Amphipithecidae: Difference between revisions
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The '''Amphipithecidae''' were [[simian]] [[primate]]s that lived in Late [[Eocene]] and [[Rupelian|Early Oligocene]]. Fossils have been found in [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=" |
The '''Amphipithecidae''' were [[simian]] [[primate]]s that lived in Late [[Eocene]] and [[Rupelian|Early Oligocene]]. Fossils have been found in [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], and [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Beard2009">{{cite journal| title = A new primate from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar and the monophyly of Burmese amphipithecids| first1=K. Christopher | last1=Beard | first2=Laurent | last2=Marivaux | journal = [[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]]| date = July 2009 | volume = 276| issue=1671 | pages = 3285–3294 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0836| pmid=19570790 | pmc=2817178 }}</ref> The limited fossil evidence is consistent with, but not exclusive to, arboreal quadrupedalism. In other words, the species may have moved about in trees on four legs, but not with regular leaping as seen in later simians.<ref name="Kay2004">{{cite journal| title = The paleobiology of Amphipithecidae, South Asian late Eocene primates| first1=RF | last1=Kay | first2=D | last2=Schmitt | journal = Journal of Human Evolution| pmid = 14698683| date = January 2004 | volume = 46 | issue = 1| pages = 3–25 | doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.09.009}}</ref> |
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What little is known suggests that they are neither [[Adapiformes|adapiform]] nor [[Omomyidae|omomyid]] primates, two of the earliest primate groups to appear in the fossil record. Deep mandibles and mandibular molars with low, broad crowns suggest they are [[simian]]s, a group that includes monkeys, apes, and humans, but are not within the two major extant groups of simians, the [[Catarrhini]] and [[Platyrrhini]].<ref name="Beard2009" /> Most scholars place them in the [[simian]]s.<ref name="Chaimanee_etal2000">{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.97.8.4102|title=A lower jaw of Pondaungia cotteri from the Late Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation (Myanmar) confirms its anthropoid status|year=2000|last1=Chaimanee|first1=Y.|last2=Thein|first2=T.|last3=Ducrocq|first3=S.|last4=Soe|first4=A. N.|last5=Benammi|first5=M.|last6=Tun|first6=T.|last7=Lwin|first7=T.|last8=Wai|first8=S.|last9=Jaeger|first9=J.-J.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=97|issue=8|pages=4102–4105|pmid=10760279|pmc=18163|bibcode=2000PNAS...97.4102C}}</ref><ref name="Marivaux_etal2003">{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.2332542100|title=The anthropoid status of a primate from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation (Central Myanmar): Tarsal evidence|year=2003|last1=Marivaux|first1=L.|last2=Chaimanee|first2=Y.|last3=Ducrocq|first3=S.|last4=Marandat|first4=B.|last5=Sudre|first5=J.|last6=Soe|first6=A. N.|last7=Tun|first7=S. T.|last8=Htoon|first8=W.|last9=Jaeger|first9=J.-J.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=100|issue=23|pages=13173–13178|pmid=14595009|pmc=263736|bibcode=2003PNAS..10013173M}}</ref><ref name="Jaeger_etal2004">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2004.05.003|title=Systematics and paleobiology of the anthropoid primate Pondaungia from the late Middle Eocene of Myanmar|year=2004|last1=Jaeger|first1=Jean-Jacques|last2=Chaimanee|first2=Yaowalak|last3=Tafforeau|first3=Paul|last4=Ducrocq|first4=Stéphane|last5=Soe|first5=Aung Naing|last6=Marivaux|first6=Laurent|last7=Sudre|first7=Jean|last8=Tun|first8=Soe Thura|last9=Htoon|first9=Wanna|last10=Marandat|first10=Bernard|journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol|volume=3|issue=4|pages=243–255}}</ref><ref name="Beard_etal2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.2992/0145-9058(2007)39[67:NSPFTE]2.0.CO;2|issn=0145-9058|year=2007|volume=39|page=67|title=New sivaladapid primates from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar and the anthropoid status of Amphipithecidae|last1=Beard|first1=K. Christopher|last2=Marivaux|first2=Laurent|last3=Tun|first3=Soe Thura|last4=Soe|first4=Aung Naing|last5=Chaimanee|first5=Yaowalak|last6=Htoon|first6=Wanna|last7=Marandat|first7=Bernard|last8=Aung|first8=Htun Htun|last9=Jaeger|first9=Jean-Jacques|journal=Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History}}</ref><ref name="Bajpal_etal2008">{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0804159105|title=The oldest Asian record of Anthropoidea|year=2008|last1=Bajpai|first1=S.|last2=Kay|first2=R. F.|last3=Williams|first3=B. A.|last4=Das|first4=D. P.|last5=Kapur|first5=V. V.|last6=Tiwari|first6=B. N.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=105|issue=32|pages=11093–11098|pmid=18685095|pmc=2516236|bibcode=2008PNAS..10511093B}}</ref><ref name="Rose_etal2009">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.008|title=Early Eocene primates from Gujarat, India|year=2009|last1=Rose|first1=Kenneth D.|last2=Rana|first2=Rajendra S.|last3=Sahni|first3=Ashok|last4=Kumar|first4=Kishor|last5=Missiaen|first5=Pieter|last6=Singh|first6=Lachham|last7=Smith|first7=Thierry|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=56|issue=4|pages=366–404|pmid=19303624}}</ref> However, some scholars suggest that their similarities to simians is the result of [[convergent evolution]] and that they should instead be considered [[Adapiformes]].<ref name="Beard2009" /> |
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What little is known suggests that they are neither [[Adapiformes|adapiform]] nor [[Omomyidae|omomyid]] primates, two of the earliest primate groups to appear in the fossil record. Deep mandibles and mandibular molars with low, broad crowns suggest they are [[simian]]s, a group that includes monkeys, apes, and humans, but are not within the two major extant groups of simians, the [[Catarrhini]] and [[Platyrrhini]]. Most scholars place them in the [[simian]]s<ref>Chaimanee et al. 2000a, Marivaux et al. 2003, Jaeger et al. 2004, Beard et al. 2007, Bajpal et al. 2008, Rose et al. 2009</ref>{{full citation needed|date=May 2020}}. However, some scholars (such as Ciochon, Holdroyd and Gunnell){{full citation needed|date=May 2020}} suggest that their similarities to simians is the result of [[convergent evolution]] and that they should instead be considered [[Adapiformes]].<ref name="Beard" /> |
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According to Beard et al., ''[[Siamopithecus]]'' is the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] form of amphipithecid.<ref name=" |
According to Beard et al., ''[[Siamopithecus]]'' is the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] form of amphipithecid.<ref name="Beard2009" /> |
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They vary in size from 6–7 kg (''Siamopithecus'' and ''[[Pondaungia]]''), to 1–2 kg (''[[Myanmarpithecus]]''), with ''[[Bugtipithecus]]'' being even smaller.<ref name=" |
They vary in size from 6–7 kg (''Siamopithecus'' and ''[[Pondaungia]]''), to 1–2 kg (''[[Myanmarpithecus]]''), with ''[[Bugtipithecus]]'' being even smaller.<ref name="Marivaux2005">{{cite journal| title = Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): Data on early anthropoid evolution and biogeography| first1=Laurent | last1=Marivaux | first2=Pierre-Olivier | last2=Antoine | first3=Rafiqul Hassan Syed| last3=Baqri| first4=Mouloud | last4=Benammi | |
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first5=Yaowalak | last5=Chaimaneet | first6=Jean-Yves | last6=Crochet | first7=Dario | last7=de Franceschi| first8=Nayyer | last8=Iqbal | first9=Jean-Jacques | last9=Jaeger | first10=Gregoire | last10=Metais†† | first11=Ghazala | last11=Roohi| first12=Jean-Loup | last12=Welcomme| journal = [[PNAS]]| date = June 2005 | volume = 102| pages = 8436–41 | issue = 24| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0503469102| pmc = 1150860| pmid=15937103| bibcode=2005PNAS..102.8436M }}</ref> A number of scholars speculate that the teeth and jaws of the larger Amphipithecidae indicate that they fed on seeds and fruit with hard exteriors, whilst smaller species such as ''Myanmarpithecus'' ate soft fruit.<ref name="CiochonGunnell2004">{{cite book |last1=Ciochon |first1=R. L. |last2=Gunnell | first2=G. F. |year=2004 |chapter=Eocene large-bodied primates of Myanmar and Thailand: morphological considerations and phylogenetic affinities |title=Anthropoid origins: new visions |editor-last1=Ross |editor-first1=C. F. |editor-last2=Kay |editor-first2=R. F. |pages=249–282 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Kluwer |isbn=9781461347002}}</ref><ref name="Kay2004" /> |
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''Pondaungia'' and ''Amphipithecus'' are now considered by scholars to be part of the same |
''Pondaungia'' and ''Amphipithecus'' are now considered by scholars to be part of the same genus.<ref name="Jaeger_etal2004" /><ref name="Beard2009" /> |
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==Species== |
==Species== |
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''[[Amphipithecus mogaungensis]]'' |
*''[[Amphipithecus mogaungensis]]'' |
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''Bugtipithecus inexpectans'' |
*''[[Bugtipithecus inexpectans]]'' |
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''[[Ganlea megacanina]]'' |
*''[[Ganlea megacanina]]'' |
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''Myanmarpithecus yarshensis'' |
*''[[Myanmarpithecus yarshensis]]'' |
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'' |
*''[[Pondaungia cotteri]]'' |
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''Siamopithecus eocaenus'' |
*''[[Siamopithecus eocaenus]]'' |
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==Discoveries== |
==Discoveries== |
||
When fossil hunter [[Barnum Brown]] was prospecting along areas of Pondaung [[Sandstone]] in [[Myanmar]] in 1923, he discovered a mandible with three teeth (''Amphipithecus mogaungensis''). He did not recognise the significance of his find until 14 years later, when [[Edwin H. Colbert]] identified the fossil as a new species of primate and the earliest known simian.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ciochon |first=R. L. |author-link=Russell Ciochon | year = 1985 | title = Fossil ancestors of Burma | journal = Natural History | volume = 94 | issue = 10 | page = 26 |
When fossil hunter [[Barnum Brown]] was prospecting along areas of Pondaung [[Sandstone]] in [[Myanmar]] in 1923, he discovered a mandible with three teeth (''Amphipithecus mogaungensis''). He did not recognise the significance of his find until 14 years later, when [[Edwin H. Colbert]] identified the fossil as a new species of primate and the earliest known simian.<ref name="Ciochon1985">{{cite journal |last=Ciochon |first=R. L. |author-link=Russell Ciochon | year = 1985 | title = Fossil ancestors of Burma | journal = Natural History | volume = 94 | issue = 10 | page = 26}}</ref> |
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In May 2005, the discovery of dozens of new primate fossils, mainly single teeth, in the [[Bugti Hills]] of [[Pakistan]], was announced. They were recognised as belonging to three new species, including ''Bugtipithecus inexpectans'', dated back to the [[Oligocene]] some 30 million years ago. (The other new species were in the [[Eosimiidae]] family).<ref name=" |
In May 2005, the discovery of dozens of new primate fossils, mainly single teeth, in the [[Bugti Hills]] of [[Pakistan]], was announced. They were recognised as belonging to three new species, including ''Bugtipithecus inexpectans'', dated back to the [[Oligocene]] some 30 million years ago. (The other new species were in the [[Eosimiidae]] family).<ref name="Marivaux2005" /> |
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In July 2009, the discovery of ''Ganlea megacanina ''in the late-middle Eocene Pondaung Formation in central [[Myanmar]] was announced. It is smaller than ''Pondaungia'', but larger than ''Myanmarpithecus''. Its robust dentary includes a notably large lower [[canine tooth]], but it had tiny [[incisor]]s.<ref name=" |
In July 2009, the discovery of ''Ganlea megacanina ''in the late-middle Eocene Pondaung Formation in central [[Myanmar]] was announced. It is smaller than ''Pondaungia'', but larger than ''Myanmarpithecus''. Its robust dentary includes a notably large lower [[canine tooth]], but it had tiny [[incisor]]s.<ref name="Beard2009" /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 11:37, 10 August 2021
| Amphipithecidae Temporal range: Late Eocene / Early Oligocene
| |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | †Amphipithecidae |
The Amphipithecidae were simian primates that lived in Late Eocene and Early Oligocene. Fossils have been found in Myanmar, Thailand, and Pakistan.[1] The limited fossil evidence is consistent with, but not exclusive to, arboreal quadrupedalism. In other words, the species may have moved about in trees on four legs, but not with regular leaping as seen in later simians.[2]
What little is known suggests that they are neither adapiform nor omomyid primates, two of the earliest primate groups to appear in the fossil record. Deep mandibles and mandibular molars with low, broad crowns suggest they are simians, a group that includes monkeys, apes, and humans, but are not within the two major extant groups of simians, the Catarrhini and Platyrrhini.[1] Most scholars place them in the simians.[3][4][5][6][7][8] However, some scholars suggest that their similarities to simians is the result of convergent evolution and that they should instead be considered Adapiformes.[1]
According to Beard et al., Siamopithecus is the most basal form of amphipithecid.[1]
They vary in size from 6–7 kg (Siamopithecus and Pondaungia), to 1–2 kg (Myanmarpithecus), with Bugtipithecus being even smaller.[9] A number of scholars speculate that the teeth and jaws of the larger Amphipithecidae indicate that they fed on seeds and fruit with hard exteriors, whilst smaller species such as Myanmarpithecus ate soft fruit.[10][2]
Pondaungia and Amphipithecus are now considered by scholars to be part of the same genus.[5][1]
Species
- Amphipithecus mogaungensis
- Bugtipithecus inexpectans
- Ganlea megacanina
- Myanmarpithecus yarshensis
- Pondaungia cotteri
- Siamopithecus eocaenus
Discoveries
When fossil hunter Barnum Brown was prospecting along areas of Pondaung Sandstone in Myanmar in 1923, he discovered a mandible with three teeth (Amphipithecus mogaungensis). He did not recognise the significance of his find until 14 years later, when Edwin H. Colbert identified the fossil as a new species of primate and the earliest known simian.[11]
In May 2005, the discovery of dozens of new primate fossils, mainly single teeth, in the Bugti Hills of Pakistan, was announced. They were recognised as belonging to three new species, including Bugtipithecus inexpectans, dated back to the Oligocene some 30 million years ago. (The other new species were in the Eosimiidae family).[9]
In July 2009, the discovery of Ganlea megacanina in the late-middle Eocene Pondaung Formation in central Myanmar was announced. It is smaller than Pondaungia, but larger than Myanmarpithecus. Its robust dentary includes a notably large lower canine tooth, but it had tiny incisors.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Beard, K. Christopher; Marivaux, Laurent (July 2009). "A new primate from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar and the monophyly of Burmese amphipithecids". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276 (1671): 3285–3294. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0836. PMC 2817178. PMID 19570790.
- ^ a b Kay, RF; Schmitt, D (January 2004). "The paleobiology of Amphipithecidae, South Asian late Eocene primates". Journal of Human Evolution. 46 (1): 3–25. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.09.009. PMID 14698683.
- ^ Chaimanee, Y.; Thein, T.; Ducrocq, S.; Soe, A. N.; Benammi, M.; Tun, T.; Lwin, T.; Wai, S.; Jaeger, J.-J. (2000). "A lower jaw of Pondaungia cotteri from the Late Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation (Myanmar) confirms its anthropoid status". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (8): 4102–4105. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.4102C. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.8.4102. PMC 18163. PMID 10760279.
- ^ Marivaux, L.; Chaimanee, Y.; Ducrocq, S.; Marandat, B.; Sudre, J.; Soe, A. N.; Tun, S. T.; Htoon, W.; Jaeger, J.-J. (2003). "The anthropoid status of a primate from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation (Central Myanmar): Tarsal evidence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (23): 13173–13178. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10013173M. doi:10.1073/pnas.2332542100. PMC 263736. PMID 14595009.
- ^ a b Jaeger, Jean-Jacques; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Tafforeau, Paul; Ducrocq, Stéphane; Soe, Aung Naing; Marivaux, Laurent; Sudre, Jean; Tun, Soe Thura; Htoon, Wanna; Marandat, Bernard (2004). "Systematics and paleobiology of the anthropoid primate Pondaungia from the late Middle Eocene of Myanmar". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 3 (4): 243–255. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.05.003.
- ^ Beard, K. Christopher; Marivaux, Laurent; Tun, Soe Thura; Soe, Aung Naing; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Htoon, Wanna; Marandat, Bernard; Aung, Htun Htun; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2007). "New sivaladapid primates from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar and the anthropoid status of Amphipithecidae". Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 39: 67. doi:10.2992/0145-9058(2007)39[67:NSPFTE]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0145-9058.
- ^ Bajpai, S.; Kay, R. F.; Williams, B. A.; Das, D. P.; Kapur, V. V.; Tiwari, B. N. (2008). "The oldest Asian record of Anthropoidea". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (32): 11093–11098. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511093B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804159105. PMC 2516236. PMID 18685095.
- ^ Rose, Kenneth D.; Rana, Rajendra S.; Sahni, Ashok; Kumar, Kishor; Missiaen, Pieter; Singh, Lachham; Smith, Thierry (2009). "Early Eocene primates from Gujarat, India". Journal of Human Evolution. 56 (4): 366–404. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.008. PMID 19303624.
- ^ a b Marivaux, Laurent; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Baqri, Rafiqul Hassan Syed; Benammi, Mouloud; Chaimaneet, Yaowalak; Crochet, Jean-Yves; de Franceschi, Dario; Iqbal, Nayyer; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques; Metais††, Gregoire; Roohi, Ghazala; Welcomme, Jean-Loup (June 2005). "Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): Data on early anthropoid evolution and biogeography". PNAS. 102 (24): 8436–41. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.8436M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503469102. PMC 1150860. PMID 15937103.
- ^ Ciochon, R. L.; Gunnell, G. F. (2004). "Eocene large-bodied primates of Myanmar and Thailand: morphological considerations and phylogenetic affinities". In Ross, C. F.; Kay, R. F. (eds.). Anthropoid origins: new visions. New York, NY: Kluwer. pp. 249–282. ISBN 9781461347002.
- ^ Ciochon, R. L. (1985). "Fossil ancestors of Burma". Natural History. 94 (10): 26.
