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|An [[opossum]].
|An [[opossum]].
|
|
|}

====Primatomorphs====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Primatomorph]]s reported from the Fort Union Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Locality
!'''Stratigraphic member'''
!'''Material'''!! Notes !! Images
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Purgatorius]]''
|''P. janisae''
|'Harley's Point’ UCMP locality V77087, [[Garfield County, Montana]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Wilson Mantilla |first=Gregory P. |last2=Chester |first2=Stephen G. B. |last3=Clemens |first3=William A. |last4=Moore |first4=Jason R. |last5=Sprain |first5=Courtney J. |last6=Hovatter |first6=Brody T. |last7=Mitchell |first7=William S. |last8=Mans |first8=Wade W. |last9=Mundil |first9=Roland |last10=Renne |first10=Paul R. |title=Earliest Palaeocene purgatoriids and the initial radiation of stem primates |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8074693/ |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=210050 |doi=10.1098/rsos.210050 |issn=2054-5703 |pmc=8074693 |pmid=33972886}}</ref>
|Tullock Member.<ref name=":12" />
|[[UCMP]] 150018 (right m1), and [[UCMP]] 192398 (left m3).<ref name=":12" />
|A [[Purgatoriidae|purgatoriid]].
|
|-
|''P. mckeeveri''
|[[Garfield County, Montana]].<ref name=":12" />
|Tullock Member.<ref name=":12" />
|[[Dentary]] remains & teeth.<ref name=":12" />
|A [[Purgatoriidae|purgatoriid]].
|
|-
|''P.'' cf. ''P. mckeeveri''
|Harley's Point’ UCMP locality V77087, [[Garfield County, Montana]].<ref name=":12" />
|Tullock Member.<ref name=":12" />
|[[UCMP]] 150019 (right M2), and [[UCMP]] 150020 (right M2).<ref name=":12" />
|A [[Purgatoriidae|purgatoriid]].
|
|-
| ''[[Zanycteris]]''
|''Z. honeyi''
| UMC locality number 92177, Colorado.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Burger |first=Benjamin John |date=2013-10-29 |title=A new species of the archaic primate Zanycteris from the late Paleocene of western Colorado and the phylogenetic position of the family Picrodontidae |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3817582/ |journal=PeerJ |volume=1 |pages=e191 |doi=10.7717/peerj.191 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=3817582 |pmid=24255808}}</ref>
|Atwell Gulch Member.<ref name=":9" />
|Right [[maxilla]] (UCM 87378).<ref name=":9" />
| A [[Plesiadapiformes|plesiadapiform]].
|
|}

====Ungulates====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Ungulate]]s reported from the Fort Union Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Locality
!'''Stratigraphic member'''
!'''Material'''!! Notes !! Images
|-
| ''[[Sigynorum]]''
|''S. magnadivisus''
| [[Great Divide Basin]], southern Wyoming.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=McComas |first=Katie M. |last2=Eberle |first2=Jaelyn J. |date=May 2015 |title=A new earliest Paleocene (Puercan) arctocyonid mammal from the Fort Union Formation, Great Divide Basin, Wyoming, and its phylogenetic position among early ‘condylarths’ |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14772019.2015.1066886?cookieSet=1 |journal=Journal of Systematic Paleontology |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=445-459}}</ref>
|China Butte Member.<ref name=":3" />
|
| An [[Arctocyonidae|arctocyonid]].
|
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Reptiles===
===Reptiles===
====Birds====
A partial [[ornithurine]] coracoid bone found in this formation is identical to others found in the older [[Hell Creek Formation]]. At present, this unnamed species is the only known individual [[bird]] species that have survived the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]].<ref name=longrichetal2011>Longrich, N.R., Tokaryk, T. and Field, D.J. (2011). "Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary." ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', '''108'''(37): 15253-15257. {{doi|10.1073/pnas.1110395108}}</ref>
A partial [[ornithurine]] coracoid bone found in this formation is identical to others found in the older [[Hell Creek Formation]]. At present, this unnamed species is the only known individual [[bird]] species that have survived the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]].<ref name=longrichetal2011>Longrich, N.R., Tokaryk, T. and Field, D.J. (2011). "Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary." ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', '''108'''(37): 15253-15257. {{doi|10.1073/pnas.1110395108}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Bird]]s reported from the Fort Union Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Locality
!'''Stratigraphic member'''
!'''Material'''!! Notes !! Images
|-
|''[[Lithornis]]''
|''L. celetius''
|Bangtail Quarry, Sedan Quadrangle, [[Park County, Montana]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Houde |first=Peter W. |date=1988 |title=Paleognathous Birds from the Early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4087644 |journal=The Auk |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=455–456 |doi=10.2307/4087644 |issn=0004-8038}}</ref>
|
|
|A [[Lithornithidae|lithornithid]].
|[[File:Lithornis.png|center|150 px]]
|-
|}


====Crocodilians====
{{expand section|there's a bit more paleo...|http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=displayStrata&geological_group=&formation=Fort%20Union&group_formation_member=Fort%20Union|date=June 2020}}
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Crocodilian]]s reported from the Fort Union Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location
!'''Stratigraphic member'''
!'''Material'''!! Notes !! Images
|-
| ''[[Allognathosuchus]]''
|''A.'' sp.
| Princeton Quarry, [[Park County, Wyoming]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Estes |first=Richard |date=1975 |title=Lower Vertebrates from the Fort Union Formation, Late Paleocene, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3891523 |journal=Herpetologica |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=365–385 |issn=0018-0831}}</ref>
|
|Anterior end of left dentary (PU 16988).<ref name=":2" />
|A [[crocodilia]]n.
|[[File:Allognathosuchus gracilis.jpg|center|150 px]]
|-
|}

====Squamates====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Squamates]] reported from the Fort Union Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Locality
!'''Stratigraphic member'''
!'''Material'''!! Notes !! Images
|-
| ''[[Exostinus]]''
|''E. rugosus''
| Princeton & Schaff quarries, [[Park County, Wyoming]].<ref name=":2" />
|
|Multiple specimens.<ref name=":2" />
| A [[Xenosauridae|xenosaurid]] lizard.
|
|-
|''[[Oligodontosaurus]]''
|''O. wyomingensis''
|[[Park County, Wyoming]].<ref name=":2" />
|
|A left [[mandible]] (PU 14246).<ref name=":2" />
|An [[amphisbaenia]]n.
|
|-
|''[[Pancelosaurus]]''
|''P. piger''
|Princeton, Fritz & Schaff quarries, [[Park County, Wyoming]].<ref name=":2" />
|
|Multiple skull elements.<ref name=":2" />
|An [[Anguidae|anguid]] lizard.
|
|-
|''[[Provaranosaurus]]''
|''P. acutus''
|Princeton Quarry, [[Park County, Wyoming]].<ref name=":2" />
|
|PU 14243 (left [[maxilla]]), 14561 (anterior portion of left [[dentary]]) & 17145 ( fragment of left maxilla).<ref name=":2" />
|A [[Palaeovaranidae|palaeovaranid]] lizard.
|
|-
|[[Rhineuridae]]
|Unidentified genus & species
|Fritz Quarry, [[Park County, Wyoming]].<ref name=":2" />
|
|An almost complete right [[dentary]] & a broken vertebra (PU 18627).<ref name=":2" />
|An [[amphisbaenia]]n.
|
|}

====Testudines====
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Testudine]]s reported from the Fort Union Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Locality
!'''Stratigraphic member'''
!'''Material'''!! Notes !! Images
|-
|''[[Atoposemys]]''
|''A. entopteros''
|Montana.<ref name=":5">{{Citation |last=Hutchison |first=J. Howard |title=New Turtles from the Paleogene of North America |date=2013 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4309-0_26 |work=Morphology and Evolution of Turtles |pages=477–497 |editor-last=Brinkman |editor-first=Donald B. |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-4309-0_26 |isbn=978-94-007-4309-0 |access-date=2022-11-19 |editor2-last=Holroyd |editor2-first=Patricia A. |editor3-last=Gardner |editor3-first=James D.}}</ref>
|Tullock Member.<ref name=":5" />
|
|A [[Softshell Turtle|softshell turtle]].
|
|-
|''[[Axestemys]]''
|''A. montinsana''
|PTRM Site V02017, [[Slope County, North Dakota]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Vitek |first=Natasha S. |date=2012-03-11 |title=Giant fossil soft-shelled turtles of North America |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2012-issue-1-articles/210-giant-soft-shelled-turtles |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=English |volume=15 |issue=16 |pages=1–43 |doi=10.26879/299 |issn=1094-8074}}</ref>
|
|Numerous skull, limb & shell fragments.<ref name=":6" />
|A [[Softshell Turtle|softshell turtle]] also found in the [[Melville Formation|Melville]] & [[Denver Formation|Denver]] formations.
|
|-
|''[[Cedrobaena]]''
|''C. putorius''
|Cedar Point Quarry, Wyoming.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Lyson |first=Tyler R. |last2=Joyce |first2=Walter G. |date=November 2009 |title=A revision of Plesiobaena (Testudines: Baenidae) and an assessment of baenid ecology across the K/T boundary |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228491454_A_Revision_of_Plesiobaena_Testudines_Baenidae_and_an_Assessment_of_Baenid_Ecology_Across_the_KT_Boundary |journal=Journal of Paleontology |language=en |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=833–853 |doi=10.1666/09-035.1 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref>
|
|Shell & skull elements.<ref name=":7" />
|A [[Baenidae|baenid]] turtle also found in the [[Hell Creek Formation]].
|[[File:Cedrobaena putorius.jpg|center|150 px]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Hutchemys]]''
|''H. arctochelys''
|Burns Mine, Washoe Area, [[Carbon County, Montana]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Joyce |first=Walter G. |last2=Revan |first2=Ariel |last3=Lyson |first3=Tyler R. |last4=Danilov |first4=Igor G. |date=2009 |title=Two New Plastomenine Softshell Turtles from the Paleocene of Montana and Wyoming |url=https://www.academia.edu/en/2380203/Two_new_plastomenine_softshell_turtles_from_the_Paleocene_of_Montana_and_Wyoming |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=307 |issn=0079-032X}}</ref>
|Tongue River Member.<ref name=":8" />
|Multiple shell elements.<ref name=":8" />
|A [[Softshell Turtle|softshell turtle]].
|
|-
|''H. rememdium''
|[[Fallon County, Montana]].<ref name=":8" />
|Ekalaka Member.<ref name=":8" />
|A near complete postcranial skeleton (YPM PU 16795) & shell elements.<ref name=":8" />
|A [[Softshell Turtle|softshell turtle]].
|
|-
|''H.'' sp.
|Duffy's Ranch, [[Sweet Grass County, Montana]].<ref name=":8" />
|
|YPM PU 11566.<ref name=":8" />
|A [[Softshell Turtle|softshell turtle]].
|
|-
| ''[[Ptychogaster]]''
|''P.'' sp.
| Princeton Quarry & Reiss Locality, [[Park County, Wyoming]].<ref name=":2" />
|
|PU 17794 (fragments of the skull & shell), 14671 & 16443 (shells).<ref name=":2" />
| A [[turtle]].
|
|-
|''[[Tullochelys]]''
|''T. montanus''
|Montana.<ref name=":5" />
|Tullock Member.<ref name=":5" />
|
|A [[Chelydridae|chelydrid]] turtle also known from the [[Hell Creek Formation]].
|
|-
|}

===Amphibians===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Amphibian]]s reported from the Fort Union Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Locality
!'''Stratigraphic member'''
!'''Material'''!! Notes !! Images
|-
|''[[Amphiuma]]''
|''A. jepseni''
|[[Park County, Wyoming]].<ref name=":2" />
|
|PU 14666 (partial vertebral column), 14668 (partial skull) & 16788 (dislocated vertebrae).<ref name=":2" />
|An aquatic [[salamander]].
|
|-
|[[Anura (frog)|Anura]]
|''[[Incertae sedis]]''
|[[Park County, Wyoming]].<ref name=":2" />
|
|PU 14662 (distal end of right radioulna), 14663 (proximal end of left radioulna), 14669 ([[Phalanx bone|phalanx]]), 13372 (right [[maxilla]]).<ref name=":2" />
|A frog.
|
|-
|[[Discoglossidae]]
|Undescribed genus & species
|[[Park County, Wyoming]].<ref name=":2" />
|
|Distal end of right [[humerus]] (PU 14670).<ref name=":2" />
|A frog similar to undescribed [[discoglossid]] remains from the [[Hell Creek Formation]].<ref name=":2" />
|
|-
|''[[Eorhinophrynus]]''
|''E.'' sp.
|Princeton & Fritz quarries, [[Park County, Wyoming]].<ref name=":2" />
|
|[[Humerus|Humeri]] & vertebrae.<ref name=":2" />
|A [[burrowing toad]].
|
|-
|''[[Opisthotriton]]''
|''O. kayi''
|Princeton Quarry, [[Park County, Wyoming]].<ref name=":2" />
|
|Multiple specimens.<ref name=":2" />
|A [[salamander]].
|
|-
| ''[[Scapherpeton]]''
|''S. tectum''
| Princeton & Schaff quarries, [[Park County, Wyoming]].<ref name=":2" />
|
|PU 20583 (3 broken vertebrae, an [[Atlas (anatomy)|atlas]], an [[Ilium (bone)|ilium]] & a rib) & PU 19500 (a [[humerus]]).<ref name=":2" />
| A [[salamander]].
|[[File:Scapherpeton.jpg|center|150 px]]
|-
|}


===Fish===
===Fish===
Line 90: Line 365:
|A large [[sturgeon]].
|A large [[sturgeon]].
|
|
|-
|''[[Amia (fish)|Amia]]''
|''A. fragosa''
|Schaff Quarry, [[Park County, Wyoming]].<ref name=":2" />
|
|3 vertebral centra ([[Princeton University|PU]] 21174).<ref name=":2" />
|A [[bowfin]].
|
|-
|''[[Atractosteus]]''
|''[[Atractosteus grandei|A. grandei]]''
|[[Bowman County, North Dakota]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Brownstein |first=Chase Doran |last2=Lyson |first2=Tyler R. |title=Giant gar from directly above the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary suggests healthy freshwater ecosystems existed within thousands of years of the asteroid impact |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2022.0118 |journal=Biology Letters |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=20220118 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2022.0118 |pmc=PMC9198771 |pmid=35702983}}</ref>
|Lowest [[Danian]] strata.<ref name=":10" />
|
|A large [[gar]].
|
|-
|''[[Engdahlichthys]]''
|''E. milviaegis''
|Montana.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Alison M. |last2=Brinkman |first2=Donald B. |last3=DeMar |first3=David G. |last4=Wilson |first4=Gregory P. |date=2020-03-03 |title=Paddlefish and sturgeon (Chondrostei: Acipenseriformes: Polyodontidae and Acipenseridae) from lower Paleocene deposits of Montana, U.S.A. |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1775091 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=e1775091 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2020.1775091 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>
|Tullock Member.<ref name=":11" />
|
|A fairly small [[sturgeon]].
|
|-
|''[[Polyodon]]''
|''P. tuberculata''
|Montana.<ref name=":11" />
|Tullock Member.<ref name=":11" />
|3 specimens.<ref name=":11" />
|A [[paddlefish]].
|
|-
|}

===Plants===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Plant]]s reported from the Fort Union Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Locality
!'''Stratigraphic member'''
!'''Material'''!! Notes !! Images
|-
| ''[[Eostangeria]]''
|''E. pseudopteris''
| [[Sweetwater County, Wyoming]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Kvaček |first=Zlatko |last2=Manchester |first2=Steven R. |date=May 1999 |title=<i>Eostangeria</i> Barthel (Extinct Cycadales) from the Paleogene of Western North America and Europe |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240563782_Eostangeria_Barthel_Extinct_Cycadales_from_the_Paleogene_of_Western_North_America_and_Europe |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=160 |issue=3 |pages=621–629 |doi=10.1086/314152 |issn=1058-5893}}</ref>
|Upper part of the formation.<ref name=":4" />
|Multiple specimens.<ref name=":4" />
| A [[cycad]].
|
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 17:05, 19 November 2022

Fort Union Formation
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian-Selandian (Lancian-Clarkforkian)
~66–58 Ma
Fossils from the Fort Union Formation
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsAtwell Gulch, China Butte, Ekalaka, Lebo, lower Ludlow, Overland, Rock Bench Quarry, Sentinel Butte, Shotgun, Somber beds, Tongue River, Tullock, upper Ludlow, Polecat Bench Formation
UnderliesWasatch Formation
OverliesHell Creek Formation, Lance Formation
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, shale
OtherCoal
Location
RegionMontana, North Dakota
Wyoming, Colorado
Country United States
ExtentPowder River Basin
Fort Union Formation - stratigraphy

The Fort Union Formation is a geologic unit containing sandstones, shales, and coal beds in Wyoming, Montana, and parts of adjacent states. In the Powder River Basin, it contains important economic deposits of coal, uranium, and coalbed methane.[1]

Description

The Fort Union is mostly of Paleocene age and represents a time of extensive swamps as well as fluvial and lacustrine conditions. The rocks are more sandy in southwestern Wyoming and more coal-bearing in northeast Wyoming and southeast Montana, reflecting a general change from rivers and lakes in the west to swamps in the east, but all three environments were present at various times in most locations.[2]

Coal in the Fort Union in the Powder River Basin occurs mainly in the Tongue River Member, where as many as 32 coal seams total more than 300 feet in thickness.[1] One such bed, the Wyodak Coal near Gillette, Wyoming, is as much as 110 feet (34 m) thick. Most of the coals in the Fort Union Formation are ranked subbituminous.[3]

Fossil content

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Mammals

Marsupials

Marsupials reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Peradectes P. sp. Swain Quarry, Wyoming.[4] Upper & lower molars.[4] Reassigned to Swaindelphys.
Swaindelphys S. cifellii Swain Quarry, Wyoming.[4] Upper & lower molars.[4] An opossum.

Primatomorphs

Primatomorphs reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Purgatorius P. janisae 'Harley's Point’ UCMP locality V77087, Garfield County, Montana.[5] Tullock Member.[5] UCMP 150018 (right m1), and UCMP 192398 (left m3).[5] A purgatoriid.
P. mckeeveri Garfield County, Montana.[5] Tullock Member.[5] Dentary remains & teeth.[5] A purgatoriid.
P. cf. P. mckeeveri Harley's Point’ UCMP locality V77087, Garfield County, Montana.[5] Tullock Member.[5] UCMP 150019 (right M2), and UCMP 150020 (right M2).[5] A purgatoriid.
Zanycteris Z. honeyi UMC locality number 92177, Colorado.[6] Atwell Gulch Member.[6] Right maxilla (UCM 87378).[6] A plesiadapiform.

Ungulates

Ungulates reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Sigynorum S. magnadivisus Great Divide Basin, southern Wyoming.[7] China Butte Member.[7] An arctocyonid.

Reptiles

Birds

A partial ornithurine coracoid bone found in this formation is identical to others found in the older Hell Creek Formation. At present, this unnamed species is the only known individual bird species that have survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.[8]

Birds reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Lithornis L. celetius Bangtail Quarry, Sedan Quadrangle, Park County, Montana.[9] A lithornithid.

Crocodilians

Crocodilians reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Allognathosuchus A. sp. Princeton Quarry, Park County, Wyoming.[10] Anterior end of left dentary (PU 16988).[10] A crocodilian.

Squamates

Squamates reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Exostinus E. rugosus Princeton & Schaff quarries, Park County, Wyoming.[10] Multiple specimens.[10] A xenosaurid lizard.
Oligodontosaurus O. wyomingensis Park County, Wyoming.[10] A left mandible (PU 14246).[10] An amphisbaenian.
Pancelosaurus P. piger Princeton, Fritz & Schaff quarries, Park County, Wyoming.[10] Multiple skull elements.[10] An anguid lizard.
Provaranosaurus P. acutus Princeton Quarry, Park County, Wyoming.[10] PU 14243 (left maxilla), 14561 (anterior portion of left dentary) & 17145 ( fragment of left maxilla).[10] A palaeovaranid lizard.
Rhineuridae Unidentified genus & species Fritz Quarry, Park County, Wyoming.[10] An almost complete right dentary & a broken vertebra (PU 18627).[10] An amphisbaenian.

Testudines

Testudines reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Atoposemys A. entopteros Montana.[11] Tullock Member.[11] A softshell turtle.
Axestemys A. montinsana PTRM Site V02017, Slope County, North Dakota.[12] Numerous skull, limb & shell fragments.[12] A softshell turtle also found in the Melville & Denver formations.
Cedrobaena C. putorius Cedar Point Quarry, Wyoming.[13] Shell & skull elements.[13] A baenid turtle also found in the Hell Creek Formation.
Hutchemys H. arctochelys Burns Mine, Washoe Area, Carbon County, Montana.[14] Tongue River Member.[14] Multiple shell elements.[14] A softshell turtle.
H. rememdium Fallon County, Montana.[14] Ekalaka Member.[14] A near complete postcranial skeleton (YPM PU 16795) & shell elements.[14] A softshell turtle.
H. sp. Duffy's Ranch, Sweet Grass County, Montana.[14] YPM PU 11566.[14] A softshell turtle.
Ptychogaster P. sp. Princeton Quarry & Reiss Locality, Park County, Wyoming.[10] PU 17794 (fragments of the skull & shell), 14671 & 16443 (shells).[10] A turtle.
Tullochelys T. montanus Montana.[11] Tullock Member.[11] A chelydrid turtle also known from the Hell Creek Formation.

Amphibians

Amphibians reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Amphiuma A. jepseni Park County, Wyoming.[10] PU 14666 (partial vertebral column), 14668 (partial skull) & 16788 (dislocated vertebrae).[10] An aquatic salamander.
Anura Incertae sedis Park County, Wyoming.[10] PU 14662 (distal end of right radioulna), 14663 (proximal end of left radioulna), 14669 (phalanx), 13372 (right maxilla).[10] A frog.
Discoglossidae Undescribed genus & species Park County, Wyoming.[10] Distal end of right humerus (PU 14670).[10] A frog similar to undescribed discoglossid remains from the Hell Creek Formation.[10]
Eorhinophrynus E. sp. Princeton & Fritz quarries, Park County, Wyoming.[10] Humeri & vertebrae.[10] A burrowing toad.
Opisthotriton O. kayi Princeton Quarry, Park County, Wyoming.[10] Multiple specimens.[10] A salamander.
Scapherpeton S. tectum Princeton & Schaff quarries, Park County, Wyoming.[10] PU 20583 (3 broken vertebrae, an atlas, an ilium & a rib) & PU 19500 (a humerus).[10] A salamander.

Fish

Fish reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Acipenseridae Morphotype A Eagle Mine near Bear Creek, Carbon County, Montana.[15] A complete lateral scute (YPM VPPU 17066).[15] A large sturgeon.
Morphotype B Highway Blowout Site, Fallon County, Montana.[15] Tongue River Member.[15] A complete lateral scute (YPM VPPU 16646).[15] A large sturgeon.
Amia A. fragosa Schaff Quarry, Park County, Wyoming.[10] 3 vertebral centra (PU 21174).[10] A bowfin.
Atractosteus A. grandei Bowman County, North Dakota.[16] Lowest Danian strata.[16] A large gar.
Engdahlichthys E. milviaegis Montana.[17] Tullock Member.[17] A fairly small sturgeon.
Polyodon P. tuberculata Montana.[17] Tullock Member.[17] 3 specimens.[17] A paddlefish.

Plants

Plants reported from the Fort Union Formation
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic member Material Notes Images
Eostangeria E. pseudopteris Sweetwater County, Wyoming.[18] Upper part of the formation.[18] Multiple specimens.[18] A cycad.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Wyodak Coal, Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation, Powder River Basin, Wyoming: "No-Coal Zones" and Their Effects on Coalbed Methane Production, by Mark Ashley, 2005
  2. ^ Eocene and Paleocene rocks of the southern and central basins, by Robert E. McDonald, in Geologic Atlas of the Rocky Mountain Region, Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, Denver, CO, 1972: p. 248
  3. ^ Cretaceous and Tertiary coals of the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains regions, by R.M. Flores and T.A. Cross, 1991, in Economic Geology, U.S., Geological Society of America, Decade of North American Geology Series, vol. P-2, p. 547-571.
  4. ^ a b c d Johanson, Zerina (November 1996). "New marsupial from the Fort Union Formation, Swain Quarry, Wyoming". Journal of Paleontology. 70 (6): 1023–1031. doi:10.1017/S0022336000038725. ISSN 0022-3360.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wilson Mantilla, Gregory P.; Chester, Stephen G. B.; Clemens, William A.; Moore, Jason R.; Sprain, Courtney J.; Hovatter, Brody T.; Mitchell, William S.; Mans, Wade W.; Mundil, Roland; Renne, Paul R. "Earliest Palaeocene purgatoriids and the initial radiation of stem primates". Royal Society Open Science. 8 (2): 210050. doi:10.1098/rsos.210050. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 8074693. PMID 33972886.
  6. ^ a b c Burger, Benjamin John (2013-10-29). "A new species of the archaic primate Zanycteris from the late Paleocene of western Colorado and the phylogenetic position of the family Picrodontidae". PeerJ. 1: e191. doi:10.7717/peerj.191. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 3817582. PMID 24255808.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ a b McComas, Katie M.; Eberle, Jaelyn J. (May 2015). "A new earliest Paleocene (Puercan) arctocyonid mammal from the Fort Union Formation, Great Divide Basin, Wyoming, and its phylogenetic position among early 'condylarths'". Journal of Systematic Paleontology. 14 (6): 445–459.
  8. ^ Longrich, N.R., Tokaryk, T. and Field, D.J. (2011). "Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37): 15253-15257. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110395108
  9. ^ Houde, Peter W. (1988). "Paleognathous Birds from the Early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere". The Auk. 107 (2): 455–456. doi:10.2307/4087644. ISSN 0004-8038.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Estes, Richard (1975). "Lower Vertebrates from the Fort Union Formation, Late Paleocene, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming". Herpetologica. 31 (4): 365–385. ISSN 0018-0831.
  11. ^ a b c d Hutchison, J. Howard (2013), Brinkman, Donald B.; Holroyd, Patricia A.; Gardner, James D. (eds.), "New Turtles from the Paleogene of North America", Morphology and Evolution of Turtles, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 477–497, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4309-0_26, ISBN 978-94-007-4309-0, retrieved 2022-11-19
  12. ^ a b Vitek, Natasha S. (2012-03-11). "Giant fossil soft-shelled turtles of North America". Palaeontologia Electronica. 15 (16): 1–43. doi:10.26879/299. ISSN 1094-8074.
  13. ^ a b Lyson, Tyler R.; Joyce, Walter G. (November 2009). "A revision of Plesiobaena (Testudines: Baenidae) and an assessment of baenid ecology across the K/T boundary". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (6): 833–853. doi:10.1666/09-035.1. ISSN 0022-3360.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h Joyce, Walter G.; Revan, Ariel; Lyson, Tyler R.; Danilov, Igor G. (2009). "Two New Plastomenine Softshell Turtles from the Paleocene of Montana and Wyoming". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 50 (2): 307. ISSN 0079-032X.
  15. ^ a b c d e Brownstein, Chase Doran (November 2022). "Evidence of large sturgeons in the Paleocene of North America". Journal of Paleontology: 1–5. doi:10.1017/jpa.2022.87. ISSN 0022-3360.
  16. ^ a b Brownstein, Chase Doran; Lyson, Tyler R. "Giant gar from directly above the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary suggests healthy freshwater ecosystems existed within thousands of years of the asteroid impact". Biology Letters. 18 (6): 20220118. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0118. PMC 9198771. PMID 35702983.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  17. ^ a b c d e Murray, Alison M.; Brinkman, Donald B.; DeMar, David G.; Wilson, Gregory P. (2020-03-03). "Paddlefish and sturgeon (Chondrostei: Acipenseriformes: Polyodontidae and Acipenseridae) from lower Paleocene deposits of Montana, U.S.A." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (2): e1775091. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1775091. ISSN 0272-4634.
  18. ^ a b c Kvaček, Zlatko; Manchester, Steven R. (May 1999). "Eostangeria Barthel (Extinct Cycadales) from the Paleogene of Western North America and Europe". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 160 (3): 621–629. doi:10.1086/314152. ISSN 1058-5893.
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