Jump to content

Gas stove: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Break up sentence in third paragraph of lede. Add two refs for ventilation
Filled in 2 bare reference(s) with reFill 2
Line 59: Line 59:


== Health concerns ==
== Health concerns ==
[[Carbon monoxide]], [[formaldehyde]], and [[nitrogen dioxide]] from gas stoves contribute to indoor air pollution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/nitrogen-dioxides-impact-indoor-air-quality|title=Nitrogen Dioxide's Impact on Indoor Air Quality|first=OAR|last=US EPA|date=August 14, 2014|website=www.epa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/what-should-i-know-about-formaldehyde-and-indoor-air-quality|title=What should I know about formaldehyde and indoor air quality?|first=OAR|last=US EPA|date=February 19, 2019|website=www.epa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/carbon-monoxides-impact-indoor-air-quality|title=Carbon Monoxide's Impact on Indoor Air Quality|publisher=US EPA|website=www.epa.gov}}</ref> Nitrogen dioxide can exacerbate respiratory illnesses such as [[asthma]] or [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=We need to talk about your gas stove, your health and climate change|language=en|work=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/10/07/1015460605/gas-stove-emissions-climate-change-health-effects|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> Studies have been performed correlating childhood asthma and gas stoves. A 1999–2004 study published in ''The Lancet Respiratory Medicine'' found that although domestic gas appliance use is related to diminished respiratory function, evidence was conflicting on an association between gas cooking and asthma.<ref name="ISAAC">{{Cite journal|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24429203/|title=Cooking fuels and prevalence of asthma: a global analysis of phase three of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)|date=July 17, 2013|journal=The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine|volume=1|issue=5|pages=386–394|doi=10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70073-0|pmid=24429203}}</ref> One study found that in households with gas stoves those that report using ventilation had lower rates of asthma than those that did not.<ref name="vents">https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-069X-13-71</ref> A 2023 meta-analysis estimated that in the United States, one in eight cases of asthma in children are due to pollution from gas stoves.<ref>https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/1/75</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/06/us-kids-asthma-gas-stove-pollution|title=One in eight cases of asthma in US kids caused by gas stove pollution – study|date=January 6, 2023|website=the Guardian}}</ref> The asthma risk caused by gas stove exposure is similar in magnitude to that caused by [[secondhand smoke]] from tobacco.<ref name="asthma_ma" /> Stoves can cause levels of [[nitrogen dioxide]] that can exceed outdoor safety standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rmi.org/insight/gas-stoves-pollution-health/|title=Gas Stoves: Health and Air Quality Impacts and Solutions|website=RMI}}</ref> A 2020 [[RMI (energy organization)|RMI]] report found pollution from gas stoves causes exacerbation of asthma symptoms in children.<ref name="RMI" />
[[Carbon monoxide]], [[formaldehyde]], and [[nitrogen dioxide]] from gas stoves contribute to indoor air pollution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/nitrogen-dioxides-impact-indoor-air-quality|title=Nitrogen Dioxide's Impact on Indoor Air Quality|first=OAR|last=US EPA|date=August 14, 2014|website=www.epa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/what-should-i-know-about-formaldehyde-and-indoor-air-quality|title=What should I know about formaldehyde and indoor air quality?|first=OAR|last=US EPA|date=February 19, 2019|website=www.epa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/carbon-monoxides-impact-indoor-air-quality|title=Carbon Monoxide's Impact on Indoor Air Quality|publisher=US EPA|website=www.epa.gov}}</ref> Nitrogen dioxide can exacerbate respiratory illnesses such as [[asthma]] or [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=We need to talk about your gas stove, your health and climate change|language=en|work=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/10/07/1015460605/gas-stove-emissions-climate-change-health-effects|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> Studies have been performed correlating childhood asthma and gas stoves. A 1999–2004 study published in ''The Lancet Respiratory Medicine'' found that although domestic gas appliance use is related to diminished respiratory function, evidence was conflicting on an association between gas cooking and asthma.<ref name="ISAAC">{{Cite journal|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24429203/|title=Cooking fuels and prevalence of asthma: a global analysis of phase three of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)|date=July 17, 2013|journal=The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine|volume=1|issue=5|pages=386–394|doi=10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70073-0|pmid=24429203}}</ref> One study found that in households with gas stoves those that report using ventilation had lower rates of asthma than those that did not.<ref name="vents">{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-13-71|title=A cross-sectional study of the association between ventilation of gas stoves and chronic respiratory illness in U.S. children enrolled in NHANESIII|first1=Molly L.|last1=Kile|first2=Eric S.|last2=Coker|first3=Ellen|last3=Smit|first4=Daniel|last4=Sudakin|first5=John|last5=Molitor|first6=Anna K.|last6=Harding|date=September 2, 2014|journal=Environmental Health|volume=13|issue=1|pages=71|via=BioMed Central|doi=10.1186/1476-069X-13-71|pmid=25182545|pmc=PMC4175218}}</ref> A 2023 meta-analysis estimated that in the United States, one in eight cases of asthma in children are due to pollution from gas stoves.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/1/75|title=Population Attributable Fraction of Gas Stoves and Childhood Asthma in the United States|first1=Talor|last1=Gruenwald|first2=Brady A.|last2=Seals|first3=Luke D.|last3=Knibbs|first4=H. Dean|last4=Hosgood|date=January 17, 2023|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=20|issue=1|pages=75|via=www.mdpi.com|doi=10.3390/ijerph20010075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/06/us-kids-asthma-gas-stove-pollution|title=One in eight cases of asthma in US kids caused by gas stove pollution – study|date=January 6, 2023|website=the Guardian}}</ref> The asthma risk caused by gas stove exposure is similar in magnitude to that caused by [[secondhand smoke]] from tobacco.<ref name="asthma_ma" /> Stoves can cause levels of [[nitrogen dioxide]] that can exceed outdoor safety standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rmi.org/insight/gas-stoves-pollution-health/|title=Gas Stoves: Health and Air Quality Impacts and Solutions|website=RMI}}</ref> A 2020 [[RMI (energy organization)|RMI]] report found pollution from gas stoves causes exacerbation of asthma symptoms in children.<ref name="RMI" />


One study of pipelines in Boston found that natural gas contains non-methane impurities including [[heptane]], [[hexane]], [[cyclohexane]], [[benzene]] and [[toluene]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c08298|title=Home is Where the Pipeline Ends: Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds Present in Natural Gas at the Point of the Residential End User|first1=Drew R.|last1=Michanowicz|first2=Archana|last2=Dayalu|first3=Curtis L.|last3=Nordgaard|first4=Jonathan J.|last4=Buonocore|first5=Molly W.|last5=Fairchild|first6=Robert|last6=Ackley|first7=Jessica E.|last7=Schiff|first8=Abbie|last8=Liu|first9=Nathan G.|last9=Phillips|first10=Audrey|last10=Schulman|first11=Zeyneb|last11=Magavi|first12=John D.|last12=Spengler|date=July 19, 2022|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=56|issue=14|pages=10258–10268|via=DOI.org (Crossref)|doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c08298|pmid=35762409|pmc=9301916}}</ref>
One study of pipelines in Boston found that natural gas contains non-methane impurities including [[heptane]], [[hexane]], [[cyclohexane]], [[benzene]] and [[toluene]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c08298|title=Home is Where the Pipeline Ends: Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds Present in Natural Gas at the Point of the Residential End User|first1=Drew R.|last1=Michanowicz|first2=Archana|last2=Dayalu|first3=Curtis L.|last3=Nordgaard|first4=Jonathan J.|last4=Buonocore|first5=Molly W.|last5=Fairchild|first6=Robert|last6=Ackley|first7=Jessica E.|last7=Schiff|first8=Abbie|last8=Liu|first9=Nathan G.|last9=Phillips|first10=Audrey|last10=Schulman|first11=Zeyneb|last11=Magavi|first12=John D.|last12=Spengler|date=July 19, 2022|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=56|issue=14|pages=10258–10268|via=DOI.org (Crossref)|doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c08298|pmid=35762409|pmc=9301916}}</ref>

Revision as of 06:34, 17 January 2023

Many stoves use natural gas to provide heat.

A gas stove is a stove that is fuelled by combustible gas such as syngas, natural gas, propane, butane, liquefied petroleum gas or other flammable gas. Before the advent of gas, cooking stoves relied on solid fuels such as coal or wood. The first gas stoves were developed in the 1820s and a gas stove factory was established in England in 1836. This new cooking technology had the advantage of being easily adjustable and could be turned off when not in use. The gas stove, however, did not become a commercial success until the 1880s, by which time supplies of piped gas were available in cities and large towns in Britain. The stoves became widespread on the European Continent and in the United States in the early 20th century.

Gas stoves became more common when the oven was integrated into the base and the size was reduced to better fit in with the rest of the kitchen furniture. By the 1910s, producers started to enamel their gas stoves for easier cleaning. Ignition of the gas was originally by match and this was followed by the more convenient pilot light. This had the disadvantage of continually consuming gas. The oven still needed to be lit by match and accidentally turning on the gas without igniting it could lead to an explosion. To prevent these types of accidents, oven manufacturers developed and installed a safety valve called a flame failure device for gas hobs (cooktops) and ovens. Most modern gas stoves have electronic ignition, automatic timers for the oven and extractor hoods to remove fumes.

Gas stoves are a significant source of indoor air pollution,[1] and require good ventilation to maintain acceptable air quality.[2][3] They have been linked to increases in the rate of asthma in children,[1][4][5] although this link has been disputed in an earlier 2013 study.[6] Gas stoves also release methane. Research in 2022 estimated that the methane emissions from gas stoves in the United States were equivalent to the greenhouse gas emissions of 500,000 cars.[7] About 80% of methane emissions were found to occur even when stoves are turned off, as the result of tiny leaks in gas lines and fittings.[8][9] Although methane contains less carbon than other fuels, gas venting and unintended fugitive emissions throughout the supply chain results in natural gas having a similar carbon footprint to other fossil fuels overall.[10]

History

Early gas stoves produced by Windsor. From Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, 1904.

The first gas stove was developed in 1802 by Zachäus Winzler (de), but this along with other attempts remained isolated experiments.[11] James Sharp patented a gas stove in Northampton, England in 1826 and opened a gas stove factory in 1836. His invention was marketed by the firm Smith & Philips from 1828. An important figure in the early acceptance of this new technology, was Alexis Soyer, the renowned chef at the Reform Club in London. From 1841, he converted his kitchen to consume piped gas, arguing that gas was cheaper overall because the supply could be turned off when the stove was not in use.[12]

A gas stove was shown at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, but it was only in the 1880s that the technology became a commercial success in England. By that stage a large and reliable network for gas pipeline transport had spread over much of the country, making gas relatively cheap and efficient for domestic use. Gas stoves only became widespread on the European Continent and in the United States in the early 20th century.

Early gas stoves were rather unwieldy, but soon the oven was integrated into the base and the size was reduced to fit in better with the rest of the kitchen furniture. In the 1910s, producers started to enamel their gas stoves for easier cleaning.[citation needed]

Ignition

Electric ignition spark

Gas stoves today use two basic types of ignition sources, standing pilot and electric.[13] A stove with a standing pilot has a small, continuously burning gas flame (called a pilot light) under the cooktop.[13] The flame is between the front and back burners. When the stove is turned on, this flame lights the gas flowing out of the burners. The advantage of the standing pilot system is that it is simple and completely independent of any outside power source. A minor drawback is that the flames continuously consume fuel even when the stove is not in use.[13] Early gas ovens did not have a pilot. One had to light these manually with a match. If one accidentally left the gas on, gas would fill the oven and eventually the room. A small spark, such as an arc from a light switch being turned on, could ignite the gas, triggering a violent explosion. To prevent these types of accidents, oven manufacturers developed and installed a safety valve called a flame failure device for gas hobs (cooktops) and ovens. The safety valve depends on a thermocouple that sends a signal to the valve to stay open. Although most modern gas stoves have electronic ignition, many households have gas cooking ranges and ovens that need to be lit with a flame. Electric ignition stoves use electric sparks to ignite the surface burners.[13] This is the "clicking sound" audible just before the burner actually lights. The sparks are initiated by turning the gas burner knob to a position typically labeled "LITE" or by pressing the 'ignition' button. Once the burner lights, the knob is turned further to modulate the flame size. Auto reignition is an elegant refinement: the user need not know or understand the wait-then-turn sequence. They simply turn the burner knob to the desired flame size and the sparking is turned off automatically when the flame lights. Auto reignition also provides a safety feature: the flame will be automatically reignited if the flame goes out while the gas is still on—for example by a gust of wind. If the power fails, surface burners must be manually match-lit.

Electric ignition for ovens uses a "hot surface" or "glow bar" ignitor.[13] Basically it is a heating element that heats up to gas's ignition temperature. A sensor detects when the glow bar is hot enough and opens the gas valve.

Also stoves with electric ignition must be connected with gas protection mechanisms such as gas control breaker. Because of this many manufacturers supply stoves without electricity plug.

Features

Burner heat

One of the important properties of a gas stove is the heat emitted by the burners. Burner heat can be specified in terms of British Thermal Units (BTUs), kilowatts or megajoules, and represent the heat produced in one hour. Often, a gas stove will have burners with different heat output ratings. For example, a gas cooktop may have a high output burner, often in the range 10,000 to 20,000 BTU (10.5 to 21 MJ), and a mixture of medium output burners, 5,000 to 10,000 BTU (5.3 to 10.5 MJ), and low output burners, 3,000 BTU (3.2 MJ) or less. The high output burner is suitable for boiling a large pot of water quickly, sautéing and searing, while the low output burners are good for simmering.

Some high-end cooktop models provide higher range of heat and heavy-duty burners that can go up to 20,000 BTU (21 MJ) or even more. These may be desired for preparing large quantities or special types of food and enable certain advanced cooking techniques. However, these burners produce greater emissions and necessitate better ventilation for safe operation.[2] Higher capacity burners may not benefit every potential user or dish.

Design and layout

In the last few years, appliance manufacturers have been making innovative changes to the design and layout of gas stoves. Most of the modern cooktops have come with lattice structure which usually covers the complete range of the top, enabling sliding of cookware from one burner to another without lifting the containers over the gaps of cooktop. Some modern gas stoves also have central fifth burner or an integrated griddle in between the outer burners.

Size

The size of a kitchen gas stove usually ranges from 50 centimetres (20 in) to 150 centimetres (60 in).[14] Almost all the manufacturers have been developing several range of options in size range. Combination of range and oven are also available which usually come in two styles: slide in and freestanding.

A gas stove in a San Francisco apartment, 1975.

Usually, there isn't much of a style difference in between them. Slide-in come with lips on their either side and controls over the front along with burner controls. Freestanding gas range cooktops have solid slides and controls placed behind the cooktop.

Oven

Flames in a gas oven burn with a blue flame colour, meaning complete combustion, as with other gas appliances.

Many stoves have integrated ovens. Modern ovens often include a convection fan inside the oven to provide even air circulation and let the food cook evenly. Some modern ovens come with temperature sensors which allows close control of baking, automatically shut off after reaching certain temperature, or hold on to particular temperature through the cooking process. Ovens may also have two separate oven bays which allows cooking of two different dishes at the same time.

Programmable controls

Many gas stoves come with at least few modern programmable controls to make the handling easier. LCD displays and some other complex cooking routines are some of the standard features present in most of the basic and high-end manufacturing models. Some of the other programmable controls include precise pre-heating, automatic pizza, cook timers and others.

Safety factors

A built-in Japanese three burner gas stove with a fish grill. Note the thermistor buttons protruding from the gas burners, which cut off the flame if the temperature exceeds 250 °C.

Modern gas stove ranges are safer than older models. Two of the major safety concerns with gas stoves are child-safe controls and accidental ignition. Some gas cooktops have knobs which can be accidentally switched on even with a gentle bump.

Gas stoves are at risk of overheating when frying oil, raising the oil temperature to the auto-ignition point and creating an oil fire on the stove. Japan, South Korea and China have regulated the addition of electronic safety devices to prevent pan overheating. The devices use a thermistor to monitor the temperature close to the pan, and cut off the gas supply if the heat is too high.[15][16] Fire loss statistics for Japanese gas stoves showed a reduction in house fires caused by gas stoves in the years following 2008, when the safety devices were mandated.

Efficiency

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) ran tests in 2014 of cooktop energy transfer efficiency, simulating cooking while testing what percentage of a cooktop's energy is transferred to a test block. For large cooking elements the following efficiencies were measured with ±0.5% repeatability: 43.9% for gas, 70.7% - 73.6% for induction, 71.9% for electric resistance coil.[17]

The efficiency of gas appliances can be raised by using special pots with fins.[18][19] See Jetboil.

Health concerns

Carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and nitrogen dioxide from gas stoves contribute to indoor air pollution.[20][21][22] Nitrogen dioxide can exacerbate respiratory illnesses such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.[23] Studies have been performed correlating childhood asthma and gas stoves. A 1999–2004 study published in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine found that although domestic gas appliance use is related to diminished respiratory function, evidence was conflicting on an association between gas cooking and asthma.[6] One study found that in households with gas stoves those that report using ventilation had lower rates of asthma than those that did not.[3] A 2023 meta-analysis estimated that in the United States, one in eight cases of asthma in children are due to pollution from gas stoves.[24][25] The asthma risk caused by gas stove exposure is similar in magnitude to that caused by secondhand smoke from tobacco.[26] Stoves can cause levels of nitrogen dioxide that can exceed outdoor safety standards.[27] A 2020 RMI report found pollution from gas stoves causes exacerbation of asthma symptoms in children.[5]

One study of pipelines in Boston found that natural gas contains non-methane impurities including heptane, hexane, cyclohexane, benzene and toluene.[28]

The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission is investigating reducing health effects gas stoves, including emissions and ventilation standards.[29] Improved ventilation can mitigate the effects of indoor pollution to some degree.[26]

Climate impact

Gas stoves are often run on natural gas. The extraction and consumption of natural gas is a major and growing contributor to climate change.[30][31][32] Both the gas itself (specifically methane) and carbon dioxide, which is released when natural gas is burned, are greenhouse gases.[33][34] When burned for heat or electricity, natural gas emits fewer toxic air pollutants, less carbon dioxide, and almost no particulate matter compared to other fossil and biomass fuels.[35] However, gas venting and unintended fugitive emissions throughout the supply chain can result in natural gas having a similar carbon footprint to other fossil fuels overall.[10] In 2022, a research group investigate leakage in 53 Homes in California and estimated the methane emissions from gas stoves in the United States were equivalent to the greenhouse gas emissions of 500,000 cars.[7] About 80% of methane emissions occur when stoves are turned off, as the result of leaks in gas lines and fittings.[36][9]

Some places, such as the Australian Capital Territory, have curtailed installation of gas stoves and appliances in new construction, for reasons of health, indoor air quality, and climate protection.[37][38][39]

Many electrification codes exempt commercial kitchens.[40]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Blum, Dani (11 January 2023). "Gas Stoves Are Tied to Health Concerns. Here's How to Lower Your Risk.- Emissions from gas stoves have been connected to an increased risk for childhood asthma, among other things. You can mitigate the effects with a few simple steps". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Effective Kitchen Ventilation for Healthy Zero Net Energy Homes with Natural Gas" (PDF). California Energy Commission. January 2021.
  3. ^ a b Kile, Molly L.; Coker, Eric S.; Smit, Ellen; Sudakin, Daniel; Molitor, John; Harding, Anna K. (September 2, 2014). "A cross-sectional study of the association between ventilation of gas stoves and chronic respiratory illness in U.S. children enrolled in NHANESIII". Environmental Health. 13 (1): 71. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-13-71. PMC 4175218. PMID 25182545 – via BioMed Central.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ "Kill Your Gas Stove". The Atlantic. 15 October 2020.
  5. ^ a b "Gas Stoves: Health and Air Quality Impacts and Solutions". 2020.
  6. ^ a b "Cooking fuels and prevalence of asthma: a global analysis of phase three of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)". The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine. 1 (5): 386–394. July 17, 2013. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70073-0. PMID 24429203.
  7. ^ a b McKenna, Phil (2022-01-27). "Gas Stoves in the US Emit Methane Equivalent to the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Half a Million Cars". Inside Climate News. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  8. ^ Lebel, Eric D.; Finnegan, Colin J.; Ouyang, Zutao; Jackson, Robert B. (2022-02-15). "Methane and NO x Emissions from Natural Gas Stoves, Cooktops, and Ovens in Residential Homes". Environmental Science & Technology. 56 (4): 2529–2539. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c04707. ISSN 0013-936X.
  9. ^ a b Zhong, Raymond (2022-01-27). "Did I Turn Off the Stove? Yes, but Maybe Not the Gas". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  10. ^ a b "Natural gas is a much 'dirtier' energy source, carbon-wise, than we thought". Science. 2020-02-19. Retrieved 2022-04-03.
  11. ^ Cowen, Ruth (16 December 2010). Relish: The Extraordinary Life of Alexis Soyer, Victorian Celebrity Chef. Orion. ISBN 9780297865575 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ Mary Ellen Snodgrass (2004). Encyclopedia of Kitchen History. Routledge. p. 428. ISBN 9781135455729.
  13. ^ a b c d e Kreith, F.; West, R.E. (1996). CRC Handbook of Energy Efficiency. Energy and power systems. Taylor & Francis. pp. 438–439. ISBN 978-0-8493-2514-4. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
  14. ^ "Stove dimensions: standard range sizes & measurements". Whirlpool appliances.
  15. ^ "Investigation of Residential Cooktop Ignition Prevention Technologies" (PDF). NIST. May 2018.
  16. ^ "The Development of Safety Sensor Equipped Gas Stoves" (PDF). International Gas Union Research Conference. 2011.
  17. ^ "Federal Register, Vol. 79 No. 232, December 3 2014, Part III, Department of Energy, Energy Conservation Program: Test Procedures for Conventional Cooking Products; Proposed Rule" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
  18. ^ Greg Sorensen; David Zabrowski (August 2009). "Improving Range-Top Efficiency with Specialized Vessels". Appliance Magazine. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
  19. ^ "Oxford-designed Flare pan uses 40 per cent less heat than conventional pans — Department of Engineering Science — University of Oxford". Archived from the original on 2016-09-28. Retrieved 2016-09-17.
  20. ^ US EPA, OAR (August 14, 2014). "Nitrogen Dioxide's Impact on Indoor Air Quality". www.epa.gov.
  21. ^ US EPA, OAR (February 19, 2019). "What should I know about formaldehyde and indoor air quality?". www.epa.gov.
  22. ^ "Carbon Monoxide's Impact on Indoor Air Quality". www.epa.gov. US EPA.
  23. ^ "We need to talk about your gas stove, your health and climate change". NPR.org. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  24. ^ Gruenwald, Talor; Seals, Brady A.; Knibbs, Luke D.; Hosgood, H. Dean (January 17, 2023). "Population Attributable Fraction of Gas Stoves and Childhood Asthma in the United States". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 20 (1): 75. doi:10.3390/ijerph20010075 – via www.mdpi.com.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  25. ^ "One in eight cases of asthma in US kids caused by gas stove pollution – study". the Guardian. January 6, 2023.
  26. ^ a b "Gas stoves are contributing to childhood asthma in Massachusetts, study finds - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com.
  27. ^ "Gas Stoves: Health and Air Quality Impacts and Solutions". RMI.
  28. ^ Michanowicz, Drew R.; Dayalu, Archana; Nordgaard, Curtis L.; Buonocore, Jonathan J.; Fairchild, Molly W.; Ackley, Robert; Schiff, Jessica E.; Liu, Abbie; Phillips, Nathan G.; Schulman, Audrey; Magavi, Zeyneb; Spengler, John D. (July 19, 2022). "Home is Where the Pipeline Ends: Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds Present in Natural Gas at the Point of the Residential End User". Environmental Science & Technology. 56 (14): 10258–10268. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c08298. PMC 9301916. PMID 35762409 – via DOI.org (Crossref).
  29. ^ "Ban new gas stoves, a federal safety commissioner proposes; CPSC says no such official plan yet". NBC News.
  30. ^ Valerie Volcovici; Kate Abnett; Matthew Green (2020-08-18). "Cleaner but not clean - Why scientists say natural gas won't avert climate disaster". Reuters.
  31. ^ "Data and Statistics: CO2 emissions by energy source, World 1990-2017". International Energy Agency (Paris). Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  32. ^ Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2020). "CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: CO₂ Emissions by Fuel". Our World in Data. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  33. ^ "Why carbon dioxide isn't the only greenhouse gas we must reduce – Dr Richard Dixon". www.scotsman.com. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  34. ^ "Methane Emissions in the Oil and Gas Industry". American Geosciences Institute. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  35. ^ "Natural gas and the environment". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  36. ^ Brady, Jeff (2022-01-27). "Gas stoves leak climate-warming methane even when they're off". Nevada Public Radio. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  37. ^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Wetzel, Corryn (2022-02-01). "Gas Stoves Are Worse for Climate and Health Than Previously Thought". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  38. ^ Leber, Rebecca (2021-12-16). "Is this the beginning of the end of gas stoves and dirty heat in buildings?". Vox. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  39. ^ "Canberra Natural Gas Bans To Hit Appliance Retailers". Retrieved 2023-01-13.
  40. ^ "EnergyCents- Ep 82: Electric factory: building codes look to gas bans as decarbonization goals loom". IHS Markit. 2022-07-14. Retrieved 2022-08-20.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_stove&oldid=1134150028"