[Altyn Tagh Fault]], [[Kunlun Fault]], [[Haiyuan Fault]] and [[Xianshuihe fault system]]. Left-lateral [[strike-slip]] motion squeezes the crustal blocks of the Tibetan Plateau outwards, forcing it to move eastwards. Meanwhile, the strike-slip motion also results in east-west [[Extensional tectonics|extension]] of the plateau, causing [[normal fault|normal faults]] to break within the thickened crust.<ref name="Elliott">{{cite journal |last1=J. R. Elliott, R. J. Walters, P. C. England, J. A. Jackson, Z. Li, B. Parsons |title=Extension on the Tibetan plateau: recent normal faulting measured by InSAR and body wave seismology |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=2010 |volume=183 |issue=2 |pages=503–535 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04754.x |url=https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/183/2/503/652498 |access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Weijun">{{cite journal |author1=Weijun Gan |author2=Peizhen Zhang |author3=Zheng-Kang Shen |author4=Zhijun Niu |author5=Min Wang |author6=Yongge Wan |author7=Demin Zhou |author8=Jia Cheng |title=Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |date=2007 |volume=112 |issue=B8 |doi=10.1029/2005JB004120 |publisher=American Geophysical Union}}</ref>


==Earthquake==
==Earthquake==
Initially, the earthquake registered 7.9 on the Chinese [[surface wave magnitude scale]] but further analysis and recalculation of the event brought the final revision to magnitude 7.6.<ref name="Allen">{{cite journal |author1=Clarence R. Allen |author2=Luo Zhuoli |author3=Qian Hong |author4=Wen Xueze |author5=Zhou Huawei |author6=Huang Weishi |title=Segmentation and Recent rupture history of the Xianshuihe Fault, Southwestern China |journal=U.S. Geological Survey open-file report |date=1989 |issue=89-315 |page=10-30 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/53858/ |access-date=2 July 2021 |series=Fault segmentation and controls of rupture initiation and termination.}}</ref> This event was the result of pure left-lateral slip on the [[Xianshuihe fault system|Xianshuihe Fault]]; a 350-km-long active sinistral [[Strike-slip tectonics|strike-slip]] [[Fault (geology)|fault]] that runs through the eastern [[Tibetan Plateau]]. During the earthquake of 1973, the fault ruptured for a length of 90 km and produced a maximum slip of 3.8 meters in the shallow 0 to 5 km section of the rupture zone.<ref name="Jianbing">{{cite journal |author1=Yang Jianbing |author2=Zhao Bin |author3=Du Ruilin |author4=Yu Jiansheng |author5=Wang Dongzhen |title=1923年仁达地震与1973年炉霍地震的破裂模型及触发关系研究 |journal=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics |date=2020 |volume=40 |issue=8 |page=783-789 |doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2020.08.003 |url=http://html.rhhz.net/DDCLYDQDLX/html/12179.htm |access-date=2 July 2021 |trans-title=Research on the Rupture Model and Trigger Relationship of Renda Earthquake in 1923 and Luhuo Earthquake in 1973 |language=Chinese}}</ref><ref name=Zhou_etal_1983>{{Cite journal|last=Hui-lan Zhou, Clarence R. Allen, and Hiroo Kanamori|title=Rupture complexity of the 1970 Tonghai and 1973 Luhuo earthquakes, China, from P-wave inversion, and relationship to surface faulting|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/49194/1/1585.full.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=73}}</ref> [[Surface ruptures]] were well documented by scientists throughout the 90 km length extending from Renda to Kasu. The southeastern 10 km segment of the earthquake rupture overlapped that of the [[1923 Kasu earthquake]],<ref name="USGS">{{cite web |title=M 7.0 - 184 km NW of Kangding, China |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem911322/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov |publisher=USGS |access-date=2 July 2021}}</ref> another {{M|s}} 7.3 earthquake on the Xianshuihe Fault.<ref name="Allen" /><ref name="Jianbing" />
The [[Xianshuihe fault system]] is a 1,400-km-long active left-lateral strike-slip fault that accommodate the strike-slip motion in the Tibetan Plateau. The fault is one of the largest active intracontinental geological structure in the world. Beginning in 1893, at least 350 km of the fault length has ruptured in large successive earthquakes with magnitudes 6.5 or larger.<ref name="Papadimitriou">{{cite journal |author1=Eleftheria Papadimitriou |author2=Xueze Wen |author3=Vassilios Karakostas |author4=Xueshen Jin |title=Earthquake Triggering along the Xianshuihe Fault Zone of Western Sichuan, China |journal=Pure and Applied Geophysics |date=2004 |volume=161 |pages=1683–1707 |doi=10.1007/s00024-003-2471-4}}</ref> Going back to the year 1700 to present-day, the fault has ruptured its entire 1,400 km length during large earthquakes.<ref name="Mingkun">{{cite journal |author1=Mingkun Bai |author2=Marie-Luce Chevalier |author3=Jiawei Pan |author4=Anne Replumaz |author5=Philippe Hervé Leloup |author6=Marianne Métois |author7=Haibing Li |title=Southeastward increase of the late Quaternary slip-rate of the Xianshuihe fault, eastern Tibet. Geodynamic and seismic hazard implications |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |date=2018 |volume=485 |pages=19-31 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2017.12.045}}</ref>
===Characteristics===
Initially, the earthquake registered 7.9 on the Chinese [[surface wave magnitude scale]] but further analysis and recalculation of the event brought the final revision to magnitude 7.6.<ref name="Allen">{{cite journal |author1=Clarence R. Allen |author2=Luo Zhuoli |author3=Qian Hong |author4=Wen Xueze |author5=Zhou Huawei |author6=Huang Weishi |title=Segmentation and Recent rupture history of the Xianshuihe Fault, Southwestern China |journal=U.S. Geological Survey open-file report |date=1989 |issue=89-315 |page=10-30 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/53858/ |access-date=2 July 2021 |series=Fault segmentation and controls of rupture initiation and termination.}}</ref> This event was the result of pure left-lateral slip on the Luhou segment of the [[Xianshuihe fault system]]. During the earthquake of 1973, the Xianshuihe fault ruptured for a length of 90 km and produced a maximum slip of 3.8 meters in the shallow 0 to 5 km section of the rupture zone.<ref name="Jianbing">{{cite journal |author1=Yang Jianbing |author2=Zhao Bin |author3=Du Ruilin |author4=Yu Jiansheng |author5=Wang Dongzhen |title=1923年仁达地震与1973年炉霍地震的破裂模型及触发关系研究 |journal=Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics |date=2020 |volume=40 |issue=8 |page=783-789 |doi=10.14075/j.jgg.2020.08.003 |url=http://html.rhhz.net/DDCLYDQDLX/html/12179.htm |access-date=2 July 2021 |trans-title=Research on the Rupture Model and Trigger Relationship of Renda Earthquake in 1923 and Luhuo Earthquake in 1973 |language=Chinese}}</ref><ref name=Zhou_etal_1983>{{Cite journal|last=Hui-lan Zhou, Clarence R. Allen, and Hiroo Kanamori|title=Rupture complexity of the 1970 Tonghai and 1973 Luhuo earthquakes, China, from P-wave inversion, and relationship to surface faulting|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/49194/1/1585.full.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|volume=73}}</ref> [[Surface ruptures]] were well documented by scientists throughout the 90 km length extending from Renda to Kasu. The southeastern 10 km segment of the earthquake rupture overlapped that of the [[1923 Kasu earthquake]],<ref name="USGS">{{cite web |title=M 7.0 - 184 km NW of Kangding, China |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem911322/executive |website=earthquake.usgs.gov |publisher=USGS |access-date=2 July 2021}}</ref> another {{M|s}} 7.3 earthquake on the Xianshuihe Fault.<ref name="Allen" /><ref name="Jianbing" />

The Luhuo segment of the Xianshuihe fault system was also the source of a magnitude 7.5 earthquake in 1816. Field research through trenching at the Luhuo segment however, revealed a record of earthquake history on the fault in the past 3,000 years. The first event identified in the exposed strata layers corresponded to the year 769 BC. Five additional events were also identified to have occurred in the years 318–545 AD, 677–833 AD, and 1008–1444 AD. A recurrence interval has been calculated at between 157 to 1,200 years.<ref name="Mingjian">{{cite journal |author1=Mingjian Liang |author2=Lichun Chen |author3=Yongkang Ran |author4=Yanbao Li |author5=Shuaipo Gao |author6=Mingming Han |author7=Lili Lu |title=Abnormal Accelerating Stress Release Behavior on the Luhuo Segment of the Xianshuihe Fault, Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau, During the Past 3000 Years |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |date=2020 |volume=8:274 |doi=10.3389/feart.2020.00274}}</ref>


==Impact==
==Impact==

Revision as of 14:00, 19 July 2021

1973 Luhuo earthquake
1973 Luhuo earthquake is located in Sichuan
1973 Luhuo earthquake
UTC time1973-02-06 10:37:10
ISC event763709
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local dateFebruary 6, 1973
Local time18:37 CST[1]
Magnitude7.6 Ms[2]
Depth11 km[3]
Epicenter31°23′53″N 100°34′52″E / 31.398°N 100.581°E / 31.398; 100.581
FaultXianshuihe fault system
TypeStrike-slip
Areas affectedChina
Max. intensityX (Extreme)
LandslidesYes
Casualties2,199 dead, 2,743 injured[1]

The 1973 Luhuo earthquake struck near the town of Zhaggo in the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, China on February 6 with a magnitude of 7.6 Ms. The earthquake had a maximum intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale, resulting in 2,199 deaths and a further 2,743 injuries in the Sichuan.[4][1] Serious and widespread destruction to villages were reported in Luhuo County as a result of the earthquake.

Tectonic setting

Western Sichuan is situated at the edge of the Tibetan Plateau in a vast zone of complex continental deformation caused by the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate. As the thrusting of the Indian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate along the Himalayas continues, the continental crust within the Eurasian Plate is actively uplifted and thickened, forming the Tibetan Plateau. As there are no active thrust structures within the plateau, compression is accommodated by strike-slip motion along large structures including the Altyn Tagh Fault, Kunlun Fault, Haiyuan Fault and Xianshuihe fault system. Left-lateral strike-slip motion squeezes the crustal blocks of the Tibetan Plateau outwards, forcing it to move eastwards. Meanwhile, the strike-slip motion also results in east-west extension of the plateau, causing normal faults to break within the thickened crust.[5][6]

Earthquake

The Xianshuihe fault system is a 1,400-km-long active left-lateral strike-slip fault that accommodate the strike-slip motion in the Tibetan Plateau. The fault is one of the largest active intracontinental geological structure in the world. Beginning in 1893, at least 350 km of the fault length has ruptured in large successive earthquakes with magnitudes 6.5 or larger.[7] Going back to the year 1700 to present-day, the fault has ruptured its entire 1,400 km length during large earthquakes.[8]

Characteristics

Initially, the earthquake registered 7.9 on the Chinese surface wave magnitude scale but further analysis and recalculation of the event brought the final revision to magnitude 7.6.[9] This event was the result of pure left-lateral slip on the Luhou segment of the Xianshuihe fault system. During the earthquake of 1973, the Xianshuihe fault ruptured for a length of 90 km and produced a maximum slip of 3.8 meters in the shallow 0 to 5 km section of the rupture zone.[10][2] Surface ruptures were well documented by scientists throughout the 90 km length extending from Renda to Kasu. The southeastern 10 km segment of the earthquake rupture overlapped that of the 1923 Kasu earthquake,[11] another Ms  7.3 earthquake on the Xianshuihe Fault.[9][10]

The Luhuo segment of the Xianshuihe fault system was also the source of a magnitude 7.5 earthquake in 1816. Field research through trenching at the Luhuo segment however, revealed a record of earthquake history on the fault in the past 3,000 years. The first event identified in the exposed strata layers corresponded to the year 769 BC. Five additional events were also identified to have occurred in the years 318–545 AD, 677–833 AD, and 1008–1444 AD. A recurrence interval has been calculated at between 157 to 1,200 years.[12]

Impact

The earthquake caused extensive destruction throughout the 90 km of rupture.[9] Almost all the homes near or in the path of the rupture were completely destroyed, amounting to at least 15,700.[13][14] An estimated 2,867 buildings were also heavily damaged. Across two twns in Luhuo County, 4,600 of the 5,000 homes collapsed while another 880 suffered serious damage. A further 90 sustained cracks. China National Highway 318 or the Sichuan-Tibet highway was damaged by rockfalls, landslides and ground cracks at 17 locations. Other roads, bridges and telecommunication systems were damaged or disrupted as well. Some 40,427 livestock died and 2.01 million kilograms of food were lost in the disaster.[14]

The earthquake also triggered 40 to 50 landslides in the Xianshui River valley.[15] Nearly all recorded landslide features were distributed within a 70 km by 2 km, or 409 km² area within the valley.[3] Field surveys observed 137 landslides all within the zone of VIII or greater.[3]

Casualties

The earthquake claimed the lives of anywhere between 2,175 to 2,204 people in Sichuan Province. It also left 43 orphans in the aftermath.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Utsu, T. "Search Page". Catalog of Damaging Earthquakes in the World (Through 2008). Retrieved June 3, 2010.
  2. ^ a b Hui-lan Zhou, Clarence R. Allen, and Hiroo Kanamori. "Rupture complexity of the 1970 Tonghai and 1973 Luhuo earthquakes, China, from P-wave inversion, and relationship to surface faulting" (PDF). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 73.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b c X. L. Chen; Q. Zhou; H. Ran; R. Dong (2012). "Earthquake-triggered landslides in southwest China". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 12 (2): 351-363. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  4. ^ "Significant Earthquake CHINA: SICHUAN PROVINCE". NOAA NCEI. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  5. ^ J. R. Elliott, R. J. Walters, P. C. England, J. A. Jackson, Z. Li, B. Parsons (2010). "Extension on the Tibetan plateau: recent normal faulting measured by InSAR and body wave seismology". Geophysical Journal International. 183 (2): 503–535. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04754.x. Retrieved 19 July 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Weijun Gan; Peizhen Zhang; Zheng-Kang Shen; Zhijun Niu; Min Wang; Yongge Wan; Demin Zhou; Jia Cheng (2007). "Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 112 (B8). American Geophysical Union. doi:10.1029/2005JB004120.
  7. ^ Eleftheria Papadimitriou; Xueze Wen; Vassilios Karakostas; Xueshen Jin (2004). "Earthquake Triggering along the Xianshuihe Fault Zone of Western Sichuan, China". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 161: 1683–1707. doi:10.1007/s00024-003-2471-4.
  8. ^ Mingkun Bai; Marie-Luce Chevalier; Jiawei Pan; Anne Replumaz; Philippe Hervé Leloup; Marianne Métois; Haibing Li (2018). "Southeastward increase of the late Quaternary slip-rate of the Xianshuihe fault, eastern Tibet. Geodynamic and seismic hazard implications". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 485: 19–31. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2017.12.045.
  9. ^ a b c Clarence R. Allen; Luo Zhuoli; Qian Hong; Wen Xueze; Zhou Huawei; Huang Weishi (1989). "Segmentation and Recent rupture history of the Xianshuihe Fault, Southwestern China". U.S. Geological Survey open-file report. Fault segmentation and controls of rupture initiation and termination. (89–315): 10-30. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  10. ^ a b Yang Jianbing; Zhao Bin; Du Ruilin; Yu Jiansheng; Wang Dongzhen (2020). "1923年仁达地震与1973年炉霍地震的破裂模型及触发关系研究" [Research on the Rupture Model and Trigger Relationship of Renda Earthquake in 1923 and Luhuo Earthquake in 1973]. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics (in Chinese). 40 (8): 783-789. doi:10.14075/j.jgg.2020.08.003. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  11. ^ "M 7.0 - 184 km NW of Kangding, China". earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  12. ^ Mingjian Liang; Lichun Chen; Yongkang Ran; Yanbao Li; Shuaipo Gao; Mingming Han; Lili Lu (2020). "Abnormal Accelerating Stress Release Behavior on the Luhuo Segment of the Xianshuihe Fault, Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau, During the Past 3000 Years". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8:274. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00274.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  13. ^ Li Zhongdong (25 February 2019). "鲜水河断裂带，危险与美景并存之地". 163.com. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  14. ^ a b "1973年炉霍地震". Archived from the original on 2020-02-22. Retrieved 2013-08-13.
  15. ^ "大灾无情！盘点历史上四川发生的10余次7级以上地震". chengdumingxiao.com. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  16. ^ Yang Yanyu, ed. (6 February 2013). "四川炉霍40年从地震废墟上崛起". China News. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
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