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== Early life and education ==
== Early life and education ==
[[File:Young Ratsimamanga.jpg|left|thumb|243x243px|Young Ratsimamanga ca. 1924]]
[[File:Young Ratsimamanga.jpg|left|thumb|243x243px|Young Ratsimamanga ca. 1924]]
Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga was born on the 28th of December 1907, in [[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]], to Razanadrakoto Ratsimamanga and Lala Ralisoa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Généalogie de Prof. Rakoto Albert Ratsimamanga |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/taniko?lang=fr&n=ratsimamanga&oc=0&p=prof.+rakoto+albert |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Geneanet |language=fr}}</ref> He was the grandson of Prince [[Ratsimamanga]], uncle and advisor to Queen [[Ranavalona III]], who was executed in 1897 at the beginning of the [[French colonization|French colonisation]] of Madagascar.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Universalis‎ |first=Encyclopædia |title=ALBERT RAKOTO RATSIMAMANGA |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |language=fr-FR}}</ref> His father died in 1918 from drinking heavily, when he was only eleven years old.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Ratsimamanga, Albert Rakoto |url=https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-50370 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Oxford African American Studies Center |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.50370}}</ref>
Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga was born on the 28th of December 1907, in [[Antananarivo]], [[Madagascar]], to Razanadrakoto Ratsimamanga and Lala Ralisoa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Généalogie de Prof. Rakoto Albert Ratsimamanga |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/taniko?lang=fr&n=ratsimamanga&oc=0&p=prof.+rakoto+albert |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Geneanet |language=fr}}</ref> He was the grandson of Prince [[Ratsimamanga]], uncle and advisor to Queen [[Ranavalona III]], who was executed in 1897 at the beginning of the [[French colonization|French colonisation]] of Madagascar.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Universalis‎ |first=Encyclopædia |title=ALBERT RAKOTO RATSIMAMANGA |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |language=fr-FR}}</ref> His father died in 1918 from drinking heavily, when he was only eleven years old.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Ratsimamanga, Albert Rakoto |url=https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-50370 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Oxford African American Studies Center |year=2014 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.50370|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1 |last1=Rich |first1=Jeremy }}</ref>


He received his early education until he became a doctor for the Indigenous Medical Assistance (AMI) at the Faculty of Medicine, [[University of Antananarivo]] in 1924.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":13" /> Ratsimamanga was a member of the 1930 [[Colonial exhibition|Colonial Exhibition]] in Paris,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Osseo-Asare |first=Abena Dove |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=exs7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA251&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiI9ey1pLb7AhVLQMAKHZ_QDBwQuwV6BAgLEAc#v=onepage&q=%22Albert%20Rakoto%20Ratsimamanga%22%20-wikipedia&f=false |title=Bitter Roots: The Search for Healing Plants in Africa |date=2014-01-13 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-08616-3 |language=en}}</ref> during which he decided to join the [[University of Paris]] to become a [[Doctor of Science]] (MS) and a [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001) |url=https://data.bnf.fr/12283647/albert_rakoto_ratsimamanga/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=data.bnf.fr |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Madagascar, l'IMRA devient la Fondation Albert et Suzanne Rakoto Ratsimamanga |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.madagate.com/monde-malgache/portrait/2790-madagascarn-limra-devient-la-fondation-albert-et-suzanne-rakoto-ratsimamanga.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-url= |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=archive wikiwix}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Pr Albert RAKOTO RATSIMAMANGA |url=https://www.madatours.com/pr-albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga/ |url-status=live |website=Madatours}}</ref> He also graduated from the Institute of Exotic Medicine and the [[Pasteur Institute|Pasteur Institut]], and founded the association of Malagasy Students in France.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date= |title=ALBERT RAKOTO RATSIMAMANGA |url=https://codepen.io/rzjosia/full/goLybX |website=codepen}}</ref>
He received his early education until he became a doctor for the Indigenous Medical Assistance (AMI) at the Faculty of Medicine, [[University of Antananarivo]] in 1924.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":13" /> Ratsimamanga was a member of the 1930 [[Colonial exhibition|Colonial Exhibition]] in Paris,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Osseo-Asare |first=Abena Dove |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exs7AgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA251 |title=Bitter Roots: The Search for Healing Plants in Africa |date=2014-01-13 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-08616-3 |language=en}}</ref> during which he decided to join the [[University of Paris]] to become a [[Doctor of Science]] (MS) and a [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001) |url=https://data.bnf.fr/12283647/albert_rakoto_ratsimamanga/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=data.bnf.fr |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Madagascar, l'IMRA devient la Fondation Albert et Suzanne Rakoto Ratsimamanga |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http://www.madagate.com/monde-malgache/portrait/2790-madagascarn-limra-devient-la-fondation-albert-et-suzanne-rakoto-ratsimamanga.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-url= |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=archive wikiwix}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Pr Albert RAKOTO RATSIMAMANGA |url=https://www.madatours.com/pr-albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga/ |url-status=live |website=Madatours}}</ref> He also graduated from the Institute of Exotic Medicine and the [[Pasteur Institute|Pasteur Institut]], and founded the association of Malagasy Students in France.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date= |title=ALBERT RAKOTO RATSIMAMANGA |url=https://codepen.io/rzjosia/full/goLybX |website=codepen}}</ref>


== Research ==
== Research ==
Ratsimamanga started working at the [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]] (CNRS) in 1945 after he was approached by [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie]], CNRS's research director and Nobel prize literature in Chemistry (1935).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Wambebe |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1S9KDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT91&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&hl=en |title=African Indigenous Medical Knowledge and Human Health |date=2018-01-29 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-351-71049-7 |language=en}}</ref> where he pioneered the study of [[Human blood group systems]], and treatments for [[leprosy]] and [[tuberculosis]].<ref name=":1" />
Ratsimamanga started working at the [[French National Centre for Scientific Research]] (CNRS) in 1945 after he was approached by [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie]], CNRS's research director and Nobel prize literature in Chemistry (1935).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Wambebe |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1S9KDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT91 |title=African Indigenous Medical Knowledge and Human Health |date=2018-01-29 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-351-71049-7 |language=en}}</ref> where he pioneered the study of [[Human blood group systems]], and treatments for [[leprosy]] and [[tuberculosis]].<ref name=":1" />


His work showed the presence of hormones in the diet and their role in the development of the body, while eliminating the factors of cellular detoxification, especially in the liver.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acide ascorbique, vitamine C {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/14736690 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> Thus, pioneering the modern notion of [[nutraceutical]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Giroud, A. ; Ratsimamanga, A. R. |date=1936 |title=Distribution de la vitamine C chez les invertebres. |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19361400394 |journal=Bulletin de la Societe de chimie biologique |volume=18 |pages=375–383}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jouan |first=Pierre-Nicolas |last2=Pouliot |first2=Yves |last3=Gauthier |first3=Sylvie F. |last4=Laforest |first4=Jean-Paul |date=2006-11-01 |title=Hormones in bovine milk and milk products: A survey |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958694606001506 |journal=International Dairy Journal |series=Technological and Health Aspects of Bioactive Components of Milk |language=en |volume=16 |issue=11 |pages=1408–1414 |doi=10.1016/j.idairyj.2006.06.007 |issn=0958-6946}}</ref>
His work showed the presence of hormones in the diet and their role in the development of the body, while eliminating the factors of cellular detoxification, especially in the liver.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acide ascorbique, vitamine C {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/14736690 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> Thus, pioneering the modern notion of [[nutraceutical]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Giroud, A. ; Ratsimamanga, A. R. |date=1936 |title=Distribution de la vitamine C chez les invertebres. |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19361400394 |journal=Bulletin de la Societe de chimie biologique |volume=18 |pages=375–383}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jouan |first1=Pierre-Nicolas |last2=Pouliot |first2=Yves |last3=Gauthier |first3=Sylvie F. |last4=Laforest |first4=Jean-Paul |date=2006-11-01 |title=Hormones in bovine milk and milk products: A survey |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958694606001506 |journal=International Dairy Journal |series=Technological and Health Aspects of Bioactive Components of Milk |language=en |volume=16 |issue=11 |pages=1408–1414 |doi=10.1016/j.idairyj.2006.06.007 |issn=0958-6946}}</ref>
[[File:Covid Organics By Garreth Brown cropped.jpg|thumb|252x252px|[[Covid-Organics]]]]
[[File:Covid Organics By Garreth Brown cropped.jpg|thumb|252x252px|[[Covid-Organics]]]]
Ratsimamanga was the founding director of the [[Malagasy Institute of Applied Research]] (IMRA) in 1957.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-14 |title=Madagascar pushes untested herbal coronavirus remedy on its neighbors |url=https://www.codastory.com/waronscience/madagascar-covid-organics/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Coda Story |language=en-US}}</ref> IMRA was focused on [[Herbal medicine|Phytotherapy]] to use local plants and traditional practices to cure diseases, i.e., traditional [[pharmacopoeia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Osseo-Asare |first=Abena Dove |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exs7AgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA251&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&hl=en |title=Bitter Roots: The Search for Healing Plants in Africa |date=2014-01-13 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-08616-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=Steven M. |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IphwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA238&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjS48evprb7AhVKXcAKHVA2B4w4ChDoAXoECAUQAw#v=onepage&q=%22Albert%20Rakoto%20Ratsimamanga%22%20-wikipedia&f=false |title=The New Natural History of Madagascar |date=2022-11-15 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-22262-2 |language=en}}</ref> IMRA succeeded in using the [[Syzygium cumini]] tree as an anti-diabetic agent,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VxdlRSMaO14C&pg=PA109&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiI9ey1pLb7AhVLQMAKHZ_QDBwQuwV6BAgKEAc |title=Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office: Patents |date=2001 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark Office |language=en}}</ref> and creating alternative medicines against [[malaria]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rafatro |first=Herintsoa |last2=Ramanitrahasimbola |first2=David |last3=Rasoanaivo |first3=Philippe |last4=Ratsimamanga-Urverg |first4=Suzanne |last5=Rakoto-Ratsimamanga |first5=Albert |last6=Frappier |first6=François |date=2000-05-01 |title=Reversal activity of the naturally occurring chemosensitizer malagashanine in Plasmodium malaria |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006295299004001 |journal=Biochemical Pharmacology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=9 |pages=1053–1061 |doi=10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00400-1 |issn=0006-2952}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rasoanaivo |first=P. |last2=Petitjean |first2=A. |last3=Ratsimamanga-Urverg |first3=S. |last4=Rakoto-Ratsimamanga |first4=A. |date=1992-09-01 |title=Medicinal plants used to treat malaria in Madagascar |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378874192900708 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=117–127 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(92)90070-8 |issn=0378-8741}}</ref> [[leprosy]], [[asthma]], [[Calculus (medicine)|lithiasis]], [[blood pressure]], [[hepatitis]] and other common conditions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eddouks |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iEyDgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA217&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&hl=en |title=Phytotherapy in the Management of Diabetes and Hypertension |date=2016-02-02 |publisher=Bentham Science Publishers |isbn=978-1-68108-161-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications - Justia Patents Search |url=https://patents.justia.com/inventor/albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=patents.justia.com}}</ref> This has established IMRA as a research centre;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Puri |first=Manveen |last2=Masum |first2=Hassan |last3=Heys |first3=Jennifer |last4=Singer |first4=Peter A |date=2010-12-13 |title=Harnessing biodiversity: the Malagasy Institute of Applied Research (IMRA) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001617/ |journal=BMC International Health and Human Rights |volume=10 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S9 |doi=10.1186/1472-698X-10-S1-S9 |issn=1472-698X |pmc=3001617 |pmid=21144080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IMRA - TWAS |url=https://twas.org/sites/default/files/twas_packard_imra.pdf |website=TWAS}}</ref> however, IMRA’s reputation was all but ruined due to the [[Covid-Organics]] controversy.<ref name=":32" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga : un nom digne de confiance aujourd’hui associé au Covid organics - Détours Madagascar Voyages |url=https://www.voyagemadagascar.com/albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga-un-nom-digne-de-confiance-aujourdhui-associe-au-covid-organics |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.voyagemadagascar.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-22 |title=Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250 |access-date=2022-11-23}}</ref>
Ratsimamanga was the founding director of the [[Malagasy Institute of Applied Research]] (IMRA) in 1957.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-14 |title=Madagascar pushes untested herbal coronavirus remedy on its neighbors |url=https://www.codastory.com/waronscience/madagascar-covid-organics/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Coda Story |language=en-US}}</ref> IMRA was focused on [[Herbal medicine|Phytotherapy]] to use local plants and traditional practices to cure diseases, i.e., traditional [[pharmacopoeia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Osseo-Asare |first=Abena Dove |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exs7AgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA251 |title=Bitter Roots: The Search for Healing Plants in Africa |date=2014-01-13 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-08616-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=Steven M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IphwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA238 |title=The New Natural History of Madagascar |date=2022-11-15 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-22262-2 |language=en}}</ref> IMRA succeeded in using the [[Syzygium cumini]] tree as an anti-diabetic agent,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VxdlRSMaO14C&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA109 |title=Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office: Patents |date=2001 |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark Office |language=en}}</ref> and creating alternative medicines against [[malaria]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rafatro |first1=Herintsoa |last2=Ramanitrahasimbola |first2=David |last3=Rasoanaivo |first3=Philippe |last4=Ratsimamanga-Urverg |first4=Suzanne |last5=Rakoto-Ratsimamanga |first5=Albert |last6=Frappier |first6=François |date=2000-05-01 |title=Reversal activity of the naturally occurring chemosensitizer malagashanine in Plasmodium malaria |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006295299004001 |journal=Biochemical Pharmacology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=9 |pages=1053–1061 |doi=10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00400-1 |pmid=10704934 |issn=0006-2952}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rasoanaivo |first1=P. |last2=Petitjean |first2=A. |last3=Ratsimamanga-Urverg |first3=S. |last4=Rakoto-Ratsimamanga |first4=A. |date=1992-09-01 |title=Medicinal plants used to treat malaria in Madagascar |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741%2892%2990070-8 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=117–127 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(92)90070-8 |pmid=1434686 |issn=0378-8741}}</ref> [[leprosy]], [[asthma]], [[Calculus (medicine)|lithiasis]], [[blood pressure]], [[hepatitis]] and other common conditions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eddouks |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iEyDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA217 |title=Phytotherapy in the Management of Diabetes and Hypertension |date=2016-02-02 |publisher=Bentham Science Publishers |isbn=978-1-68108-161-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications - Justia Patents Search |url=https://patents.justia.com/inventor/albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=patents.justia.com}}</ref> This has established IMRA as a research centre;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Puri |first1=Manveen |last2=Masum |first2=Hassan |last3=Heys |first3=Jennifer |last4=Singer |first4=Peter A |date=2010-12-13 |title=Harnessing biodiversity: the Malagasy Institute of Applied Research (IMRA) |journal=BMC International Health and Human Rights |volume=10 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S9 |doi=10.1186/1472-698X-10-S1-S9 |issn=1472-698X |pmc=3001617 |pmid=21144080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IMRA - TWAS |url=https://twas.org/sites/default/files/twas_packard_imra.pdf |website=TWAS}}</ref> however, IMRA’s reputation was all but ruined due to the [[Covid-Organics]] controversy.<ref name=":32" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga : un nom digne de confiance aujourd'hui associé au Covid organics - Détours Madagascar Voyages |url=https://www.voyagemadagascar.com/albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga-un-nom-digne-de-confiance-aujourdhui-associe-au-covid-organics |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.voyagemadagascar.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-22 |title=Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52374250 |access-date=2022-11-23}}</ref>


Ratsimamanga was the head of Malagasy National Academy, and a [[Professor emeritus|Professor Emeritus]] of the Faculty of Medicine, [[University of Antananarivo]]. He was one of the founders of [[The World Academy of Sciences]] in 1983,<ref name=":7" /> and the [[African Academy of Sciences]] in 1985.<ref name=":8" /> He was a member of the [[Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences]], [[Institut de France]] (1966), and the [[Académie Nationale de Médecine]] (1967).<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" />
Ratsimamanga was the head of Malagasy National Academy, and a [[Professor emeritus|Professor Emeritus]] of the Faculty of Medicine, [[University of Antananarivo]]. He was one of the founders of [[The World Academy of Sciences]] in 1983,<ref name=":7" /> and the [[African Academy of Sciences]] in 1985.<ref name=":8" /> He was a member of the [[Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences]], [[Institut de France]] (1966), and the [[Académie Nationale de Médecine]] (1967).<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" />
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== Politics ==
== Politics ==
[[File:World Congress of Intellectuals in Defence of Peace 1948.jpg|thumb|295x295px|Ratsimamanga speaking at the 1948 [[World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace|World Congress of Intellectuals in Defence of Peace]]]]
[[File:World Congress of Intellectuals in Defence of Peace 1948.jpg|thumb|295x295px|Ratsimamanga speaking at the 1948 [[World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace|World Congress of Intellectuals in Defence of Peace]]]]
Ratsimamanga was an [[Nonviolence|ardent pacifis]]<nowiki/>t and politically active and during his years of study, he forged close relationships with French intellectual and political circles. While in France, he co-founded the association of Malagasy Students in France and the [[Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renovation]] (MDRM) in 1946 with [[Jacques Rabemananjara]], Joseph Raseta and Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona. MDRM led the protests against the bloody repression of the [[Malagasy Uprising]] of 1947.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> However, MDRM was known to be dominated by [[Hova (Madagascar)|Hova]] elites, who had been politically prominent in the former [[Merina people|Merina]] [[Kingdom of Imerina|royal court]] and wanted to regain the political dominance of the Merina upon independence.<ref name="Faraony">{{cite news |last=Leymarie |first=Philippe |date=March 1997 |title=Deafening silence on a horrifying repression |newspaper=Le Monde Diplomatique |url=http://mondediplo.com/1997/03/02madagascar |accessdate=13 December 2013}}</ref> [[Jacques Rabemananjara]], [[:fr:Joseph Raseta|Joseph Raseta]] and Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona were later sentenced to [[Life sentence|life in prison]] but were granted amnesty in 1958.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Masson |first=Antoine |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GPstZgf794kC&redir_esc=y |title=Representations of Justice |last2=O'Connor |first2=Kevin |date=2007 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-90-5201-349-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ratsimamanga claimed that he was unaware of the uprising and, thus, was not involved.<ref name=":5" />
Ratsimamanga was an [[Nonviolence|ardent pacifis]]<nowiki/>t and politically active and during his years of study, he forged close relationships with French intellectual and political circles. While in France, he co-founded the association of Malagasy Students in France and the [[Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renovation]] (MDRM) in 1946 with [[Jacques Rabemananjara]], Joseph Raseta and Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona. MDRM led the protests against the bloody repression of the [[Malagasy Uprising]] of 1947.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> However, MDRM was known to be dominated by [[Hova (Madagascar)|Hova]] elites, who had been politically prominent in the former [[Merina people|Merina]] [[Kingdom of Imerina|royal court]] and wanted to regain the political dominance of the Merina upon independence.<ref name="Faraony">{{cite news |last=Leymarie |first=Philippe |date=March 1997 |title=Deafening silence on a horrifying repression |newspaper=Le Monde Diplomatique |url=http://mondediplo.com/1997/03/02madagascar |accessdate=13 December 2013}}</ref> [[Jacques Rabemananjara]], [[:fr:Joseph Raseta|Joseph Raseta]] and Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona were later sentenced to [[Life sentence|life in prison]] but were granted amnesty in 1958.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Masson |first1=Antoine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPstZgf794kC |title=Representations of Justice |last2=O'Connor |first2=Kevin |date=2007 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-90-5201-349-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ratsimamanga claimed that he was unaware of the uprising and, thus, was not involved.<ref name=":5" />


In 1949, Ratsimamanga created the Malagasy National Council, a [[Government in exile]]. It was a failure.<ref name=":5" />
In 1949, Ratsimamanga created the Malagasy National Council, a [[Government in exile]]. It was a failure.<ref name=":5" />


He was a member of the delegation that negotiated Madagascar's independence from France.<ref name=":1" /> 77% of Malagasy voted for independence in the 1958 referendum,<ref name=":6" /> and after the independence, Ratsimamanga was appointed the [[Malagasy Republic]] ambassador to France from 1960 to 1972.<ref name=":4" /> After the [[History of Madagascar#Second Republic (1972–1991)|1972 Coup d'état]], and in January 1973, he was appointed the first Ambassador of the Malagasy Republic to China.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGvOz7k0iRYC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=RA4-PA11&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&hl=en |title=Current Background |date=1973-05-16 |publisher=American Consulate General |language=en}}</ref> He later established embassies in [[West Germany]], the [[Soviet Union]], North Korea, and Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Service |first=United States Joint Publications Research |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BCkFAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA10-PA14&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiI9ey1pLb7AhVLQMAKHZ_QDBwQ6AF6BAgIEAM |title=Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=China) |first=United States Consulate General (Hong Kong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqjMRr_-ZNEC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&q=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&hl=en |title=Survey of China Mainland Press |date=1973 |publisher=American Consulate General. |language=en}}</ref>
He was a member of the delegation that negotiated Madagascar's independence from France.<ref name=":1" /> 77% of Malagasy voted for independence in the 1958 referendum,<ref name=":6" /> and after the independence, Ratsimamanga was appointed the [[Malagasy Republic]] ambassador to France from 1960 to 1972.<ref name=":4" /> After the [[History of Madagascar#Second Republic (1972–1991)|1972 Coup d'état]], and in January 1973, he was appointed the first Ambassador of the Malagasy Republic to China.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGvOz7k0iRYC&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=RA4-PA11 |title=Current Background |date=1973-05-16 |publisher=American Consulate General |language=en}}</ref> He later established embassies in [[West Germany]], the [[Soviet Union]], North Korea, and Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Service |first=United States Joint Publications Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCkFAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&pg=RA10-PA14 |title=Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=China) |first=United States Consulate General (Hong Kong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqjMRr_-ZNEC&q=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia |title=Survey of China Mainland Press |date=1973 |publisher=American Consulate General. |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Ratsimamanga USSR 1972.jpg|thumb|303x303px|Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga after presenting his credentials on 14/12/1972 to the USSR]]
[[File:Ratsimamanga USSR 1972.jpg|thumb|303x303px|Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga after presenting his credentials on 14/12/1972 to the USSR]]
Furthermore, he represents the [[Malagasy Republic]] at the [[UNESCO]] and [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]. He later became UNESCO Vice-President of the Executive Council.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Conference |first=Unesco General |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vASHW9vOp4QC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&q=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&hl=en |title=Records of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |date=1972 |publisher=Unesco |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its sixty-fourth session, Paris, 13-14 December 1962 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000113221 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=unesdoc}}</ref>
Furthermore, he represents the [[Malagasy Republic]] at the [[UNESCO]] and [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]. He later became UNESCO Vice-President of the Executive Council.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Conference |first=Unesco General |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vASHW9vOp4QC&q=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia |title=Records of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |date=1972 |publisher=Unesco |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its sixty-fourth session, Paris, 13-14 December 1962 |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000113221 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=unesdoc}}</ref>


== Personal life and death ==
== Personal life and death ==
Ratsimamanga was married to [[Suzanne Urverg-Ratsimamanga]]. She was a French [[Ashkenazi Jews]] biochemist,<ref>{{Cite web |title=DE LA POUSSIÈRE À L'ÉTOILE - Itinéraire d'une scientifique Suzanne Ratsimamanga, Hai Viet Ho - livre, ebook, epub |url=https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index_harmattan.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=livre&no=41538 |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=www.editions-harmattan.fr |language=fr}}</ref> a Fellow of [[The World Academy of Sciences]] (1989),<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Urverg Ratsimamanga, Suzanne |url=https://twas.org/directory/urverg-ratsimamanga-suzanne |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=TWAS |language=en}}</ref> and the [[African Academy of Sciences]] (1987),<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Ratsimamanga Susan U. {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ratsimamanga-susan-u |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=www.aasciences.africa}}</ref> and IMRA’s Chair <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aewrAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&q=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia&hl=en |title=Profiles of African Scientific Institutions |date=1992 |publisher=African Academy of Sciences and Network of African Scientific Organizations |isbn=978-9966-831-11-8 |language=en}}</ref> and Albert's closest collaborator<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rasoanaivo |first=Philippe |last2=Ratsimamanga-Urverg |first2=Suzanne |last3=Ramanitrahasimbola |first3=David |last4=Rafatro |first4=Herintsoa |last5=Rakoto-Ratsimamanga |first5=Albert |date=1999-02-01 |title=Criblage d’extraits de plantes de Madagascar pour recherche d’activité antipaludique et d’effet potentialisateur de la chloroquine |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874198001147 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=117–126 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00114-7 |issn=0378-8741}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ratsimamanga-Urverg |first=Suzanne |last2=Rasoanaivo |first2=Philippe |last3=Rakoto-Ratsimamanga |first3=Albert |last4=le Bras |first4=Jacques |last5=Ramiliarisoa |first5=Olivao |last6=Savel |first6=Jean |date=1991 |title=Antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity ofFicus pyrifolia andRhus (=Baronia)taratana leaf extracts |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.2650050109 |journal=Phytotherapy Research |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=32–34 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2650050109 |issn=0951-418X}}</ref> who co-founded IMRA with him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Tribune] Artemisia et plantes médicinales : le " Covid-Organics ", symbole de la recherche malgache – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/937000/societe/tribune-artemisia-chloroquine-et-azithromycine-le-covid-organics-symbole-de-la-recherche-malgache/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref>
Ratsimamanga was married to [[Suzanne Urverg-Ratsimamanga]]. She was a French [[Ashkenazi Jews]] biochemist,<ref>{{Cite web |title=DE LA POUSSIÈRE À L'ÉTOILE - Itinéraire d'une scientifique Suzanne Ratsimamanga, Hai Viet Ho - livre, ebook, epub |url=https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index_harmattan.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=livre&no=41538 |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=www.editions-harmattan.fr |language=fr}}</ref> a Fellow of [[The World Academy of Sciences]] (1989),<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Urverg Ratsimamanga, Suzanne |url=https://twas.org/directory/urverg-ratsimamanga-suzanne |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=TWAS |language=en}}</ref> and the [[African Academy of Sciences]] (1987),<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Ratsimamanga Susan U. {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/ratsimamanga-susan-u |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=www.aasciences.africa}}</ref> and IMRA’s Chair <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aewrAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Albert+Rakoto+Ratsimamanga%22+-wikipedia |title=Profiles of African Scientific Institutions |date=1992 |publisher=African Academy of Sciences and Network of African Scientific Organizations |isbn=978-9966-831-11-8 |language=en}}</ref> and Albert's closest collaborator<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rasoanaivo |first1=Philippe |last2=Ratsimamanga-Urverg |first2=Suzanne |last3=Ramanitrahasimbola |first3=David |last4=Rafatro |first4=Herintsoa |last5=Rakoto-Ratsimamanga |first5=Albert |date=1999-02-01 |title=Criblage d'extraits de plantes de Madagascar pour recherche d'activité antipaludique et d'effet potentialisateur de la chloroquine |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874198001147 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=117–126 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00114-7 |issn=0378-8741}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ratsimamanga-Urverg |first1=Suzanne |last2=Rasoanaivo |first2=Philippe |last3=Rakoto-Ratsimamanga |first3=Albert |last4=le Bras |first4=Jacques |last5=Ramiliarisoa |first5=Olivao |last6=Savel |first6=Jean |date=1991 |title=Antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity ofFicus pyrifolia andRhus (=Baronia)taratana leaf extracts |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.2650050109 |journal=Phytotherapy Research |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=32–34 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2650050109 |s2cid=82876817 |issn=0951-418X}}</ref> who co-founded IMRA with him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Tribune] Artemisia et plantes médicinales : le " Covid-Organics ", symbole de la recherche malgache – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/937000/societe/tribune-artemisia-chloroquine-et-azithromycine-le-covid-organics-symbole-de-la-recherche-malgache/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref>


Ratsimamanga died on 16 September 2001, aged 93, in [[Antananarivo]], Madagascar.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> A state funeral was held for him.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Success story: Ratsimamanga {{!}} Success story: Ratsimamanga nitondra avo ny voninahitr'i Madagasikara ary mbola manana ny hasiny mandrak'ankehitriny i Pr Albert Rakoto RATSIMAMANGA.... {{!}} By Viva Madagascar {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/vivamg98.8/videos/success-story-ratsimamanga/733807574069248/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref>
Ratsimamanga died on 16 September 2001, aged 93, in [[Antananarivo]], Madagascar.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> A state funeral was held for him.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Success story: Ratsimamanga {{!}} Success story: Ratsimamanga nitondra avo ny voninahitr'i Madagasikara ary mbola manana ny hasiny mandrak'ankehitriny i Pr Albert Rakoto RATSIMAMANGA.... {{!}} By Viva Madagascar {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/vivamg98.8/videos/success-story-ratsimamanga/733807574069248/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref>


== Awards and honours ==
== Awards and honours ==
Ratsimamanga was awarded the [[National Order of Madagascar|Grand Cross of the Malagasy National Order]], First Class Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany|Order of Merit]] of the Federal Republic of Germany, Grand Officer of the [[Legion of Honour|Legion of Honor]] of France, Grand Officer of the National Order of Scientific Merit of France, [[National Order of the Lion]] of Senegal, Commander of the [[Ordre des Palmes académiques]], Commander of the Order of Merit of [[Congo - Brazzaville]], Commander of the [[Ordre national du Mérite]] of France, and Grand Prize from the [[Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Grand-Croix de l’Ordre national |url=https://tanikomadagascar.wordpress.com/tag/grand-croix-de-lordre-national/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=TANIKO Madagascar |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga : Un hommage incontournable |url=https://www.madagate.org/monde-malgache/portrait/463-albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga-un-hommage-incontournable.html |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.madagate.org |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-17 |title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga : Son héritage savamment remis en exergue |url=http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/?p=43251 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=La Gazette de la Grande Ile |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> He was elected ''Man of the Century'' for Madagascar (1999).<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />[[File:Ratsimamanga commemorative stamp 2002.jpg|thumb|Ratsimamanga's commemorative stamp]]Ratsimamanga was a Founder Fellow of [[The World Academy of Sciences]] (FTWAS) in 1983,<ref name=":7" /> and the [[African Academy of Sciences]] in 1985 (FAAS).<ref name=":8" /> He was awarded an [[Honorary Doctorate]] from the [[Cheikh Anta Diop University]] in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |author=Université Cheikh-Anta-Diop |title=Liste des docteurs ''honoris causa'' de l'UCAD |url=http://www.ucad.sn/cdp/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=748&Itemid=354 |access-date=16 March 2014 |website=Ucad |language=fr |publication-date=}}</ref>
Ratsimamanga was awarded the [[National Order of Madagascar|Grand Cross of the Malagasy National Order]], First Class Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany|Order of Merit]] of the Federal Republic of Germany, Grand Officer of the [[Legion of Honour|Legion of Honor]] of France, Grand Officer of the National Order of Scientific Merit of France, [[National Order of the Lion]] of Senegal, Commander of the [[Ordre des Palmes académiques]], Commander of the Order of Merit of [[Congo - Brazzaville]], Commander of the [[Ordre national du Mérite]] of France, and Grand Prize from the [[Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Grand-Croix de l'Ordre national |url=https://tanikomadagascar.wordpress.com/tag/grand-croix-de-lordre-national/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=TANIKO Madagascar |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga : Un hommage incontournable |url=https://www.madagate.org/monde-malgache/portrait/463-albert-rakoto-ratsimamanga-un-hommage-incontournable.html |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.madagate.org |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-17 |title=Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga : Son héritage savamment remis en exergue |url=http://www.lagazette-dgi.com/?p=43251 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=La Gazette de la Grande Ile |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> He was elected ''Man of the Century'' for Madagascar (1999).<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />[[File:Ratsimamanga commemorative stamp 2002.jpg|thumb|Ratsimamanga's commemorative stamp]]Ratsimamanga was a Founder Fellow of [[The World Academy of Sciences]] (FTWAS) in 1983,<ref name=":7" /> and the [[African Academy of Sciences]] in 1985 (FAAS).<ref name=":8" /> He was awarded an [[Honorary Doctorate]] from the [[Cheikh Anta Diop University]] in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |author=Université Cheikh-Anta-Diop |title=Liste des docteurs ''honoris causa'' de l'UCAD |url=http://www.ucad.sn/cdp/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=748&Itemid=354 |access-date=16 March 2014 |website=Ucad |language=fr |publication-date=}}</ref>


== Legacy ==
== Legacy ==
Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga is considered one of Madagascar's most renowned scholars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-12 |title=Six personnalités qui ont fait ou font Madagascar |url=https://fr.globalvoices.org/2013/12/12/158381/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Global Voices en Français |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> A [[commemorative stamp]] was issued in his memory in 2002, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stamp: President Albert Ratsimamanga (MadagascarMi:MG 2595,Sn:MG 1565,Yt:MG 1827,Sg:MG 1352,WAD:MG001.02 |url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/358874-President_Albert_Ratsimamanga-Madagascar |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Colnect |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Institut de France]] minted a coin tribute to Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=iNumis - Mail Bid Sale 32 Lot 1558 |url=https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lot&sid=1403&lot=1558 |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=www.numisbids.com |language=fr}}</ref>
Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga is considered one of Madagascar's most renowned scholars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-12 |title=Six personnalités qui ont fait ou font Madagascar |url=https://fr.globalvoices.org/2013/12/12/158381/ |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Global Voices en Français |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> A [[commemorative stamp]] was issued in his memory in 2002, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stamp: President Albert Ratsimamanga (MadagascarMi:MG 2595,Sn:MG 1565,Yt:MG 1827,Sg:MG 1352,WAD:MG001.02 |url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/358874-President_Albert_Ratsimamanga-Madagascar |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=Colnect |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Institut de France]] minted a coin tribute to Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=iNumis - Mail Bid Sale 32 Lot 1558 |url=https://www.numisbids.com/n.php?p=lot&sid=1403&lot=1558 |access-date=2022-11-23 |website=www.numisbids.com |language=fr}}</ref>


Ratsimamanga legacy can be seen as a:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=GALIBERT |first=DIDIER |date=2012 |title=Cosmopolitisme impérial et nationalisme: La vie circulaire d'Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41938227 |journal=French Colonial History |volume=13 |pages=175–187 |issn=1539-3402}}</ref><blockquote>Chronological straddling of this diasporic projection with political independence and loyalty to an aristocratic ethos with a progressive rallying to a republican conception of citizenship</blockquote>
Ratsimamanga legacy can be seen as a:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=GALIBERT |first=DIDIER |date=2012 |title=Cosmopolitisme impérial et nationalisme: La vie circulaire d'Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41938227 |journal=French Colonial History |volume=13 |pages=175–187 |doi=10.1353/fch.2012.0004 |jstor=41938227 |s2cid=144433736 |issn=1539-3402}}</ref><blockquote>Chronological straddling of this diasporic projection with political independence and loyalty to an aristocratic ethos with a progressive rallying to a republican conception of citizenship</blockquote>


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==

Revision as of 23:55, 23 November 2022

Professor
Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga
FAAS FTWAS
File:Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga.png
Ambassador of Madagascar to the USSR
Ambassador to France
In office
1960–1972
Ambassador to China and USSR
In office
1973–1974
Personal details
Born28 December 1907
Antananarivo, Madagascar
Died16 September 2001(2001-09-16) (aged 93)
Antananarivo, Madagascar
Citizenship Madagascar
 France
SpouseSuzanne Urverg-Ratsimamanga
Parent(s)Razanadrakoto Ratsimamanga and Lala Ralisoa
EducationUniversity of Antananarivo
University of Paris
Pasteur Institute
AwardsMan of the Century, Madagascar
Grand Cross, Madagascar
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Legion of Honour, France
National Order of the Lion, Senegal
Ordre des Palmes académiques
Order of Merit,Congo - Brazzaville
Ordre national du Mérite, France
Grand Prize, Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences
Scientific career
FieldsNutraceutical
Pharmacopoeia
Herbal medicine
InstitutionsFrench National Centre for Scientific Research
Malagasy Institute of Applied Research
UNESCO
FAO

Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (28 December 1907–16 September 2001) was an oustanding Malagasy physician, biochemist and diplomat.

Born into a disgraced royal family, was trained as a doctor in colonised Madagascar before completing his education in France to become a Doctor of Medicine and Science in Exotic Medicine.

After a short research stint in France, where he pioneered modern nutraceuticals, Ratsimamanga returned to Madagascar and shaped the republic's traditional pharmacopoeia research by founding the Malagasy Institute of Applied Research (IMRA), with his wife Suzanne Urverg-Ratsimamanga, in 1957. IMRA provided alternative medicines against diabetes, malaria, leprosy, and other common condition. He was one of the founders of The World Academy of Sciences (1983) and the African Academy of Sciences (1985).

Ratsimamanga, the politician, was not less impressive than the scientist. While in France, Ratsimamanga co-founded the Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renovation (MDRM) in 1946 and led protests against the repression of the Malagasy Uprising in 1947. He was a member of the delegation that negotiated Madagascar's independence in 1958, and the republic's first ambassador to France (1960–1972). He helped shape the Malagasy Republic's foreign affairs by creating embassies in China, West Germany, the Soviet Union, North Korea, and Sierra Leon, and representing the Malagasy Republic at the UNESCO and FAO.

Ratsimamanga is considered one of Madagascar's most renowned scholars and was bestowed upon him the highest orders of merit from Madagascar, Germany, France, Senegal, Congo - Brazzaville, and the Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences. He was Malagascar's Man of the Century in 1999.

Early life and education

Young Ratsimamanga ca. 1924

Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga was born on the 28th of December 1907, in Antananarivo, Madagascar, to Razanadrakoto Ratsimamanga and Lala Ralisoa.[1] He was the grandson of Prince Ratsimamanga, uncle and advisor to Queen Ranavalona III, who was executed in 1897 at the beginning of the French colonisation of Madagascar.[2] His father died in 1918 from drinking heavily, when he was only eleven years old.[3][4]

He received his early education until he became a doctor for the Indigenous Medical Assistance (AMI) at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo in 1924.[5][4] Ratsimamanga was a member of the 1930 Colonial Exhibition in Paris,[6] during which he decided to join the University of Paris to become a Doctor of Science (MS) and a Doctor of Medicine (MD).[7][8][3] He also graduated from the Institute of Exotic Medicine and the Pasteur Institut, and founded the association of Malagasy Students in France.[9]

Research

Ratsimamanga started working at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) in 1945 after he was approached by Frédéric Joliot-Curie, CNRS's research director and Nobel prize literature in Chemistry (1935).[5] where he pioneered the study of Human blood group systems, and treatments for leprosy and tuberculosis.[9]

His work showed the presence of hormones in the diet and their role in the development of the body, while eliminating the factors of cellular detoxification, especially in the liver.[10] Thus, pioneering the modern notion of nutraceuticals.[11][12]

Covid-Organics

Ratsimamanga was the founding director of the Malagasy Institute of Applied Research (IMRA) in 1957.[13] IMRA was focused on Phytotherapy to use local plants and traditional practices to cure diseases, i.e., traditional pharmacopoeia.[14][15] IMRA succeeded in using the Syzygium cumini tree as an anti-diabetic agent,[16] and creating alternative medicines against malaria,[17][18] leprosy, asthma, lithiasis, blood pressure, hepatitis and other common conditions.[19][5][20] This has established IMRA as a research centre;[21][22] however, IMRA’s reputation was all but ruined due to the Covid-Organics controversy.[13][23][24]

Ratsimamanga was the head of Malagasy National Academy, and a Professor Emeritus of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo. He was one of the founders of The World Academy of Sciences in 1983,[25] and the African Academy of Sciences in 1985.[26] He was a member of the Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences, Institut de France (1966), and the Académie Nationale de Médecine (1967).[2][7]

Politics

Ratsimamanga speaking at the 1948 World Congress of Intellectuals in Defence of Peace

Ratsimamanga was an ardent pacifist and politically active and during his years of study, he forged close relationships with French intellectual and political circles. While in France, he co-founded the association of Malagasy Students in France and the Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renovation (MDRM) in 1946 with Jacques Rabemananjara, Joseph Raseta and Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona. MDRM led the protests against the bloody repression of the Malagasy Uprising of 1947.[9][8] However, MDRM was known to be dominated by Hova elites, who had been politically prominent in the former Merina royal court and wanted to regain the political dominance of the Merina upon independence.[27] Jacques Rabemananjara, Joseph Raseta and Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona were later sentenced to life in prison but were granted amnesty in 1958.[28] Ratsimamanga claimed that he was unaware of the uprising and, thus, was not involved.[8]

In 1949, Ratsimamanga created the Malagasy National Council, a Government in exile. It was a failure.[8]

He was a member of the delegation that negotiated Madagascar's independence from France.[9] 77% of Malagasy voted for independence in the 1958 referendum,[28] and after the independence, Ratsimamanga was appointed the Malagasy Republic ambassador to France from 1960 to 1972.[2] After the 1972 Coup d'état, and in January 1973, he was appointed the first Ambassador of the Malagasy Republic to China.[29] He later established embassies in West Germany, the Soviet Union, North Korea, and Sierra Leone.[30][31]

Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga after presenting his credentials on 14/12/1972 to the USSR

Furthermore, he represents the Malagasy Republic at the UNESCO and Food and Agriculture Organization. He later became UNESCO Vice-President of the Executive Council.[2][7][32][33]

Personal life and death

Ratsimamanga was married to Suzanne Urverg-Ratsimamanga. She was a French Ashkenazi Jews biochemist,[34] a Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences (1989),[25] and the African Academy of Sciences (1987),[26] and IMRA’s Chair [35] and Albert's closest collaborator[36][37] who co-founded IMRA with him.[38]

Ratsimamanga died on 16 September 2001, aged 93, in Antananarivo, Madagascar.[9][7] A state funeral was held for him.[8][39]

Awards and honours

Ratsimamanga was awarded the Grand Cross of the Malagasy National Order, First Class Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor of France, Grand Officer of the National Order of Scientific Merit of France, National Order of the Lion of Senegal, Commander of the Ordre des Palmes académiques, Commander of the Order of Merit of Congo - Brazzaville, Commander of the Ordre national du Mérite of France, and Grand Prize from the Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences.[40][41][42][8] He was elected Man of the Century for Madagascar (1999).[40][41][42]

Ratsimamanga's commemorative stamp

Ratsimamanga was a Founder Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences (FTWAS) in 1983,[25] and the African Academy of Sciences in 1985 (FAAS).[26] He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the Cheikh Anta Diop University in 1973.[43]

Legacy

Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga is considered one of Madagascar's most renowned scholars.[44][3] A commemorative stamp was issued in his memory in 2002, [45] and the Institut de France minted a coin tribute to Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga.[46]

Ratsimamanga legacy can be seen as a:[47]

Chronological straddling of this diasporic projection with political independence and loyalty to an aristocratic ethos with a progressive rallying to a republican conception of citizenship

Further reading

References

  1. ^ "Généalogie de Prof. Rakoto Albert Ratsimamanga". Geneanet (in French). Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  2. ^ a b c d Universalis‎, Encyclopædia. "ALBERT RAKOTO RATSIMAMANGA". Encyclopædia Universalis (in French). Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  3. ^ a b c "Pr Albert RAKOTO RATSIMAMANGA". Madatours.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ a b Rich, Jeremy (2014). "Ratsimamanga, Albert Rakoto". Oxford African American Studies Center. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.50370. ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  5. ^ a b c Wambebe, Charles (2018-01-29). African Indigenous Medical Knowledge and Human Health. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-71049-7.
  6. ^ Osseo-Asare, Abena Dove (2014-01-13). Bitter Roots: The Search for Healing Plants in Africa. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-08616-3.
  7. ^ a b c d "Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001)". data.bnf.fr. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Madagascar, l'IMRA devient la Fondation Albert et Suzanne Rakoto Ratsimamanga". archive wikiwix. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  9. ^ a b c d e "ALBERT RAKOTO RATSIMAMANGA". codepen.
  10. ^ "Acide ascorbique, vitamine C | WorldCat.org". www.worldcat.org. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  11. ^ Giroud, A. ; Ratsimamanga, A. R. (1936). "Distribution de la vitamine C chez les invertebres". Bulletin de la Societe de chimie biologique. 18: 375–383.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Jouan, Pierre-Nicolas; Pouliot, Yves; Gauthier, Sylvie F.; Laforest, Jean-Paul (2006-11-01). "Hormones in bovine milk and milk products: A survey". International Dairy Journal. Technological and Health Aspects of Bioactive Components of Milk. 16 (11): 1408–1414. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2006.06.007. ISSN 0958-6946.
  13. ^ a b "Madagascar pushes untested herbal coronavirus remedy on its neighbors". Coda Story. 2020-05-14. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  14. ^ Osseo-Asare, Abena Dove (2014-01-13). Bitter Roots: The Search for Healing Plants in Africa. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-08616-3.
  15. ^ Goodman, Steven M. (2022-11-15). The New Natural History of Madagascar. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-22262-2.
  16. ^ Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office: Patents. U.S. Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark Office. 2001.
  17. ^ Rafatro, Herintsoa; Ramanitrahasimbola, David; Rasoanaivo, Philippe; Ratsimamanga-Urverg, Suzanne; Rakoto-Ratsimamanga, Albert; Frappier, François (2000-05-01). "Reversal activity of the naturally occurring chemosensitizer malagashanine in Plasmodium malaria". Biochemical Pharmacology. 59 (9): 1053–1061. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00400-1. ISSN 0006-2952. PMID 10704934.
  18. ^ Rasoanaivo, P.; Petitjean, A.; Ratsimamanga-Urverg, S.; Rakoto-Ratsimamanga, A. (1992-09-01). "Medicinal plants used to treat malaria in Madagascar". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 37 (2): 117–127. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(92)90070-8. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 1434686.
  19. ^ Eddouks, Mohamed (2016-02-02). Phytotherapy in the Management of Diabetes and Hypertension. Bentham Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-68108-161-8.
  20. ^ "Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications - Justia Patents Search". patents.justia.com. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  21. ^ Puri, Manveen; Masum, Hassan; Heys, Jennifer; Singer, Peter A (2010-12-13). "Harnessing biodiversity: the Malagasy Institute of Applied Research (IMRA)". BMC International Health and Human Rights. 10 (Suppl 1): S9. doi:10.1186/1472-698X-10-S1-S9. ISSN 1472-698X. PMC 3001617. PMID 21144080.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  22. ^ "IMRA - TWAS" (PDF). TWAS.
  23. ^ "Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga : un nom digne de confiance aujourd'hui associé au Covid organics - Détours Madagascar Voyages". www.voyagemadagascar.com (in French). Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  24. ^ "Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure'". BBC News. 2020-04-22. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  25. ^ a b c "Urverg Ratsimamanga, Suzanne". TWAS. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  26. ^ a b c "Ratsimamanga Susan U. | The AAS". www.aasciences.africa. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  27. ^ Leymarie, Philippe (March 1997). "Deafening silence on a horrifying repression". Le Monde Diplomatique. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  28. ^ a b Masson, Antoine; O'Connor, Kevin (2007). Representations of Justice. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-90-5201-349-7.
  29. ^ Current Background. American Consulate General. 1973-05-16.
  30. ^ Service, United States Joint Publications Research. Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa.
  31. ^ China), United States Consulate General (Hong Kong (1973). Survey of China Mainland Press. American Consulate General.
  32. ^ Conference, Unesco General (1972). Records of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (in French). Unesco.
  33. ^ "Resolutions and decisions adopted by the Executive Board at its sixty-fourth session, Paris, 13-14 December 1962". unesdoc. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  34. ^ "DE LA POUSSIÈRE À L'ÉTOILE - Itinéraire d'une scientifique Suzanne Ratsimamanga, Hai Viet Ho - livre, ebook, epub". www.editions-harmattan.fr (in French). Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  35. ^ Profiles of African Scientific Institutions. African Academy of Sciences and Network of African Scientific Organizations. 1992. ISBN 978-9966-831-11-8.
  36. ^ Rasoanaivo, Philippe; Ratsimamanga-Urverg, Suzanne; Ramanitrahasimbola, David; Rafatro, Herintsoa; Rakoto-Ratsimamanga, Albert (1999-02-01). "Criblage d'extraits de plantes de Madagascar pour recherche d'activité antipaludique et d'effet potentialisateur de la chloroquine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 64 (2): 117–126. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00114-7. ISSN 0378-8741.
  37. ^ Ratsimamanga-Urverg, Suzanne; Rasoanaivo, Philippe; Rakoto-Ratsimamanga, Albert; le Bras, Jacques; Ramiliarisoa, Olivao; Savel, Jean (1991). "Antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity ofFicus pyrifolia andRhus (=Baronia)taratana leaf extracts". Phytotherapy Research. 5 (1): 32–34. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650050109. ISSN 0951-418X. S2CID 82876817.
  38. ^ "[Tribune] Artemisia et plantes médicinales : le " Covid-Organics ", symbole de la recherche malgache – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  39. ^ "Success story: Ratsimamanga | Success story: Ratsimamanga nitondra avo ny voninahitr'i Madagasikara ary mbola manana ny hasiny mandrak'ankehitriny i Pr Albert Rakoto RATSIMAMANGA.... | By Viva Madagascar | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  40. ^ a b "Grand-Croix de l'Ordre national". TANIKO Madagascar (in French). Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  41. ^ a b "Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga : Un hommage incontournable". www.madagate.org (in French). Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  42. ^ a b "Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga : Son héritage savamment remis en exergue". La Gazette de la Grande Ile (in French). 2020-05-17. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  43. ^ Université Cheikh-Anta-Diop. "Liste des docteurs honoris causa de l'UCAD". Ucad (in French). Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  44. ^ "Six personnalités qui ont fait ou font Madagascar". Global Voices en Français (in French). 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  45. ^ "Stamp: President Albert Ratsimamanga (MadagascarMi:MG 2595,Sn:MG 1565,Yt:MG 1827,Sg:MG 1352,WAD:MG001.02". Colnect. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
  46. ^ "iNumis - Mail Bid Sale 32 Lot 1558". www.numisbids.com (in French). Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  47. ^ GALIBERT, DIDIER (2012). "Cosmopolitisme impérial et nationalisme: La vie circulaire d'Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga (1907-2001)". French Colonial History. 13: 175–187. doi:10.1353/fch.2012.0004. ISSN 1539-3402. JSTOR 41938227. S2CID 144433736.

External links

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