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'''''Iguanacolossus''''' (meaning "Iguana Colossus" or "Colossal Iguana") is a [[genus]] of [[iguanodontian]] [[ornithopod]] [[dinosaur]] that lived in [[North America]] during the [[Early Cretaceous]] period. It is known from UMNH VP 20205, the associated [[holotype]] with a large partial [[skeleton]] of a single individual.<ref name="McDonald">{{cite journal|last1=McDonald|first1=A. T.|last2=Kirkland|first2=J. I.|last3=DeBlieux|first3=D. D.|last4=Madsen|first4=S. K.|last5=Cavin|first5=J.|last6=Milner|first6=A. R. C.|last7=Panzarin|first7=L.|date=2010|title=New Basal Iguanodonts from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs |
'''''Iguanacolossus''''' (meaning "Iguana Colossus" or "Colossal Iguana") is a [[genus]] of [[iguanodontian]] [[ornithopod]] [[dinosaur]] that lived in [[North America]] during the [[Early Cretaceous]] period. It is known from UMNH VP 20205, the associated [[holotype]] with a large partial [[skeleton]] of a single individual.<ref name="McDonald">{{cite journal|last1=McDonald|first1=A. T.|last2=Kirkland|first2=J. I.|last3=DeBlieux|first3=D. D.|last4=Madsen|first4=S. K.|last5=Cavin|first5=J.|last6=Milner|first6=A. R. C.|last7=Panzarin|first7=L.|date=2010|title=New Basal Iguanodonts from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=5|issue=11|pages=e14075|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0014075|doi-access=free|pmid=21124919|pmc=2989904|bibcode=2010PLoSO...514075M}}</ref> |
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==Discovery and naming== |
==Discovery and naming== |
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==Paleoecology== |
==Paleoecology== |
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[[File:Cedar Mountain Formation Yellow Cat Fauna.png|thumb|left|''Iguanacolossus'' compared to the fauna of the Yellow Cat Member from the Cedar Mountain Formation (''Iguanacolossus'' in green)]] |
[[File:Cedar Mountain Formation Yellow Cat Fauna.png|thumb|left|''Iguanacolossus'' compared to the fauna of the Yellow Cat Member from the Cedar Mountain Formation (''Iguanacolossus'' in green)]] |
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''Iguanacolossus'' was recovered in the Yellow Cat Member from the Cedar Mountain Formation. However, this Member is divided in two beds: Upper and Lower Yellow Cat; ''Iguanacolossus'' was unearthed from the Lower bed, where it shared its environment with [[Theropods]]: ''[[Falcarius]]'', ''[[Geminiraptor]]'' and ''[[Yurgovuchia]]''. The [[sauropod]] ''[[Mierasaurus]]'' and the [[turtle]] [[Naomichelys]].<ref name=Kirkland2016>{{cite journal|first1=J.I.|last1=Kirkland|date=December 1, 2016|title=The Lower Cretaceous in East-Central Utah—The Cedar Mountain Formation and its Bounding Strata| journal=Geology of the Intermoutain West|volume=3|pages=1–130|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ |
''Iguanacolossus'' was recovered in the Yellow Cat Member from the Cedar Mountain Formation. However, this Member is divided in two beds: Upper and Lower Yellow Cat; ''Iguanacolossus'' was unearthed from the Lower bed, where it shared its environment with [[Theropods]]: ''[[Falcarius]]'', ''[[Geminiraptor]]'' and ''[[Yurgovuchia]]''. The [[sauropod]] ''[[Mierasaurus]]'' and the [[turtle]] [[Naomichelys]].<ref name=Kirkland2016>{{cite journal|first1=J.I.|last1=Kirkland|date=December 1, 2016|title=The Lower Cretaceous in East-Central Utah—The Cedar Mountain Formation and its Bounding Strata| journal=Geology of the Intermoutain West|volume=3|pages=1–130|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312190529}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Paul|first=Gregory S.|title=The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=9780691167664|pages=151, 163, 229, 252, 314, 319, 326, 327|edition=2nd}}</ref> There are also indeterminate [[Goniopholidids]] crocodiles known from the Lower Yellow Cat.<ref name=Kirkland2016/> |
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The other [[Fauna|paleofauna]] is from the Upper Yellow Cat, which includes: ''[[Aquatilavipes]]''; Sauropods: ''[[Cedarosaurus]]'' and ''[[Moabosaurus]]''; Iguanodontians: ''[[Cedrorestes]]'' and ''[[Hippodraco]]''; Theropods: ''[[Martharaptor]]'' and ''[[Utahraptor]]''; the [[nodosaurid]] ''[[Gastonia (dinosaur)|Gastonia]]''; Turtles: ''[[Glyptops]]'' and ''[[Trinitichelys]]''; [[Fish]]: ''[[Ceratodus]]'', ''[[Semionotus]]'' and indeterminate remains of ''[[Hybodontids]]'' and ''[[Polyacrodontids]]'' [[sharks]].<ref name=Kirkland2016/> Lastly, the [[mammal]] ''[[Cifelliodon]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=A.|last1=Huttenlocker|first2=D. M.|last2=Grossnickle|first3=J. I.|last3=Kirkland|first4=J. A.|last4=Schultz|first5=Z. X.|last5=Luo|year=2018|title=Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana| journal=Nature|volume=558|issue=7708|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y|issn=1476-4687|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ |
The other [[Fauna|paleofauna]] is from the Upper Yellow Cat, which includes: ''[[Aquatilavipes]]''; Sauropods: ''[[Cedarosaurus]]'' and ''[[Moabosaurus]]''; Iguanodontians: ''[[Cedrorestes]]'' and ''[[Hippodraco]]''; Theropods: ''[[Martharaptor]]'' and ''[[Utahraptor]]''; the [[nodosaurid]] ''[[Gastonia (dinosaur)|Gastonia]]''; Turtles: ''[[Glyptops]]'' and ''[[Trinitichelys]]''; [[Fish]]: ''[[Ceratodus]]'', ''[[Semionotus]]'' and indeterminate remains of ''[[Hybodontids]]'' and ''[[Polyacrodontids]]'' [[sharks]].<ref name=Kirkland2016/> Lastly, the [[mammal]] ''[[Cifelliodon]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=A.|last1=Huttenlocker|first2=D. M.|last2=Grossnickle|first3=J. I.|last3=Kirkland|first4=J. A.|last4=Schultz|first5=Z. X.|last5=Luo|year=2018|title=Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana| journal=Nature|volume=558|issue=7708|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y|issn=1476-4687|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325342203|pmid=29795343|bibcode=2018Natur.558..108H|pages=108–112|doi-access=free}}</ref> Additional unnamed genera is known from this bed: U. Sail-backed Iguanodont,<ref>{{cite journal|first1=R. A.|last1=Scheetz|first2=B. B.|last2=Britt|first3=J.|last3=Higgerson|year=2010|title=A large, tall-spined iguanodontid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Early Albian) basal Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah| journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=30|pages=158A}}</ref> U. Eudromaeosaur and Velociraptorine,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Senter | first1 = P. | last2 = Kirkland | first2 = J. I. | last3 = Deblieux | first3 = D. D. | last4 = Madsen | first4 = S. | last5 = Toth | first5 = N. | editor1-last = Dodson | editor1-first = Peter | title = New Dromaeosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah, and the Evolution of the Dromaeosaurid Tail | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0036790 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = e36790 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22615813| pmc = 3352940| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...736790S | doi-access = free }}</ref> U. Goniopholidids, U. Mesoeucrocodylian<ref name=Kirkland2016/> and U. Neochoristodere.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Britt|first1=B. B.|last2=Scheetz|first2=R. D.|last3=Brinkman|first3=D. B.|last4=Eberth|first4=D. A.|date=2006|title=A Barremian neochoristodere from the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, U.S.A.|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=26|issue=4|pages=1005–1008|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[1005:ABNFTC]2.0.CO;2|url=https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-vertebrate-paleontology/volume-26/issue-4/0272-4634(2006)26[1005:ABNFTC]2.0.CO;2/A-BARREMIAN-NEOCHORISTODERE-FROM-THE-CEDAR-MOUNTAIN-FORMATION-UTAH-USA/10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[1005:ABNFTC]2.0.CO;2.pdf}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 02:08, 3 September 2021
| Iguanacolossus Temporal range: Lower Cretaceous,
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|---|---|
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| Diagram showing the known fossil elements | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Clade: | †Ornithischia |
| Clade: | †Ornithopoda |
| Clade: | †Styracosterna |
| Genus: | †Iguanacolossus McDonald et al., 2010 |
| Type species | |
| †Iguanacolossus fortis McDonald et al., 2010
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Iguanacolossus (meaning "Iguana Colossus" or "Colossal Iguana") is a genus of iguanodontian ornithopod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Early Cretaceous period. It is known from UMNH VP 20205, the associated holotype with a large partial skeleton of a single individual.[1]
Discovery and naming
The holotype of Iguanacolossus, UMNH VP 20205, was discovered by Donald D. DeBlieux in 2005, unearthed from the Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah; dating from the Valanginian stage in the Early Cretaceous, it wasn't named and described until 2010 by Andrew T. McDonald, James I. Kirkland, Donald D. DeBlieux, Scott K. Madsen, Jennifer Cavin, Andrew R. C. Milner, and Lukas Panzarin, along with the genus Hippodraco, also from the Cedar Mountain Formation. UMNH VP 20205 is assigned to a single individual, including skull elements: fragmented predentary, partial right maxilla, right squamosal, teeth, right and left quadrates. Body remains compromise: vertebrae (cervical, dorsal and caudal), chevrons, ribs, right scapula, right ilium, right pubis, right metatarsals and left fibula. The generic name, Iguanacolossus, is a combination of the reptile genus "Iguana", and the Latin word "colossus" (meaning colossal and/or giant) in relation to the iconic Iguana-like teeth of iguanodontians and the notorious large body size of the specimen. The specific name, "fortis", means mighty. The binomial means "Mighty Iguana Colossus".[1] Additional findings at the Doelling's Bowl site are currently on revision, compromising mostly juvenile material based on lower jaws and humerus. Other remains include a large femur and pubis.[2]
Description
Iguanacolossus is a large, robust iguanodontid, probably reaching 9 m (30 ft) long, or a size similar to Iguanodon, with an estimated weight between 1 to 4 t (2,204.6 to 8,818.5 lb).[3] Gregory Paul estimated its length at 9 m (30 ft) and its weight at 5 t (11,000 lb).[4][1] According to McDonald and colleagues, Iguanacolossus differs from other iguanodontians in having a contact surface for supraoccipital on caudomedial process of squamosal curved in caudal view, cranial pubic process with concave dorsal margin but little expansion of its cranial end, postorbital process of the squamosal mediolaterally compressed and blade-like, pubis tapers to a blunt point, cranial extremity of preacetabular process of ilium modified into horizontal boot, axial neural spine blade-like and semi-circular in profile, and the dorsal margin of ilium straight.[1]
It had stock metatarsals and a prominent left fibula measuring 63.0 cm (24.8 in). The maxilla preserves 14 alveoli, the presence of two concave surfaces suggest an elliptical and elongate antorbital fossa. Based on comparisons with Camptosaurus and Dakotadon, the two isolated teeth are clasiffied as dentary and maxillary, having a shield-shaped crown and lozenge-shaped crown respectively. The scapular bone is almost complete; a denticle is preserved on the predentary, various vertebrae indicate a very iguanodontian-like body shape, specially dorsal vertebrae. The two right metatarsals are classified as metatarsals III and IV based on Camptosaurus and Iguanodon. The right pubis shows derived and plesiomorphic features, seen on related iguanodontians.[1]
Classification
Iguanacolossus was placed in the Iguanodontia, being a styracosternan, a basal subgroup containing the Hadrosauridae and all dinosaurs more closely related to hadrosaurids than to camptosaurids. Below are the results obtained in the phylogenetic analysis performed by its describers in 2010:[1]
Paleoecology
Iguanacolossus was recovered in the Yellow Cat Member from the Cedar Mountain Formation. However, this Member is divided in two beds: Upper and Lower Yellow Cat; Iguanacolossus was unearthed from the Lower bed, where it shared its environment with Theropods: Falcarius, Geminiraptor and Yurgovuchia. The sauropod Mierasaurus and the turtle Naomichelys.[5][6] There are also indeterminate Goniopholidids crocodiles known from the Lower Yellow Cat.[5]
The other paleofauna is from the Upper Yellow Cat, which includes: Aquatilavipes; Sauropods: Cedarosaurus and Moabosaurus; Iguanodontians: Cedrorestes and Hippodraco; Theropods: Martharaptor and Utahraptor; the nodosaurid Gastonia; Turtles: Glyptops and Trinitichelys; Fish: Ceratodus, Semionotus and indeterminate remains of Hybodontids and Polyacrodontids sharks.[5] Lastly, the mammal Cifelliodon.[7] Additional unnamed genera is known from this bed: U. Sail-backed Iguanodont,[8] U. Eudromaeosaur and Velociraptorine,[9] U. Goniopholidids, U. Mesoeucrocodylian[5] and U. Neochoristodere.[10]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f McDonald, A. T.; Kirkland, J. I.; DeBlieux, D. D.; Madsen, S. K.; Cavin, J.; Milner, A. R. C.; Panzarin, L. (2010). "New Basal Iguanodonts from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs". PLOS ONE. 5 (11): e14075. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...514075M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014075. PMC 2989904. PMID 21124919.
- ^ Kirkland, J. I. (November 22, 2019). "Doelling's Bowl's Iguanocolossus". Twitter.
- ^ Holtz, T. R.; Rey, L. V. (2007). Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages. Random House. Supplementary Information 2012 Weight Information
- ^ Paul, Gregory S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 2nd edition. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 319.
- ^ a b c d Kirkland, J.I. (December 1, 2016). "The Lower Cretaceous in East-Central Utah—The Cedar Mountain Formation and its Bounding Strata". Geology of the Intermoutain West. 3: 1–130.
- ^ Paul, Gregory S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 151, 163, 229, 252, 314, 319, 326, 327. ISBN 9780691167664.
- ^ Huttenlocker, A.; Grossnickle, D. M.; Kirkland, J. I.; Schultz, J. A.; Luo, Z. X. (2018). "Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana". Nature. 558 (7708): 108–112. Bibcode:2018Natur.558..108H. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 29795343.
- ^ Scheetz, R. A.; Britt, B. B.; Higgerson, J. (2010). "A large, tall-spined iguanodontid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Early Albian) basal Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30: 158A.
- ^ Senter, P.; Kirkland, J. I.; Deblieux, D. D.; Madsen, S.; Toth, N. (2012). Dodson, Peter (ed.). "New Dromaeosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah, and the Evolution of the Dromaeosaurid Tail". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e36790. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736790S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036790. PMC 3352940. PMID 22615813.
- ^ Britt, B. B.; Scheetz, R. D.; Brinkman, D. B.; Eberth, D. A. (2006). "A Barremian neochoristodere from the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, U.S.A." (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (4): 1005–1008. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[1005:ABNFTC]2.0.CO;2.
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