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{{Short description|Publisher of academic journals}}
{{Short description|Publisher of academic journals}}
{{about|the publisher and its eponymous journal series|other uses and similarly named publications|Annual Review (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox publisher
{{Infobox publisher
| name = Annual Reviews
| name = Annual Reviews
| image = Annual Reviews logo.png
| image = File:Annual Reviews logo.png
| caption = The Logo of Annual Reviews
| caption = The Logo of Annual Reviews
| parent =
| parent =
| status =
| status =
| founded = 1932
| founded = {{start date|1932}}
| founder =
| founder = [[J. Murray Luck]]
| keypeople = [[Richard B. Gallagher]], president and editor-in-chief
| successor =
| successor =
| country = United States
| country = United States
| headquarters = [[Palo Alto, California]]
| headquarters = 1875 S Grant St., Suite 700, [[San Mateo, California]]<ref name="Address"/>
| distribution =
| distribution =
| publications = [[Academic journal]]s, [[online magazine]]
| keypeople =
| topics = [[List of life sciences|Life]], [[Biomedical sciences|biomedical]], [[Outline of physical science|physical]], and [[Social science|social sciences]]
| publications = [[Academic journal]]s
| url = {{URL|annualreviews.org}}
| topics = [[Medicine]], [[natural sciences]], and [[social sciences]]
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue =
| numemployees =
| nasdaq =
| url = {{ConditionalURL}}
}}
}}


'''Annual Reviews''' is an independent, [[non-profit]] [[academic publishing]] company based in [[San Mateo, California]]. It publishes 51 journals of review articles in the [[List of life sciences|life]], [[Biomedical sciences|biomedical]], [[Outline of physical science|physical]], and [[Social science|social sciences]].<ref name="ITMS"/> Review articles are usually “peer-invited” solicited submissions, often planned years in advance, which go through a [[peer-review]] process.<ref name="Durham">{{cite journal |last1=Durham |first1=William H. |title=Preface: A “Peer-Invited” Publication |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |date=October 2004 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=annurev.an.33.090204.100001 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.33.090204.100001 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.an.33.090204.100001 |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> The organizational structure has three levels: a volunteer [[board of directors]], editorial committees of experts for each journal, and paid employees.<ref name="McMahan"/>
'''Annual Reviews''' is a [[Nonprofit organization|nonprofit]] journal publisher of 51 [[Review journal|review series]] in specific disciplines in science and social science<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.annualreviews.org/page/about/our-mission-and-our-founder |title=Our Mission & Our Founder |work=Official website |publisher=Annual Reviews }}</ref> based in [[Palo Alto, California]].


Annual Reviews' stated [[Mission statement|mission]] is to synthesize and integrate knowledge "for the progress of science and the benefit of society".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/about/what-we-do| title=What We Do| website=Annual Reviews| access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="Doody"/>
Each review series contains 12 to 40 authoritative comprehensive review articles, covering the major journal articles on a specific topic during the preceding few years. The major topics in each subject are covered every few years, and special topics appear as appropriate. The reviews are widely used in teaching and research, and serve the purposes both of current awareness and introduction to a new subject. Since in [[scientific literature]] it is customary to cite in detail the sources only since the most recent review, these periodicals are among the highest ranking journals in [[impact factor]] for their subjects, as shown in the publisher's table.<ref>[http://www.annualreviews.org/catalog/isi-rankings.aspx ISI Rankings - Year reports on Impact Factor]</ref> The reviews are written in a compact narrative style, with a minimum of descriptive text for each article covered. Many authors provide lists of summary points and future issues. The length of each review and the number of articles covered vary widely depending on both the topic and the preferences of the author. The articles are written by invitation to the authors, who are accepted authorities on the material covered.
The first Annual Reviews journal, the ''[[Annual Review of Biochemistry]]'', was published in 1932 under the editorship of [[Stanford University]] chemist [[J. Murray Luck]], who wanted to create a resource that provided critical reviews on contemporary research. The second journal was added in 1939. By 1982, Annual Reviews published 24 titles, and by 2021 it published 51. In 2016, the company piloted the "Subscribe to Open" publishing model, under which a journal's newest volume is published as [[open access]] content as long as enough subscriptions are sold.

{{TOC limit|2}}


==History==
==History==
===''Annual Review of Biochemistry''===
===''Annual Review of Biochemistry''===
The ''[[Annual Review of Biochemistry]]'' was the creation of [[Stanford University]] chemist and professor [[J. Murray Luck]].<ref name="Doody">{{cite web |title=Publisher Profile: Annual Reviews |date=July 24, 2018 |url=https://dcdm.doody.com/2018/07/publisher-profile-annual-reviews/ |website=Doody’s Review Service |access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kaufmann">{{cite journal |last1=Kaufmann |first1=William |title=Annual Reviews inc. A saga of success |journal=Publishing Research Quarterly |date=June 1995 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=80–89 |doi=10.1007/BF02680428 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02680428}}</ref> In designing a course for graduate students in 1930, he saw the need for a resource that condensed the large volume of biochemistry research into [[review article]]s. Luck asked about 50 biochemists in the US, United Kingdom, and Canada if an annual volume of critical reviews on biochemistry research would be useful. Response was positive.<ref name="Kaufmann"/><ref name="Luck 1982"/><ref name="Mosher"/>


Luck formed an initial advisory ccmmittee which included
The ''[[Annual Review of Biochemistry]]'' was created by [[J. Murray Luck]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/about/our-founder-and-early-history| title=Founder & History| website=Annual Reviews| access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref> Luck was designing a biochemistry course at [[Stanford University]] and struggled to find [[review articles]] of the latest research.<ref name="Luck 1982" />{{rp|2}} Luck asked about 50 biochemists in the US, United Kingdom, and Canada if an annual volume of critical reviews on biochemistry research would be useful, to which he received positive responses.<ref name="Luck 1982">{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1309010|jstor=1309010|title=A 50-Year History of Annual Reviews Inc|year=1982|last1=Luck|first1=J. Murray|journal=BioScience|volume=32|issue=11|pages=868–870|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1309010}}</ref> [[Stanford University Press]] agreed to publish the journal on a three-year contract, with financial assistance from the Chemical Foundation.<ref name="Luck 1982" /> Stanford University gave the journal rent-free office space in 1931 for editorial and business operations.<ref name="Luck">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.000245|title=Confessions of a Biochemist|year=1981|last1=Luck|first1=J. Murray|journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry|volume=50|pages=1–23|pmid=7023354|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|6}} The first volume was published in July 1932.<ref name="Luck" />{{rp|3}}
[[Carl L. Alsberg]] at Stanford,<ref>{{cite web |title=Carl L. Alsberg, M.D. |url=https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fda-leadership-1907-today/carl-alsberg |website=FDA.gov |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>
and [[Dennis Robert Hoagland]]<ref name="Memoriam">{{cite journal |title=In Memoriam |journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry |date=June 1950 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=annurev.bi.19.102706.100011 |doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.19.102706.100011|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.bi.19.102706.100011 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Hoagland">{{cite journal |last1=Arnon |first1=D. |title=Dennis Robert Hoagland: 1884-1949 |journal=Science |date=1950 |volume=112 |issue=2921 |pages=739-742 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1679037?seq=1 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> and
[[Carl Louis August Schmidt]] from the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name="Greenberg2">{{cite journal |last1=Greenberg |first1=D. M. |title=Carl Louis August Schmidt 1885-1946 |journal=Science |date=1946-10-25 |volume=104 |issue=2704 |pages=387–387 |doi=10.1126/science.104.2704.387 |url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/104/2704/387 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Greenberg">{{cite journal |last1=Greenberg |first1=David M. |title=In Memoriam |journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry |date=June 1946 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=annurev.bi.15.102706.100011 |doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.15.102706.100011 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.bi.15.102706.100011 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Johnson1934">{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=T. B. |title=Annual Review of Biochemistry, Volume III. |journal=The Journal of Chemical Education |date=1934 |page=670 |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ed011p670.2 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kaufmann"/>
[[Stanford University Press]] agreed to publish the journal on a three-year contract, with financial assistance from the Chemical Foundation headed by [[Francis Garvan]].<ref name="Kaufmann"/><ref name="Luck 1982">{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1309010|jstor=1309010|title=A 50-Year History of Annual Reviews Inc|year=1982|last1=Luck|first1=J. Murray|journal=Bioscience|volume=32|issue=11|pages=868–870}}</ref><ref name="Johnson">{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=T. B. |title=Annual Review of Biochemistry. Volume I (Luck, James Murray, ed.) |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |date=November 1932 |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=2007-2008 |doi=10.1021/ed009p2007 |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ed009p2007 |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> Stanford University gave the journal rent-free office space in the Physiology building (Outer Quad) beginning in 1931.<ref name="Mosher">{{cite web |last1=Mosher |first1=Harry S. |title=MEMORIAL RESOLUTION J. MURRAY LUCK |url=https://chemistry.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj11986/f/luckjm.pdf |website=Stanford University |access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Luck">{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.000245|title=Confessions of a Biochemist|year=1981|last1=Luck|first1=J. Murray|journal=Annual Review of Biochemistry|volume=50|pages=1–23|pmid=7023354}}</ref>{{rp|6}}
The first volume of the ''Annual Review of Biochemistry'' was published as of May 3, 1932.<ref name="Science1932">{{cite journal |title=The Annual Review of Biochemistry |journal=Science |date=May 27, 1932 |volume=75 |issue=1952 |pages=556–556 |doi=10.1126/science.75.1952.556-a |url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/75/1952/556.2 |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref>


===Legal identity===
At the completion of the contract with Stanford University Press, the advisory committee of the journal assumed a legal identity as the journal's publisher while keeping Stanford University Press as its printer. On December 12, 1934, they submitted [[articles of incorporation]] with the California Secretary of State to create Annual Review of Biochemistry, Ltd., which was organized as a [[nonprofit]].<ref name="Luck"/>{{rp|3}} In February 1938, the name was changed to Annual Reviews, Inc.<ref name="Luck 1982"/>


At the completion of the contract with Stanford University Press, the advisory committee of the journal decided to assume a legal identity as the journal's publisher, though keeping Stanford University Press as the printer. On December 12, 1934, they submitted [[articles of incorporation]] with the California Secretary of State to create Annual Review of Biochemistry, Ltd., which was organized as a [[nonprofit]].<ref name="Luck"/>{{rp|3}} In February 1938, the name was changed to Annual Reviews, Inc.<ref name="Luck 1982"/> On March 28, 2008, the California Secretary of State approved an amendment to the Articles of Incorporation to change the name officially to Annual Reviews.<ref>{{cite web |title=C0161041 ANNUAL REVIEWS |url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/Detail |website=California Secretary of State Business Search |access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref>
== Availability ==
Many series are available as a bound annual volume; subscriptions are sold for the print version, online version, or both, or as individual articles purchased online. They are also available as a database consisting of some or all of the series, with [[site license]]s available. The back years of the entire collection can be purchased for a one-time price. Effective January 2008, purchasing a subscription includes online access that entitles you to permanent data rights to that volume regardless of future subscription status. Customers with 2007 online subscriptions will retain access to the volumes that they have previously purchased. In 2017 and 2018, the ''[[Annual Review of Public Health]]'' was available without subscription; the 2019 volume requires a subscription, but earlier volumes remain [[Open access journal|open access]].


== List of titles ==
=== Leadership===
J. Murray Luck worked for Annual Reviews from 1932 to 1968 and was the founding [[editor-in-chief]] of its first two journals: the ''Annual Review of Biochemistry'' (1932-1965) and the ''Annual Review of Physiology'' (1939-1946).<ref name="Zentmyer">{{cite journal |last1=Zentmyer |first1=George A. |title=Annual Reviews and Dr. J Murray Luck |journal=Annual Review of Phytopathology |date=September 1994 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages= |doi=10.1146/annurev.py.32.060804.100011|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.py.32.060804.100011 |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref>
As further journals were added, each one had its own Editorial Committee, whose editors-in-chief took the title "Editor" or "Co-editor".<ref name="Editorial"/>
Luck retired from the Editor-in-chief position as of 1969. He continued to serve on the Board of Directors as an emeritus member, as well as on the Editorial Committee of the ''Annual Review of Biochemistry''.<ref name="Garfield">{{cite magazine|author-first=Eugene|author-last=Garfield|magazine=Essays of an Information Scientist| volume=4| issue=18| date=30 April 1979| url=http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v4p127y1979-80.pdf| title=The NAS James Murray Luck Award for Excellence in Scientific Reviewing: G. Alan Robison Receives the First Award for his Work on Cyclic AMP}}</ref>

Robert R. Schultz was the organization's official Editor-in-chief from 1970 to 1972.<ref>{{Cite journal | last= | first=|date=1970|title=Preface | url=http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ph.32.030405.100001 | journal=Annual Review of Physiology | language=en | volume=32|issue=1|pages=annurev.ph.32.030405.100001|doi=10.1146/annurev.ph.32.030405.100001|issn=0066-4278 |via=}}</ref><ref name="Ruth">{{cite journal |last1=Ruth |first1=Shirley |title=Practicing Hope: Remembering Robert Schutz in His Words and Ours |journal=Friends Bulletin |date=2002 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=3-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/friendsbulletinb731unse_2/page/4/mode/2up}}</ref>
William Kaufmann became Editor-in-chief of the organization from 1973 to 1981,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scitechconnect.elsevier.com/in-memory-of-morgan-kaufmann-co-founder-william-kaufmann/| title=In Memory of Morgan Kaufmann co-founder, William Kaufmann| website=Elsevier SciTech Connect| first=Stephen| last=Fiedler| date=26 August 2013| access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="KaufmannObituary">{{cite news |title=WILLIAM KAUFMANN |url=https://www.losaltosonline.com/people/obituaries/william-kaufmann/article_9102625c-d8e9-5ca7-bfa6-a32805cbcffc.html |access-date=3 June 2021 |work=Los Altos Town Crier |date=August 13, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Luck 1999">{{cite report|url=http://dynamics.org/Altenberg/ARCHIVES/STANFORD/WALTER_THOMPSON_HOUSE/jmluckremin.pdf| title=Reminiscences| first=James| last=Murray Luck| publisher=The James Murray Luck Memorial Fund| year=1999}}</ref>{{rp|35}}
followed by Alister Brass from 1981 to 1983.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brass|first=Alister|date=1982|title=Preface by Alister Brass, Editor-in-Chief, Annual Reviews Inc.|url=http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.an.11.010182.100001|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | language=en | volume=11 | issue=1 | pages=annurev.an.11.010182.100001 | doi=10.1146/annurev.an.11.010182.100001|issn=0084-6570|via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|jstor=2097101|title=Front Matter|journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics|year=1981|volume=12|pages=i–ix}}</ref>
Kaufmann returned from 1983 to 1992. [[Robert Hall Haynes]] served as Editor-in-chief of the organization from 1992<ref name="Kunz">{{cite journal |last1=Kunz |first1=Bernard A. |last2=Hanawalt |first2=Philip C. |title=In memoriam: Robert Hall Haynes |journal=Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis |date=1999 |volume=33 |pages=257–265 |url=https://fdocuments.in/document/in-memoriam-robert-hall-haynes.html |access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref> to 1995.<ref name="Luck 1999"/>{{rp|35}}
He was succeeded by [[Samuel Gubins]], who held the positions of President and Editor-in-chief from 1995 to 2015.<ref name="Gubins">{{cite web|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/samuel-gubins| title=Samuel Gubins| date=April 2016| access-date=20 August 2020| website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences}}</ref>
The current President and Editor-in-chief, [[Richard B. Gallagher]], succeeded Gubins in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchinformation.info/news/richard-gallagher-joins-cherished-resource-annual-reviews| title=Richard Gallagher joins 'cherished resource' Annual Reviews| website=Research Information| date=4 February 2015| access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref>

=== Expansion ===
{{Image frame
| caption=Line chart showing the number of Annual Reviews journals over time
| content = {{Graph:Chart
|width=350
|height=150
|yAxisTitle=Number of active journal titles
|xAxisTitle=Year
| x = 1932,1939,1947,1950, 1952, 1956, 1961, 1963, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1990, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019
| y = 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 37, 40, 41, 44, 46, 47, 50, 51
}} }}
In 1938, Annual Reviews and the [[American Physiological Society]] agreed to collaborate to create a new journal. The first volume of the ''[[Annual Review of Physiology]]'' was published in 1939, with the help of [[Victor E. Hall]] as assistant editor.<ref name="JAMA1939">{{cite journal |title=Annual Review of Physiology. Volume I |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |date=1939-07-01 |volume=113 |issue=1 |pages=86 |doi=10.1001/jama.1939.02800260088038 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/290423 |access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref> Although the original intent was to be international in scope, the first European editors were not included until 1948, following [[World War II]].<ref name="Trowell">{{cite journal |last1=Trowell |first1=O. A. |title=Annual Review of Physiology |journal=Nature |date=April 1948 |volume=161 |issue=4093 |pages=542–542 |doi=10.1038/161542a0 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/161542a0 |access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref>

A third journal, the ''[[Annual Review of Microbiology]]'', was created in 1947 under the editorship of [[Charles E. Clifton]].<ref name="Raffel">{{cite web |last1=Raffel |first1=Sidney |title=MEMORIAL RESOLUTION CHARLES E. CLIFTON |url=https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:pm973np3313/SC0193_MemorialResolution_CliftonC.pdf |website=Stanford University |access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref> The increased volume of printing was not feasible for Stanford University Press, so printing of ''Annual Review of Physiology'', ''Annual Review of Microbiology'' and later volumes of ''Annual Review of Biochemistry'' was contracted out to the [[Banta Corporation|George Banta Company]] of [[Menasha, Wisconsin]].<ref name="Luck"/>

Annual Reviews journals were recommended to teachers and librarians as well as scientists.<ref name="Bell">{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=D. J. |title=Annual Review of Biochemistry |journal=Nature |date=December 1946 |volume=158 |issue=4024 |page=854 |doi=10.1038/158854a0 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/158854a0 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> In the 1950s, titles in
medicine,<ref name="JAMA1951">{{cite journal |title=Annual Review of Medicine, Vol. I, 1950. |journal=Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine |date=1951-12-01 |volume=82 |issue=6 |pages=787 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1951.02040040808016 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/495459 |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>
psychology,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Annual review of psychology. |journal=Journal of Consulting Psychology |date=1950 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=332–332 |doi=10.1037/h0051057 |url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2005-13573-011 |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>
plant physiology,<ref name="Arnon">{{cite journal |last1=Arnon |first1=D. I. |title=Annual Review of Plant Physiology |journal=Plant Physiology |date=1950 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=772 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4258371 |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>
physical chemistry,<ref name="Nye">{{cite book |last1=Nye |first1=Mary Jo |title=From Chemical Philosophy to Theoretical Chemistry: Dynamics of Matter and Dynamics of Disciplines, 1800-1950 |date=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-08210-9|pages=262-284}}</ref>
nuclear and particle science,<ref name="JAMA1952">{{cite journal |title=Annual Review of Nuclear Science. Volume I. |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |date=1952-11-22 |volume=150 |issue=12 |pages=1262 |doi=10.1001/jama.1952.03680120098033 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/319539}}</ref>
and entomology
were added.<ref name="ENT1956">{{cite journal |title=Annual Review |journal=Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America |date=1956-03-01 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–1 |doi=10.1093/besa/2.1.1b |url=https://academic.oup.com/ae/article-abstract/2/1/1/191939?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>
Stanford University began to have a serious space shortage, which resulted in Annual Reviews constructing a new office building in nearby [[Palo Alto, California]] in 1956. After [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]] used [[eminent domain]] to take the property at 231 Grant Avenue, Annual Reviews moved again in 1968, to 4139 El Camino Way, Palo Alto.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev.me.19.080706.100001|title=Preface|journal=Annual Review of Medicine|year=1968|volume=19}}</ref><ref name="Luck"/>

By 1982, 24 titles were being published by Annual Reviews.<ref name="Luck 1982"/> After becoming editor-in-chief in 1995, Samuel Gubins oversaw both a further expansion of journal titles and the first electronic publishing of Annual Reviews journals. The ''Annual Review of Sociology'' and the ''Annual Review of Medicine'' were the first to be published electronically, in 1996.<ref name="Finn">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-scientist.com/technology/scientific-publishers-increasing-electronic-information-offerings-57916| title=Scientific Publishers Increasing Electronic Information Offerings| website=The Scientist| date=18 August 1996| access-date=3 September 2020| first=Robert| last=Finn}}</ref>
In 2002, the publisher's entire publication history, covering 70 years and approximately 475,000 pages and 5,400 images, was digitized.<ref name="Duff">{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Duff |title=Legacy Content Conversion:Generating citations, revenue and goodwillfrom your publication history |journal=JP, The Newsletter for Journal Publishers |date=2005 |issue=2 |url=https://talkingpdf.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/JP_2005_02.pdf |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Reviews: Content Conversion Case Study |date=January 1, 2011 |url=https://appligent.com/annual-reviews/ |website=Appligent Document Solutions |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>
The thirtieth journal title was published in 2000. Another 22 titles were added between 2005 and 2019. As of 2021, Annual Reviews has published 52 journals under 64 title variants. Only one, the ''Annual Review of Computer Science'', is no longer in publication.<ref name="Browse">{{cite web|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/action/showPublications| website=Annual Reviews| access-date=26 January 2021| title=Browse Journals}}</ref>

Annual Reviews has also released some specialty publications: ''The Excitement and Fascination of Science'' (1965, 1978, 1990, 1995), consisting of four volumes of autobiographies and reflections by prominent scientists,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Milkman|first=Roger|date=1966|title=The Excitement and Fascination of Science|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/1293770|journal=BioScience|volume=16|issue=7|pages=491–491|doi=10.2307/1293770}}</ref> and ''Intelligence and Affectivity'' (1981), a translated volume of lectures given by [[Jean Piaget]] in the 1950s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lester|first=Eva P.|date=1985|title=Intelligence and Affectivity|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000306518503300320|journal=Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association|language=en|volume=33|issue=3|pages=695–700|doi=10.1177/000306518503300320|issn=0003-0651}}</ref>

In 2017, Annual Reviews announced its first [[online magazine]], ''[[Knowable Magazine]]'', with support from the [[Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation]] and the [[Alfred P. Sloan Foundation]]. With Knowable Magazine, Annual Reviews made a move from scholarly publishing into [[science journalism]] and [[science communication]], explaining and emphasizing the real-world significance of scholarly work.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasw.org/article/sciencewriters-knowable-magazine-set-launch| title=Knowable Magazine set to launch| website=National Association of Science Writers| access-date=20 August 2020| date=26 October 2017}}</ref>

In 2021, Annual Reviews moved its physical office to 1875 S Grant St., Suite 700, [[San Mateo, California]].<ref name="Address">{{cite web |title=Contact Us |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/page/about/contact-us |website=Annual Reviews |access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref>

==Journal format and metrics==
Each journal publishes one volume per year. As of 2021, all 51 of the current journals are published online,<ref name="ITMS">{{cite web |title=Annual Reviews |url=https://www.itmsgroup.net/products/annual-reviews/ |website=itmsgroup.net |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> including 21 exclusively online, with 30 journals additionally published in print.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates| title=Expected Publication Dates| website=Annual Reviews| access-date=26 January 2021|date=25 January 2021}}</ref>

As of 2021, researchers at [[McGill University|McGill]] and [[Stanford University]] examined the impact of review articles using a corpus of 6,495 individual review papers published in 54 past and current Annual Reviews journal titles in the biological, physical, and social sciences. The authors noted that Annual Review publications often focus on emerging fields that may be undergoing structural transformations. Examining impact on scholarly discourse, they concluded that "formal, invited Annual Review articles provide a distinctly authoritative source". By identifying "distinct clusters of work" and articles that bridge such clusters, review articles can integrate a topic. Research suggests that they can "shift discourse in a manner that simultaneously simplifies and collapses a knowledge community", helping to define and organize emergent research areas.<ref name="McMahan">{{cite journal |last1=McMahan |first1=Peter |last2=McFarland |first2=Daniel A. |title=Creative Destruction: The Structural Consequences of Scientific Curation |journal=American Sociological Review |date=April 2021 |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=341–376 |doi=10.1177/0003122421996323 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0003122421996323 |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref>

===Subscribe to Open publishing model===
{{Image frame
| caption=Line chart showing the PDF and HTML downloads of the ''Annual Review of Public Health'' (purple) after it became open access in 2017. The ''Annual Review of Medicine'' (blue) and the ''Annual Review of Clinical Psychology'' (red), which are paywalled, are shown for comparison.<ref name="Crow"/>
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{{external media | width = 210px | align = right | headerimage=
| audio1 = [https://www.choice360.org/podcasts/episode-76/ Episode 76] "Annual Reviews: Evolving to Better Serve the Public Good", The Authority File, 05/04/2019
| audio2 = [https://www.choice360.org/podcasts/episode-77/ Episode 77] "Annual Reviews: Public Health, an Open-Access Test Case for Review Literature", The Authority File, 03/11/2019
| audio3 = [https://www.choice360.org/podcasts/episode-78/ Episode 78] "Annual Reviews: Science for a Functional Democracy", The Authority File, 03/18/2019
| audio4 = [https://www.choice360.org/podcasts/episode-79/ Episode 79] "Annual Reviews: Subscribe to Open", The Authority File, 03/25/2019}}

In 2016, the [[Robert Wood Johnson Foundation]] awarded six grants for examining the potential for [[open science]] and [[open access]], as part of an initiative for ''Increasing Openness and Transparency in Research''. One of the awardees was Annual Reviews, which was interested in finding ways to remove barriers to access to scientific publications.<ref name="Tait">{{cite web |last1=Tait |first1=Margaret |last2=Wojcik |first2=Oktawia |title=Open Access: Making Research More Transparent and Accessible |date=Sep 7, 2016 |url=https://www.rwjf.org/en/blog/2016/09/help_us_make_researc.html |website=Culture of Health Blog |publisher=Robert Wood Johnson Foundation |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Libraria"/>
Annual Reviews used the grant to release the ''Annual Review of Public Health'' under an open access license in April 2017, and tracked the impact of the change in licensing.<ref name="Berkeley">{{cite web |title=2017 Annual Review of Public Health Now Freely Available Online |url=https://update.lib.berkeley.edu/2017/06/01/2017-annual-review-of-public-health-now-freely-available-online/ |website=|date=June 1, 2017 |publisher=University of California |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>

By May 2019, usage of the journal had increased eight-fold relative to 2016 to about 200,000 downloads monthly. For comparison, the titles for clinical psychology and medicine that maintained gated access showed no change in usage. In addition, the audience for the journal increased from 1,100 institutions in 57 countries (2016) to 7,220 institutions in 137 countries (2018).<ref name="Crow">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/leap.1262|title=Subscribe to Open: A practical approach for converting subscription journals to open access|year=2020 |last1=Crow|first1=Raym| last2=Gallagher|first2=Richard |last3=Naim|first3=Kamran| journal=Learned Publishing |volume=33|issue=2|pages=181–185|s2cid=208113282}}</ref>

Annual Reviews has continued to explore the possibilities of open access by developing the "Subscribe to Open" (S2O) publishing model.<ref name="Libraria"/><ref name="Michael"/> Subscribe-to-open is an example of an [[assurance contract]].<ref name="Hinchliffe">{{cite web |last1=Hinchliffe |first1=Lisa Janicke |title=Subscribe to Open: A Mutual Assurance Approach to Open Access |date=March 9, 2020
|url=https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2020/03/09/subscribetoopen/ |website=The Scholarly Kitchen |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> In the S20 pilot for 2020, subscribing institutions were asked to maintain their existing subscriptions to the offered journals, less a 5% discount, on the understanding that if enough subscriptions were received, the final content for the journals would be published as open access. If enough subscriptions were not received, the content would remain [[paywall]]ed.<ref name="Paltani-Sargologos">{{cite web |last1=Paltani-Sargologos |first1=Irini |title=État des lieux sur les accords transformants - 31 mars 2020. |date=2020 |url=https://www.ouvrirlascience.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Etat-des-lieux-sur-les-accords-transformants-31-mars-2020-Fini.pdf |website=hal-02538844 |access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Crow"/><ref name="Wise"/><ref name="Brainard">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/publishers-roll-out-alternative-routes-open-access| title=Publishers roll out alternative routes to open access| website=Science| first=Jeffrey| last=Brainard| date=9 March 2020| access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref>
In this way S2O appealed to the individual subscriber's economic self-interest (receiving a discount instead of paying full price), and avoided reliance on [[collective behavior]] or [[altruism]].<ref name="Crow"/> The approach allowed participating publishers to convert content from gated to open access on a year-to-year basis.<ref name="Wise"/>

As of September 1, 2019, the 2020 pilot program for S2O included two publishers, Annual Reviews and [[Berghahn Books]], both of whom opened part of their content.<ref name="Libraria">{{cite web |title=Subscribe-to-open |url=https://libraria.cc/program-areas/subscribe-to-open |website=Libraria|date=September 1, 2019 |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Michael">{{cite web |last1=Michael |first1=Ann |title=Subscribe To Open: Annual Reviews’ Take on Open Access |url=https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2019/04/02/subscribe-to-open/ |website=The Scholarly Kitchen|date=April 2, 2019 |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> Annual Reviews offered five titles in the S2O pilot,
the ''Annual Review of Cancer Biology'',
the ''Annual Review of Environment and Resources'',
the ''Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science'',
the ''Annual Review of Political Science'', and
the ''Annual Review of Public Health''.
All were published as open access through the subscribe-to-open approach.<ref name="Crow"/><ref name="Knowledgespeak">{{cite web |title=Annual Reviews announces final two journals in the 2020 pilot program for Subscribe to Open |date=October 21, 2020 |url=https://www.knowledgespeak.com/news/annual-reviews-announces-final-two-journals-in-the-2020-pilot-program-for-subscribe-to-open/ |website=Knowledgespeak |publisher=Scope e-Knowledge Center, |access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref>

Additional publishers have since adopted the subscribe-to-open approach, which is seen as benefiting libraries, researchers and publishers alike.<ref name="EMS2021">{{cite web |title=Subscribe To Open |url=https://ems.press/subscribe-to-open |website=EMS Press|date=2021 |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="S20">{{cite web |title=Participants |url=https://subscribetoopencommunity.org/members-of-the-community-of-practice/ |website=“Subscribe to Open” (S2O) S2O Community of Practice |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Subscribe to Open |url=https://www.degruyter.com/cms/pages/subscribe-to-open |website=De Gruyter |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>
In a survey commissioned by the [[Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers]] to determine how publishers aligned with [[Plan S]], authors Alicia Wise and Lorraine Estelle called Subscribe to Open "the most promising" transformative agreement for publishers, as it offers a predictable revenue stream.<ref name="Wise">{{cite journal|doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.9805007.v1|year=2019| last1=Wise|first1=Alicia |last2=Estelle|first2=Lorraine |title=Society Publishers Accelerating Open Access and Plan S - Final Project Report|pages=23–24}}</ref> {{rp|2}}<ref name="ALPSP">{{cite web |title=Independent report and transformative agreement toolkit launched to support Learned Society publishers' transition to immediate Open Access and align with Plan S |url=https://www.alpsp.org/news/20190912-spa-ops-report-and-toolkit |website=Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers |access-date=11 June 2021|date=12 September 2019}}</ref>

===Availability===
Annual Reviews journals are available in a number of ways, depending in part on the journal.
Each journal is available electronically with many also offered as a bound annual volume. Subscriptions are offered for the online version, print version, or both when print is available, and individual articles can be purchased online. Journals are also available as a database consisting of some or all of the journals, with [[Site license|site licenses]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Librarian Newsletter |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/page/librarians/librarian-newsletter |website=Annual Reviews|date=May 2020 |access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Clements"/>

Effective January 2008, purchasing a subscription includes online access that entitles the subscriber to permanent access rights to that volume regardless of future subscription status.<ref name="Clements">{{cite journal |work=ANSS Currents |volume= 24 |issue= 2 |last1=Clements |first1=Helen P. |title=Annual Reviews – Reviewed Fall 2009 |url=https://anssacrl.wordpress.com/publications/reviews/annual-reviews/ |publisher=Anthropology and Sociology Section of the Association of College and Research Libraries |access-date=11 June 2021|date=2009}}</ref> In 2017 and 2018, the ''[[Annual Review of Public Health]]'' was available without subscription.<ref>{{cite web |title=SCI Journal Impact Factor Database |url=https://www.scijournal.org/impact-factor-of-annu-rev-publ-health.shtml |website=Annual Review of Public Health Basic Journal Info |access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref> The 2019 volume requires a subscription. While previous volumes may be [[open access|freely available]] to read, they may not be published under an [[open license]].<ref name="Public Health">{{cite web |title=2020 volume of the Annual Review of Public Health switches from gated to open access |date=April 8, 2020 |url=https://www.knowledgespeak.com/news/2020-volume-of-the-annual-review-of-public-health-switches-from-gated-to-open-access/ |website=Knowledgespeak |publisher=Scope e-Knowledge Center, |access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref>

The 2020 open access journal volumes are the:
''[[Annual Review of Cancer Biology]],
''[[Annual Review of Environment and Resources]],
''[[Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science]],
''[[Annual Review of Political Science]], and
''[[Annual Review of Public Health]].<ref name="Crow"/><ref name="Knowledgespeak"/>
In 2021, the ''[[Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering]]'' and the ''[[Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics]]'' were also published under the subscribe-to-open model.<ref name="ITMS"/><ref name="OAD">{{cite web |title=Subscribe to Open (S2O) journals - Open Access Directory |url=http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Subscribe_to_Open_(S2O)_journals |website=Open Access Directory |access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>

===Rankings===
As of 2021, ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]'' has given 18 Annual Reviews journal titles a rank of "1", indicating high quality and importance in their respective categories. The top five Annual Reviews titles by [[impact factor]] are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/about/impact-factors|title=Journal Impact Factors| access-date=16 July 2021|website=Annual Reviews}}</ref>
*''[[Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics]]'' (30.065)
*''[[Annual Review of Immunology]]'' (28.527)
*''[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]]'' (26.379)
*''[[Annual Review of Psychology]]'' (24.137)
*''[[Annual Review of Biochemistry]]'' (23.643)

==Organization structure==
[[File:Richard Gallagher.jpg|thumb|Richard Gallagher, president and editor-in-chief since 2015]]
There are three leadership structures within Annual Reviews: The [[board of directors]] and its committees, editors and editorial committees, and a management team. The board of directors consists of experts of various scientific disciplines, philanthropists, and business people, who serve as volunteers. The board is assisted by the business affairs committee and editorial affairs committee. Together, the board and its committees develop and approve fiscal policies and budgets. They also review the organization's financial performance and publishing strategy.<ref name="Luck 1999"/>
The contents of each journal published by Annual Reviews is selected by the lead editor or co-editors and their editorial committees, about ten members total, who are researchers in the discipline. Committee terms are five years.<ref name="Editorial">{{cite web|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/page/authors/editorial-policies| title=Editorial Principles and Policies| website=Annual Reviews| access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref> The management team provides expertise in [[academic publishing]], and is led by the president, who is also its editor-in-chief.<ref name="Our Team">{{cite web|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/db/directory| title=Annual Reviews Directory| website=Annual Reviews| access-date= 25 January 2021}}</ref>
As of 2018, the board is [[chairperson|chaired]] by [[Karen S. Cook]], professor of sociology at Stanford University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://annualreviewsnews.org/2018/06/01/new-chairperson-karen-cook/| title=Professor Karen S. Cook elected as new Chair of the Annual Reviews Board of Directors| website=Annual Reviews| access-date=29 September 2020| date=1 June 2018}}</ref> The vice-chairperson is [[Sandra M. Faber]], professor of astronomy and astrophysics at University of California, Santa Cruz.<ref name="Our Team"/><ref name="NPL2018">{{cite web |title=ANNUAL REVIEWS INC |url=https://nonprofitlight.com/ca/palo-alto/annual-reviews-inc |website=Non Profit Light|date=2018 |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>

== List of journals ==
{{main cat|Annual Reviews academic journals}}
{{main cat|Annual Reviews academic journals}}
Annual Reviews publishes a variety of journals in the [[biomedical sciences|biomedical]] and [[List of life sciences|life sciences]], [[Outline of physical science|physical sciences]], and [[social science]]s, including [[economics]].
Years in parentheses indicate the first year of publication.
Years in parentheses indicate the first year of publication.
As of 2020, the publications included the following:
As of 2021, the publications included the following:

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
===A===
===A===
Line 53: Line 184:
===B===
===B===
* ''[[Annual Review of Biochemistry]]'' (1932)
* ''[[Annual Review of Biochemistry]]'' (1932)
* ''[[Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Annual Review of Biophysics]]'' (1972)
* ''Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science'' (2018)
* ''Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science'' (2018)
* ''[[Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Annual Review of Biophysics]]'' (1972) (formerly ''Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering'', 1972-1984; ''Annual Review of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry'', 1985-1991; ''Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure'', 1992-2007.)


===C===
===C===
* ''[[Annual Review of Cancer Biology]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Annual Review of Cancer Biology]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology]]'' (1985) (formerly ''Annual Review of Cell Biology'', 1985-1994.)
* ''[[Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Annual Review of Clinical Psychology]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Annual Review of Clinical Psychology]]'' (2005)
Line 65: Line 196:
* ''[[Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics]]'' (2010)
* ''Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems '' (2018)
* ''Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems '' (2018)
* ''[[Annual Review of Criminology]]'' (2018)


===D===
===D===
Line 71: Line 203:
===E===
===E===
* ''[[Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics]]'' (1970) (formerly ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics'', 1970-2002.)
* ''[[Annual Review of Economics]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Annual Review of Economics]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Annual Review of Entomology]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Annual Review of Entomology]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Annual Review of Environment and Resources]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Annual Review of Environment and Resources]]'' (1976) (formerly ''Annual Review of Energy'', 1976-1990; ''Annual Review of Energy and the Environment'', 1991-2002.)


===F===
===F===
Line 97: Line 229:
===M===
===M===
* ''[[Annual Review of Marine Science]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Annual Review of Marine Science]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Annual Review of Materials Research]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Annual Review of Materials Research]]'' (1971) (formerly ''Annual Review of Materials Science'', 1971-2000.)
* ''[[Annual Review of Medicine]]'' (1950)
* ''[[Annual Review of Medicine]]'' (1950)
* ''[[Annual Review of Microbiology]]'' (1947)
* ''[[Annual Review of Microbiology]]'' (1947)
Line 103: Line 235:
===N===
===N===
* ''[[Annual Review of Neuroscience]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Annual Review of Neuroscience]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science]]'' (1952) (formerly ''Annual Review of Nuclear Science'', 1952-1977.)
* ''[[Annual Review of Nutrition]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Annual Review of Nutrition]]'' (1981)


Line 111: Line 243:
===P===
===P===
* ''[[Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology]]'' (1961) (formerly ''Annual Review of Pharmacology'', 1961-1975).
* ''[[Annual Review of Physical Chemistry]]'' (1950)
* ''[[Annual Review of Physical Chemistry]]'' (1950)
* ''[[Annual Review of Physiology]]'' (1939)
* ''[[Annual Review of Physiology]]'' (1939)
* ''[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]]'' (formerly ''Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology'') (1950)
* ''[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]]'' (1950) (formerly ''Annual Review of Plant Physiology'', 1950-1987; ''Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology'', 1988-2001.)
* ''[[Annual Review of Political Science]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Annual Review of Political Science]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Annual Review of Psychology]]'' (1950)
* ''[[Annual Review of Psychology]]'' (1950)
* ''[[Annual Review of Public Health]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Annual Review of Public Health]]'' (1980) - previous volumes of this journal are now [[open access journal|open access]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/page/subscriptions/publichealthopenaccessinitiative|title=Annual Review of Public Health Open Access Initiative|website=www.annualreviews.org|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref>


===R===
===R===
Line 129: Line 261:
===V===
===V===
* ''[[Annual Review of Virology]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Annual Review of Virology]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Annual Review of Vision Science]]'' (2015)

{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


== References ==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
== External links ==

Revision as of 17:42, 7 December 2021

Annual Reviews
The Logo of Annual Reviews
Founded1932 (1932)
FounderJ. Murray Luck
Country of originUnited States
Headquarters location1875 S Grant St., Suite 700, San Mateo, California[1]
Key peopleRichard B. Gallagher, president and editor-in-chief
Publication typesAcademic journals, online magazine
Nonfiction topicsLife, biomedical, physical, and social sciences
Official websiteannualreviews.org

Annual Reviews is an independent, non-profit academic publishing company based in San Mateo, California. It publishes 51 journals of review articles in the life, biomedical, physical, and social sciences.[2] Review articles are usually “peer-invited” solicited submissions, often planned years in advance, which go through a peer-review process.[3] The organizational structure has three levels: a volunteer board of directors, editorial committees of experts for each journal, and paid employees.[4]

Annual Reviews' stated mission is to synthesize and integrate knowledge "for the progress of science and the benefit of society".[5][6] The first Annual Reviews journal, the Annual Review of Biochemistry, was published in 1932 under the editorship of Stanford University chemist J. Murray Luck, who wanted to create a resource that provided critical reviews on contemporary research. The second journal was added in 1939. By 1982, Annual Reviews published 24 titles, and by 2021 it published 51. In 2016, the company piloted the "Subscribe to Open" publishing model, under which a journal's newest volume is published as open access content as long as enough subscriptions are sold.

History

Annual Review of Biochemistry

The Annual Review of Biochemistry was the creation of Stanford University chemist and professor J. Murray Luck.[6][7] In designing a course for graduate students in 1930, he saw the need for a resource that condensed the large volume of biochemistry research into review articles. Luck asked about 50 biochemists in the US, United Kingdom, and Canada if an annual volume of critical reviews on biochemistry research would be useful. Response was positive.[7][8][9]

Luck formed an initial advisory ccmmittee which included Carl L. Alsberg at Stanford,[10] and Dennis Robert Hoagland[11][12] and Carl Louis August Schmidt from the University of California, Berkeley.[13][14][15][7] Stanford University Press agreed to publish the journal on a three-year contract, with financial assistance from the Chemical Foundation headed by Francis Garvan.[7][8][16] Stanford University gave the journal rent-free office space in the Physiology building (Outer Quad) beginning in 1931.[9][17]: 6  The first volume of the Annual Review of Biochemistry was published as of May 3, 1932.[18]

Legal identity

At the completion of the contract with Stanford University Press, the advisory committee of the journal decided to assume a legal identity as the journal's publisher, though keeping Stanford University Press as the printer. On December 12, 1934, they submitted articles of incorporation with the California Secretary of State to create Annual Review of Biochemistry, Ltd., which was organized as a nonprofit.[17]: 3  In February 1938, the name was changed to Annual Reviews, Inc.[8] On March 28, 2008, the California Secretary of State approved an amendment to the Articles of Incorporation to change the name officially to Annual Reviews.[19]

Leadership

J. Murray Luck worked for Annual Reviews from 1932 to 1968 and was the founding editor-in-chief of its first two journals: the Annual Review of Biochemistry (1932-1965) and the Annual Review of Physiology (1939-1946).[20] As further journals were added, each one had its own Editorial Committee, whose editors-in-chief took the title "Editor" or "Co-editor".[21] Luck retired from the Editor-in-chief position as of 1969. He continued to serve on the Board of Directors as an emeritus member, as well as on the Editorial Committee of the Annual Review of Biochemistry.[22]

Robert R. Schultz was the organization's official Editor-in-chief from 1970 to 1972.[23][24] William Kaufmann became Editor-in-chief of the organization from 1973 to 1981,[25][26][27]: 35  followed by Alister Brass from 1981 to 1983.[28][29] Kaufmann returned from 1983 to 1992. Robert Hall Haynes served as Editor-in-chief of the organization from 1992[30] to 1995.[27]: 35  He was succeeded by Samuel Gubins, who held the positions of President and Editor-in-chief from 1995 to 2015.[31] The current President and Editor-in-chief, Richard B. Gallagher, succeeded Gubins in 2015.[32]

Expansion

Line chart showing the number of Annual Reviews journals over time

In 1938, Annual Reviews and the American Physiological Society agreed to collaborate to create a new journal. The first volume of the Annual Review of Physiology was published in 1939, with the help of Victor E. Hall as assistant editor.[33] Although the original intent was to be international in scope, the first European editors were not included until 1948, following World War II.[34]

A third journal, the Annual Review of Microbiology, was created in 1947 under the editorship of Charles E. Clifton.[35] The increased volume of printing was not feasible for Stanford University Press, so printing of Annual Review of Physiology, Annual Review of Microbiology and later volumes of Annual Review of Biochemistry was contracted out to the George Banta Company of Menasha, Wisconsin.[17]

Annual Reviews journals were recommended to teachers and librarians as well as scientists.[36] In the 1950s, titles in medicine,[37] psychology,[38] plant physiology,[39] physical chemistry,[40] nuclear and particle science,[41] and entomology were added.[42] Stanford University began to have a serious space shortage, which resulted in Annual Reviews constructing a new office building in nearby Palo Alto, California in 1956. After Santa Clara County used eminent domain to take the property at 231 Grant Avenue, Annual Reviews moved again in 1968, to 4139 El Camino Way, Palo Alto.[43][17]

By 1982, 24 titles were being published by Annual Reviews.[8] After becoming editor-in-chief in 1995, Samuel Gubins oversaw both a further expansion of journal titles and the first electronic publishing of Annual Reviews journals. The Annual Review of Sociology and the Annual Review of Medicine were the first to be published electronically, in 1996.[44] In 2002, the publisher's entire publication history, covering 70 years and approximately 475,000 pages and 5,400 images, was digitized.[45][46] The thirtieth journal title was published in 2000. Another 22 titles were added between 2005 and 2019. As of 2021, Annual Reviews has published 52 journals under 64 title variants. Only one, the Annual Review of Computer Science, is no longer in publication.[47]

Annual Reviews has also released some specialty publications: The Excitement and Fascination of Science (1965, 1978, 1990, 1995), consisting of four volumes of autobiographies and reflections by prominent scientists,[48] and Intelligence and Affectivity (1981), a translated volume of lectures given by Jean Piaget in the 1950s.[49]

In 2017, Annual Reviews announced its first online magazine, Knowable Magazine, with support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. With Knowable Magazine, Annual Reviews made a move from scholarly publishing into science journalism and science communication, explaining and emphasizing the real-world significance of scholarly work.[50]

In 2021, Annual Reviews moved its physical office to 1875 S Grant St., Suite 700, San Mateo, California.[1]

Journal format and metrics

Each journal publishes one volume per year. As of 2021, all 51 of the current journals are published online,[2] including 21 exclusively online, with 30 journals additionally published in print.[51]

As of 2021, researchers at McGill and Stanford University examined the impact of review articles using a corpus of 6,495 individual review papers published in 54 past and current Annual Reviews journal titles in the biological, physical, and social sciences. The authors noted that Annual Review publications often focus on emerging fields that may be undergoing structural transformations. Examining impact on scholarly discourse, they concluded that "formal, invited Annual Review articles provide a distinctly authoritative source". By identifying "distinct clusters of work" and articles that bridge such clusters, review articles can integrate a topic. Research suggests that they can "shift discourse in a manner that simultaneously simplifies and collapses a knowledge community", helping to define and organize emergent research areas.[4]

Subscribe to Open publishing model

Line chart showing the PDF and HTML downloads of the Annual Review of Public Health (purple) after it became open access in 2017. The Annual Review of Medicine (blue) and the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (red), which are paywalled, are shown for comparison.[52]
External audio
audio icon Episode 76 "Annual Reviews: Evolving to Better Serve the Public Good", The Authority File, 05/04/2019
audio icon Episode 77 "Annual Reviews: Public Health, an Open-Access Test Case for Review Literature", The Authority File, 03/11/2019
audio icon Episode 78 "Annual Reviews: Science for a Functional Democracy", The Authority File, 03/18/2019
audio icon Episode 79 "Annual Reviews: Subscribe to Open", The Authority File, 03/25/2019

In 2016, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation awarded six grants for examining the potential for open science and open access, as part of an initiative for Increasing Openness and Transparency in Research. One of the awardees was Annual Reviews, which was interested in finding ways to remove barriers to access to scientific publications.[53][54] Annual Reviews used the grant to release the Annual Review of Public Health under an open access license in April 2017, and tracked the impact of the change in licensing.[55]

By May 2019, usage of the journal had increased eight-fold relative to 2016 to about 200,000 downloads monthly. For comparison, the titles for clinical psychology and medicine that maintained gated access showed no change in usage. In addition, the audience for the journal increased from 1,100 institutions in 57 countries (2016) to 7,220 institutions in 137 countries (2018).[52]

Annual Reviews has continued to explore the possibilities of open access by developing the "Subscribe to Open" (S2O) publishing model.[54][56] Subscribe-to-open is an example of an assurance contract.[57] In the S20 pilot for 2020, subscribing institutions were asked to maintain their existing subscriptions to the offered journals, less a 5% discount, on the understanding that if enough subscriptions were received, the final content for the journals would be published as open access. If enough subscriptions were not received, the content would remain paywalled.[58][52][59][60] In this way S2O appealed to the individual subscriber's economic self-interest (receiving a discount instead of paying full price), and avoided reliance on collective behavior or altruism.[52] The approach allowed participating publishers to convert content from gated to open access on a year-to-year basis.[59]

As of September 1, 2019, the 2020 pilot program for S2O included two publishers, Annual Reviews and Berghahn Books, both of whom opened part of their content.[54][56] Annual Reviews offered five titles in the S2O pilot, the Annual Review of Cancer Biology, the Annual Review of Environment and Resources, the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, the Annual Review of Political Science, and the Annual Review of Public Health. All were published as open access through the subscribe-to-open approach.[52][61]

Additional publishers have since adopted the subscribe-to-open approach, which is seen as benefiting libraries, researchers and publishers alike.[62][63][64] In a survey commissioned by the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers to determine how publishers aligned with Plan S, authors Alicia Wise and Lorraine Estelle called Subscribe to Open "the most promising" transformative agreement for publishers, as it offers a predictable revenue stream.[59] : 2 [65]

Availability

Annual Reviews journals are available in a number of ways, depending in part on the journal. Each journal is available electronically with many also offered as a bound annual volume. Subscriptions are offered for the online version, print version, or both when print is available, and individual articles can be purchased online. Journals are also available as a database consisting of some or all of the journals, with site licenses.[66][67]

Effective January 2008, purchasing a subscription includes online access that entitles the subscriber to permanent access rights to that volume regardless of future subscription status.[67] In 2017 and 2018, the Annual Review of Public Health was available without subscription.[68] The 2019 volume requires a subscription. While previous volumes may be freely available to read, they may not be published under an open license.[69]

The 2020 open access journal volumes are the: Annual Review of Cancer Biology, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Annual Review of Political Science, and Annual Review of Public Health.[52][61] In 2021, the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering and the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics were also published under the subscribe-to-open model.[2][70]

Rankings

As of 2021, Journal Citation Reports has given 18 Annual Reviews journal titles a rank of "1", indicating high quality and importance in their respective categories. The top five Annual Reviews titles by impact factor are:[71]

Organization structure

Richard Gallagher, president and editor-in-chief since 2015

There are three leadership structures within Annual Reviews: The board of directors and its committees, editors and editorial committees, and a management team. The board of directors consists of experts of various scientific disciplines, philanthropists, and business people, who serve as volunteers. The board is assisted by the business affairs committee and editorial affairs committee. Together, the board and its committees develop and approve fiscal policies and budgets. They also review the organization's financial performance and publishing strategy.[27] The contents of each journal published by Annual Reviews is selected by the lead editor or co-editors and their editorial committees, about ten members total, who are researchers in the discipline. Committee terms are five years.[21] The management team provides expertise in academic publishing, and is led by the president, who is also its editor-in-chief.[72] As of 2018, the board is chaired by Karen S. Cook, professor of sociology at Stanford University.[73] The vice-chairperson is Sandra M. Faber, professor of astronomy and astrophysics at University of California, Santa Cruz.[72][74]

List of journals

Main category: Annual Reviews academic journals

Annual Reviews publishes a variety of journals in the biomedical and life sciences, physical sciences, and social sciences, including economics. Years in parentheses indicate the first year of publication. As of 2021, the publications included the following:

A

B

C

D

  • Annual Review of Developmental Psychology (2019)

E

F

G

I

K

  • Knowable Magazine (2017)

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

V

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External links

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