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{{Short description|none}}
{{Short description|none}}
This article is a '''list of diseases''' of [[coconut palm]]s (''Cocos nucifera'').
List of '''diseases''' of '''coconut palms''' (''[[Cocos nucifera]]''):


==Bacterial diseases==
== Bacterial diseases ==
[[File:Bad coconut.JPG|thumbnail|Coconut gone bad: the dark spots are very bitter and the whole meat has turned yellow. The first indication is a bitter taste of the water; this coconut should not be consumed.]]
[[File:Bad coconut.JPG|thumbnail|Coconut gone bad: the dark spots are very bitter and the whole meat has turned yellow. The first indication is a bitter taste of the water; this coconut should not be consumed.]]
[[File:Coconut-InfectedTree-August2017.jpg|thumbnail|A coconut with a large part of the meat missing.]]
[[File:Coconut-InfectedTree-August2017.jpg|frameless|right|alt=A coconut with a large part of the meat missing]]


{| class="wikitable" style="clear"
{| class="wikitable" style="clear"
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|}
|}


==Fungal diseases==
== Fungal diseases ==
{| class="wikitable" style="clear"
{| class="wikitable" style="clear"
! colspan=2| '''Fungal diseases'''<br />
! colspan=2| '''Fungal diseases'''<br />
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|[[Canker|Anthracnose]]
|[[Canker|Anthracnose]]
||
||
''[[Glomerella cingulata]]'' (''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'', [[Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph|anamorph]])
''[[Glomerella cingulata]]'' (''Colletotrichum gloeosporioides'', [[anamorph]])
|-
|-
|Bitten leaf
|Bitten leaf
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||
||
''[[Fusarium solani]]''<br/>
''[[Fusarium solani]]''<br/>
''[[Fusarium verticillioides]]''<br/>
''[[Fusarium verticillioides|F. verticillioides]]''<br/>
''[[Graphium (fungus)|Graphium]]'' sp.<br/>
''[[Graphium (fungus)|Graphium]]'' sp.<br/>
''[[Phytophthora katsurae]]''<br/>
''[[Phytophthora katsurae]]''<br/>
''[[Phytophthora nicotianae]]''<br/>
''[[Phytophthora nicotianae|Ph. nicotianae]]''<br/>
''[[Phytophthora palmivora]]''
''[[Phytophthora palmivora|Ph. palmivora]]''
|-
|-
|Catacauma leaf spot
|Catacauma leaf spot
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||
||
''[[Ganoderma orbiforme]]''<br/>
''[[Ganoderma orbiforme]]''<br/>
''[[Ganoderma tornatum]]''<br/>
''[[Ganoderma tornatum|G. tornatum]]''<br/>
''[[Ganoderma zonatum]]''
''[[Ganoderma zonatum|G. zonatum]]''
|-
|-
|''Graphiola'' leaf spot
|''Graphiola'' leaf spot
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''[[Cylindrocladium pteridis]]''<br/>
''[[Cylindrocladium pteridis]]''<br/>
''[[Drechslera gigantea]]'' <br/>
''[[Drechslera gigantea]]'' <br/>
''[[Drechslera halodes]]''<br/>
''[[Drechslera halodes|D. halodes]]''<br/>
''[[Epicoccum nigrum]]''<br/>
''[[Epicoccum nigrum]]''<br/>
''[[Helminthosporium]]'' sp.<br/>
''[[Helminthosporium]]'' sp.<br/>
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''[[Graphium (fungus)|Graphium]]'' sp.<br/>
''[[Graphium (fungus)|Graphium]]'' sp.<br/>
''[[Phytophthora katsurae]]''<br/>
''[[Phytophthora katsurae]]''<br/>
''[[Phytophthora nicotianae]]''<br/>
''[[Phytophthora nicotianae|Ph. nicotianae]]''<br/>
''[[Phytophthora palmivora]]''
''[[Phytophthora palmivora|Ph. palmivora]]''
|-
|-
|[[Powdery mildew]]
|[[Powdery mildew]]
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|Stem bleeding
|Stem bleeding
||
||
''[[Ceratocystis paradoxa]]'' (''Chalara paradoxa'', ''Thielaviopsis paradoxa'', anamorphs) [[Thielaviopsis]]
''[[Ceratocystis paradoxa]]'' (''Chalara paradoxa'', ''Thielaviopsis paradoxa'', anamorphs) [[Thielaviopsis]] spp.{{which|date=March 2023}}
|-
|-
|''Stigmina'' leaf spot
|''Stigmina'' leaf spot
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|}
|}


==Virus and viroid==
== Virus and viroid ==
{| class="wikitable" style="clear"
{| class="wikitable" style="clear"
! colspan=2| '''diseases'''<br/>
! colspan=2| '''diseases'''<br/>
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|-
|-
|Foliar decay
|Foliar decay
||[[DNA virus#Group II: ssDNA viruses|ssDNA]], identity uncertain
||[[ssDNA virus]], identity uncertain
|-
|-
|Tinangaja
|Tinangaja
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|}
|}


==[[Phytoplasma]]l diseases==
== [[Phytoplasma]]l diseases ==
[[Image:Coconutlethalyellowing.jpg|thumb|A coconut palm with [[lethal yellowing]]]]
[[Image:Coconutlethalyellowing.jpg|thumb|A coconut palm with [[lethal yellowing]]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="clear"
{| class="wikitable" style="clear"
Line 176: Line 176:
|-
|-
|Awka disease/[[Texas phoenix palm decline]]
|Awka disease/[[Texas phoenix palm decline]]
||''[[Candidatus|Ca.]] [[Phytoplasma palmae]]''
||[[Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae|''Candidatus'' Phytoplasma palmae]]
|-
|-
|Blast
|Blast
||''[[Candidatus|Ca.]] [[Phytoplasma]]'' suspected
||[[Candidatus Phytoplasma|''Candidatus'' Phytoplasma]] suspected
|-
|-
|Cape St. Paul wilt
|Cape St. Paul wilt
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|}
|}


==Miscellaneous diseases and disorders==
== Miscellaneous diseases and disorders ==
{| class="wikitable" style="clear"
{| class="wikitable" style="clear"
! colspan=2| '''Miscellaneous diseases and disorders'''<br/>
! colspan=2| '''Miscellaneous diseases and disorders'''<br/>
Line 252: Line 252:
|}
|}


==Further reading==
== Further reading ==
* This review...
*Manimekalai, R. Soumya, V.P., Sathish Kumar, R., Selvarajan, R., Krishna Reddy, M., Sasikala, George V Thomas., Rajeev M and Baranwal, V.K. 2010. Molecular detection of 16Sr XI group Phytoplasma associated with Root (Wilt) Disease of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in India. Plant disease 94:636
: {{ Cite journal | date=2016 | volume=7 | publisher=[[Frontiers Media SA]] | last=Gurr | first=Geoff | last2=Johnson | first2=Anne | last3=Ash | first3=Gavin | last4=Wilson | first4=Bree | last5=Ero | first5=Mark | last6=Pilotti | first6=Carmel | last7=Dewhurst | first7=Charles | last8=You | first8=Minsheng | journal=[[Frontiers in Plant Science]] | issn=1664-462X | s2cid=3187070 | pmid=27833616 | pmc=5080360 | doi=10.3389/fpls.2016.01521 | title=Coconut Lethal Yellowing Diseases: A Phytoplasma Threat to Palms of Global Economic and Social Significance }}


: ...cites this study:
⚫
==References==

: {{ Cite journal | year=2010 | issue=5 | volume=94 | pages=636–636 | publisher=[[American Phytopathological Society]] (APS) | last1=Manimekalai | first1=R. | last2=Soumya | first2=V. | last3=Sathish | first3=R. | last4=Selvarajan | first4=R. | last5=Reddy | first5=K. | last6=Thomas | first6=G. | last7=Sasikala | first7=M. | last8=Rajeev | first8=G. | last9=Baranwal | first9=V. | issn=0191-2917 | journal=[[Plant Disease (journal)|Plant Disease]] | s2cid=73430885 | pmid=30754440 | doi=10.1094/pdis-94-5-0636b | title=Molecular Detection of 16SrXI Group Phytoplasma Associated with Root (Wilt) Disease of Coconut (''Cocos nucifera'') in India }}

⚫
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
*[https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/resources/commonnames/Pages/CoconutPalm.aspx Common Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society]
* [https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/resources/commonnames/Pages/CoconutPalm.aspx Common Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society]


{{coconut}}
{{coconut}}







[[Category:Lists of plant diseases|Coconut palm]]
[[Category:Lists of plant diseases|Coconut palm]]

Revision as of 23:21, 8 March 2023

List of diseases of coconut palms (Cocos nucifera):

Bacterial diseases

Coconut gone bad: the dark spots are very bitter and the whole meat has turned yellow. The first indication is a bitter taste of the water; this coconut should not be consumed.
A coconut with a large part of the meat missing
Bacterial diseases
Bacterial bud rot Erwinia spp.

Fungal diseases

Fungal diseases
Algal leaf spot Cephaleuros virescens
Anthracnose

Glomerella cingulata (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, anamorph)

Bitten leaf

Ceratocystis paradoxa (Chalara paradoxa, anamorph)

Bipolaris leaf spot Bipolaris incurvata
Black scorch

Ceratocystis paradoxa (Chalara paradoxa, Thielaviopsis paradoxa, anamorphs)

Bud rot

Fusarium solani
F. verticillioides
Graphium sp.
Phytophthora katsurae
Ph. nicotianae
Ph. palmivora

Catacauma leaf spot Phaeochoropsis mucosa
Damping off

Fusarium spp.
Phytophthora spp.
Pythium spp.
Rhizoctonia solani

Dry basal rot

Ceratocystis paradoxa (Thielaviopsis paradoxa, anamorph)

Ganoderma butt rot

Ganoderma orbiforme
G. tornatum
G. zonatum

Graphiola leaf spot Graphiola phoenicis
Gray leaf blight Pestalotiopsis palmarum
Koleroga Phytophthora palmivora
Leaf blight Cytospora palmarum
Leaf spots

Alternaria sp.
Botryosphaeria disrupta
Capitorostrum cocoes
Cercospora sp.
Cochliobolus lunatus
Cylindrocladium pteridis
Drechslera gigantea
D. halodes
Epicoccum nigrum
Helminthosporium sp.
Macrophoma sp.
Macrosporium cocos
Melanconium sp.
Mycosphaerella palmicola
Periconiella cocoes
Pseudoepicoccum cocos
Phomopsis sp.
Phyllosticta palmetto
Ramularia necator

Lethal bole rot Marasmiellus cocophilus
Lixa grande Camarotella costaricensis, Coccostromopsis palmicola
Lixa pequeña Camarotella acrocomiae
Nut fall

Fusarium verticillioides
Graphium sp.
Phytophthora katsurae
Ph. nicotianae
Ph. palmivora

Powdery mildew Oidium sp.
Queima das folhas

Botryosphaeria cocogena
Lasiodiplodia theobromae

Root rot

Fusarium spp.
Phytophthora spp.
Pythium spp.
Rhizoctonia solani

Stem bleeding

Ceratocystis paradoxa (Chalara paradoxa, Thielaviopsis paradoxa, anamorphs) Thielaviopsis spp.[which?]

Stigmina leaf spot Stigmina palmivora
Thread blight

Ceratobasidium noxium
Corticium penicillatum
Pellicularia filamentosa

Virus and viroid

diseases
Cadang-cadang Coconut cadang-cadang viroid
Foliar decay ssDNA virus, identity uncertain
Tinangaja Coconut tinangaja viroid
Natuna wilt Not known
Premature decline Not known
Soccoro wilt Not known

Phytoplasmal diseases

A coconut palm with lethal yellowing
Phytoplasmal diseases
Awka disease/Texas phoenix palm decline Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae
Blast Candidatus Phytoplasma suspected
Cape St. Paul wilt Ca. Phytoplasma
Cedros wilt Phytomonas sp.
Heart rot Phytomonas sp.
Kaincope disease Ca. Phytoplasma
Kalimantan wilt Ca. Phytoplasma suspected
Kribi disease Ca. Phytoplasma
Lethal decline Ca. Phytoplasma
Lethal disease Ca. Phytoplasma
Lethal yellowing Ca. Phytoplasma
Pudricion del cogollo Ca. Phytoplasma
Root wilt disease Ca. Phytoplasma
Stem necrosis Ca. Phytoplasma suspected

Miscellaneous diseases and disorders

Miscellaneous diseases and disorders
Bristle top Not known
Dry bud rot Not known, but possibly vectored by the insects Sogatella kolophon and S. cubana (Tagosodes cubana)
Finschafen disease Not known
Frond rot Physiological disorder
Leaf scorch decline Not known
Malaysia wilt Not known
Red ring disease Bursaphelenchus cocophilus (nematode)
Porroca disease not known
Coconut lethal crown atrophy Not known

Further reading

  • This review...
Gurr, Geoff; Johnson, Anne; Ash, Gavin; Wilson, Bree; Ero, Mark; Pilotti, Carmel; Dewhurst, Charles; You, Minsheng (2016). "Coconut Lethal Yellowing Diseases: A Phytoplasma Threat to Palms of Global Economic and Social Significance". Frontiers in Plant Science. 7. Frontiers Media SA. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.01521. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 5080360. PMID 27833616. S2CID 3187070.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
...cites this study:
Manimekalai, R.; Soumya, V.; Sathish, R.; Selvarajan, R.; Reddy, K.; Thomas, G.; Sasikala, M.; Rajeev, G.; Baranwal, V. (2010). "Molecular Detection of 16SrXI Group Phytoplasma Associated with Root (Wilt) Disease of Coconut (Cocos nucifera) in India". Plant Disease. 94 (5). American Phytopathological Society (APS): 636–636. doi:10.1094/pdis-94-5-0636b. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30754440. S2CID 73430885.

References

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