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The family ''Sporocadaceae'' was established by Corda in 1842 with the type genus of ''Sporocadus''.<ref name=Liu2019/><ref name="Faces">{{cite web |last1=Chethana |first1=Thilini |title=Sporocadaceae - Facesoffungi number: FoF 06111 |url=https://www.facesoffungi.org/sporocadaceae/ |website=Faces Of Fungi |access-date=22 March 2023 |date=18 April 2020}}</ref>
The family ''Sporocadaceae'' was established by Corda in 1842 with the type genus of ''Sporocadus''.<ref name=Liu2019/><ref name="Faces">{{cite web |last1=Chethana |first1=Thilini |title=Sporocadaceae - Facesoffungi number: FoF 06111 |url=https://www.facesoffungi.org/sporocadaceae/ |website=Faces Of Fungi |access-date=22 March 2023 |date=18 April 2020}}</ref>


Species of ''Sporocadaceae'' are [[endophytic]] (living with a plant), [[pathogens|plant pathogenic]] (causing disease) or [[saprobic]] (processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter).<ref name="Hyde2016">{{cite journal |last1=Hyde |first1=Kevin D. |last2=Hongsanan |first2=Sinang |last3=Jeewon |first3=Rajesh |last4=Bhat |first4=D. Jayarama |last5=McKenzie |first5=Eric H. C. |last6=Gareth Jones |first6=E. B. |last7=Phookamsak |first7=Rungtiwa |last8=Ariyawansa |first8=Hiran A. |last9=Boonmee |first9=Saranyaphat |last10=Zhao |first10=Qi |last11=Abdel-Aziz |first11=Faten Awad |last12=Abdel-Wahab |first12=Mohamed A. |last13=Banmai |first13=Supharat |last14=Chomnunti |first14=Putarak |last15=Cui |first15=Bao-Kai |last16=Daranagama |first16=Dinushani A. |last17=Das |first17=Kanad |last18=Dayarathne |first18=Monika C. |last19=de Silva |first19=Nimali I. |last20=Dissanayake |first20=Asha J. |last21=Doilom |first21=Mingkwan |last22=Ekanayaka |first22=Anusha H. |last23=Gibertoni |first23=Tatiana Baptista |last24=Góes-Neto |first24=Aristóteles |last25=Huang |first25=Shi-Ke |last26=Jayasiri |first26=Subashini C. |last27=Jayawardena |first27=Ruvishika S. |last28=Konta |first28=Sirinapa |last29=Lee |first29=Hyang Burm |last30=Li |first30=Wen-Jing |last31=Lin |first31=Chuan-Gen |last32=Liu |first32=Jian-Kui |last33=Lu |first33=Yong-Zhong |last34=Luo |first34=Zong-Long |last35=Manawasinghe |first35=Ishara S. |last36=Manimohan |first36=Patinjareveettil |last37=Mapook |first37=Ausana |last38=Niskanen |first38=Tuula |last39=Norphanphoun |first39=Chada |last40=Papizadeh |first40=Moslem |last41=Perera |first41=Rekhani H. |last42=Phukhamsakda |first42=Chayanard |last43=Richter |first43=Christian |last44=de A. Santiago |first44=André L. C. M. |last45=Drechsler-Santos |first45=E. Ricardo |last46=Senanayake |first46=Indunil C. |last47=Tanaka |first47=Kazuaki |last48=Tennakoon |first48=T. M. D. S. |last49=Thambugala |first49=Kasun M. |last50=Tian |first50=Qing |last51=Tibpromma |first51=Saowaluck |last52=Thongbai |first52=Benjarong |last53=Vizzini |first53=Alfredo |last54=Wanasinghe |first54=Dhanushka N. |last55=Wijayawardene |first55=Nalin N. |last56=Wu |first56=Hai-Xia |last57=Yang |first57=Jing |last58=Zeng |first58=Xiang-Yu |last59=Zhang |first59=Huang |last60=Zhang |first60=Jin-Feng |last61=Bulgakov |first61=Timur S. |last62=Camporesi |first62=Erio |last63=Bahkali |first63=Ali H. |last64=Amoozegar |first64=Mohammad A. |last65=Araujo-Neta |first65=Lidia Silva |last66=Ammirati |first66=Joseph F. |last67=Baghela |first67=Abhishek |last68=Bhatt |first68=R. P. |last69=Bojantchev |first69=Dimitar |last70=Buyck |first70=Bart |last71=Alves da Silva |first71=Gladstone |last72=Ferreira de Lima |first72=Catarina Letícia |last73=Vilela de Oliveira |first73=Rafael José |last74=Fragoso de Souza |first74=Carlos Alberto |last75=Dai |first75=Yu-Cheng |last76=Dima |first76=Bálint |last77=Duong |first77=Tham Thi |last78=Ercole |first78=Enrico |last79=Mafalda-Freire |first79=Fernando |last80=Ghosh |first80=Aniket |last81=Hashimoto |first81=Akira |last82=Kamolhan |first82=Sutakorn |last83=Kang |first83=Ji-Chuan |last84=Karunarathna |first84=Samantha C. |last85=Kirk |first85=Paul M. |last86=Kytövuori |first86=Ilkka |last87=Lantieri |first87=Angela |last88=Liimatainen |first88=Kare |last89=Liu |first89=Zuo-Yi |last90=Liu |first90=Xing-Zhong |last91=Lücking |first91=Robert |last92=Medardi |first92=Gianfranco |last93=Mortimer |first93=Peter E. |last94=Nguyen |first94=Thi Thuong Thuong |last95=Promputtha |first95=Itthayakorn |last96=Raj |first96=K. N. Anil |last97=Reck |first97=Mateus A. |last98=Lumyong |first98=Saisamorn |last99=Shahzadeh-Fazeli |first99=Seyed Abolhassan |last100=Stadler |first100=Marc |last101=Soudi |first101=Mohammad Reza |last102=Su |first102=Hong-Yan |last103=Takahashi |first103=Takumasa |last104=Tangthirasunun |first104=Narumon |last105=Uniyal |first105=Priyanka |last106=Wang |first106=Yong |last107=Wen |first107=Ting-Chi |last108=Xu |first108=Jian-Chu |last109=Zhang |first109=Zhong-Kai |last110=Zhao |first110=Yong-Chang |last111=Zhou |first111=Jun-Liang |last112=Zhu |first112=Lin |title=Fungal diversity notes 367–490: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa |journal=Fungal Diversity |date=2016 |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=1–270 |doi=10.1007/s13225-016-0373-x}}</ref> They are associated with a wide range of host plants.<ref name=Liu2019>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=F. |last2=Bonthond |first2=G. |last3=Groenewald |first3=J.Z. |last4=Cai |first4=L. |last5=Crous |first5=P.W. |title=''Sporocadaceae'', a family of coelomycetous fungi with appendage-bearing conidia |journal=Studies in Mycology |date=March 2019 |volume=92 |pages=287-415 |doi=10.1016/j.simyco.2018.11.001}}</ref><ref name="Maharachchikumbura2013">{{cite journal |last1=Maharachchikumbura |first1=S.S.N. |last2=Guo |first2=L.D. |last3=Chukeatirote |first3=E |last4=McKenzie |first4=E.H.C. |last5=Hyde |first5=Kevin D. |title=A destructive new disease of ''Syzygium samarangense'' in Thailand caused by the new species ''Pestalotiopsis samarangensis''. |journal=Tropical Plant Pathology |date=2013 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=227–235 |doi=10.1590/S1982-56762013005000002}}</ref><ref name="Jayawardena2015">{{cite journal |last1=Jayawardena |first1=R.S. |last2=Zhang |first2=W. |last3=Liu |first3=M. |last4=Maharachchikumbura |first4=SSN |last5=Zhou |first5=Y. |last6=Huang |first6=J.B. |last7=Nilthong |first7=S. |last8=Wang |first8=Z.Y. |last9=Li |first9=X.H. |last10=Yan |first10=J.Y. |last11=Hyde |first11=Kevin D. |title=Identification and characterization of ''Pestalotiopsis''-like fungi related to grapevine diseases in China. |journal=Fungal Biology |date=2015 |volume=119 |issue=5 |pages=348–361 |doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2014.11.001}}</ref> They are also endophytes or parasitic on humans and animals.<ref name="Faces"/> Some of them are confirmed to cause human and animal diseases. For example, ''Pestalotiopsis'' spp. have been isolated from a bronchial biopsy, corneal abrasions, eyes, feet, fingernails, scalp, and sinuses from the human body.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sutton |first1=D.A. |title=Coelomycetous fungi in human disease. A review: Clinical entities, pathogenesis, identification and therapy. |journal=Rev. Iberoam. Micol |date=1999 |volume=16 |pages=171–179}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Monden |first1=Y. |last2=Yamamoto |first2=S. |last3=Sunada |first3=A. |last4=Asari |first4=S. |last5=Makimura |first5=K. |last6=Inoue |first6=Y. |title=First case of fungal keratitis caused by Pestalotiopsis clavispora. |journal=Clin. Ophthalmol. |date=2013 |volume=7 |pages=2261–2264}}</ref>
Species of ''Sporocadaceae'' are [[endophytic]] (living with a plant), [[pathogens|plant pathogenic]] (causing disease) or [[saprobic]] (processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter).<ref name="Hyde2016">{{cite journal |last1=Hyde |first1=Kevin D. |last2=Hongsanan |first2=Sinang |last3=Jeewon |first3=Rajesh |last4=Bhat |first4=D. Jayarama |last5=McKenzie |first5=Eric H. C. |last6=Gareth Jones |first6=E. B. |last7=Phookamsak |first7=Rungtiwa |last8=Ariyawansa |first8=Hiran A. |last9=Boonmee |first9=Saranyaphat |last10=Zhao |first10=Qi |last11=Abdel-Aziz |first11=Faten Awad |last12=Abdel-Wahab |first12=Mohamed A. |last13=Banmai |first13=Supharat |last14=Chomnunti |first14=Putarak |last15=Cui |first15=Bao-Kai |last16=Daranagama |first16=Dinushani A. |last17=Das |first17=Kanad |last18=Dayarathne |first18=Monika C. |last19=de Silva |first19=Nimali I. |last20=Dissanayake |first20=Asha J. |last21=Doilom |first21=Mingkwan |last22=Ekanayaka |first22=Anusha H. |last23=Gibertoni |first23=Tatiana Baptista |last24=Góes-Neto |first24=Aristóteles |last25=Huang |first25=Shi-Ke |last26=Jayasiri |first26=Subashini C. |last27=Jayawardena |first27=Ruvishika S. |last28=Konta |first28=Sirinapa |last29=Lee |first29=Hyang Burm |last30=Li |first30=Wen-Jing |last31=Lin |first31=Chuan-Gen |last32=Liu |first32=Jian-Kui |last33=Lu |first33=Yong-Zhong |last34=Luo |first34=Zong-Long |last35=Manawasinghe |first35=Ishara S. |last36=Manimohan |first36=Patinjareveettil |last37=Mapook |first37=Ausana |last38=Niskanen |first38=Tuula |last39=Norphanphoun |first39=Chada |last40=Papizadeh |first40=Moslem |last41=Perera |first41=Rekhani H. |last42=Phukhamsakda |first42=Chayanard |last43=Richter |first43=Christian |last44=de A. Santiago |first44=André L. C. M. |last45=Drechsler-Santos |first45=E. Ricardo |last46=Senanayake |first46=Indunil C. |last47=Tanaka |first47=Kazuaki |last48=Tennakoon |first48=T. M. D. S. |last49=Thambugala |first49=Kasun M. |last50=Tian |first50=Qing |last51=Tibpromma |first51=Saowaluck |last52=Thongbai |first52=Benjarong |last53=Vizzini |first53=Alfredo |last54=Wanasinghe |first54=Dhanushka N. |last55=Wijayawardene |first55=Nalin N. |last56=Wu |first56=Hai-Xia |last57=Yang |first57=Jing |last58=Zeng |first58=Xiang-Yu |last59=Zhang |first59=Huang |last60=Zhang |first60=Jin-Feng |last61=Bulgakov |first61=Timur S. |last62=Camporesi |first62=Erio |last63=Bahkali |first63=Ali H. |last64=Amoozegar |first64=Mohammad A. |last65=Araujo-Neta |first65=Lidia Silva |last66=Ammirati |first66=Joseph F. |last67=Baghela |first67=Abhishek |last68=Bhatt |first68=R. P. |last69=Bojantchev |first69=Dimitar |last70=Buyck |first70=Bart |last71=Alves da Silva |first71=Gladstone |last72=Ferreira de Lima |first72=Catarina Letícia |last73=Vilela de Oliveira |first73=Rafael José |last74=Fragoso de Souza |first74=Carlos Alberto |last75=Dai |first75=Yu-Cheng |last76=Dima |first76=Bálint |last77=Duong |first77=Tham Thi |last78=Ercole |first78=Enrico |last79=Mafalda-Freire |first79=Fernando |last80=Ghosh |first80=Aniket |last81=Hashimoto |first81=Akira |last82=Kamolhan |first82=Sutakorn |last83=Kang |first83=Ji-Chuan |last84=Karunarathna |first84=Samantha C. |last85=Kirk |first85=Paul M. |last86=Kytövuori |first86=Ilkka |last87=Lantieri |first87=Angela |last88=Liimatainen |first88=Kare |last89=Liu |first89=Zuo-Yi |last90=Liu |first90=Xing-Zhong |last91=Lücking |first91=Robert |last92=Medardi |first92=Gianfranco |last93=Mortimer |first93=Peter E. |last94=Nguyen |first94=Thi Thuong Thuong |last95=Promputtha |first95=Itthayakorn |last96=Raj |first96=K. N. Anil |last97=Reck |first97=Mateus A. |last98=Lumyong |first98=Saisamorn |last99=Shahzadeh-Fazeli |first99=Seyed Abolhassan |display-authors=1 |last100=Stadler |first100=Marc |last101=Soudi |first101=Mohammad Reza |last102=Su |first102=Hong-Yan |last103=Takahashi |first103=Takumasa |last104=Tangthirasunun |first104=Narumon |last105=Uniyal |first105=Priyanka |last106=Wang |first106=Yong |last107=Wen |first107=Ting-Chi |last108=Xu |first108=Jian-Chu |last109=Zhang |first109=Zhong-Kai |last110=Zhao |first110=Yong-Chang |last111=Zhou |first111=Jun-Liang |last112=Zhu |first112=Lin |title=Fungal diversity notes 367–490: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa |journal=Fungal Diversity |date=2016 |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=1–270 |doi=10.1007/s13225-016-0373-x|s2cid=256072208 |url=https://hau.collections.crest.ac.uk/9284/1/Mike%20Theodorou%20Fungal%2BDiversity%202%20April.pdf }}</ref> They are associated with a wide range of host plants.<ref name=Liu2019>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=F. |last2=Bonthond |first2=G. |last3=Groenewald |first3=J.Z. |last4=Cai |first4=L. |last5=Crous |first5=P.W. |title=''Sporocadaceae'', a family of coelomycetous fungi with appendage-bearing conidia |journal=Studies in Mycology |date=March 2019 |volume=92 |pages=287–415 |doi=10.1016/j.simyco.2018.11.001|pmid=30584265 |pmc=6298422 }}</ref><ref name="Maharachchikumbura2013">{{cite journal |last1=Maharachchikumbura |first1=S.S.N. |last2=Guo |first2=L.D. |last3=Chukeatirote |first3=E |last4=McKenzie |first4=E.H.C. |last5=Hyde |first5=Kevin D. |title=A destructive new disease of ''Syzygium samarangense'' in Thailand caused by the new species ''Pestalotiopsis samarangensis''. |journal=Tropical Plant Pathology |date=2013 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=227–235 |doi=10.1590/S1982-56762013005000002|s2cid=84240181 }}</ref><ref name="Jayawardena2015">{{cite journal |last1=Jayawardena |first1=R.S. |last2=Zhang |first2=W. |last3=Liu |first3=M. |last4=Maharachchikumbura |first4=SSN |last5=Zhou |first5=Y. |last6=Huang |first6=J.B. |last7=Nilthong |first7=S. |last8=Wang |first8=Z.Y. |last9=Li |first9=X.H. |last10=Yan |first10=J.Y. |last11=Hyde |first11=Kevin D. |title=Identification and characterization of ''Pestalotiopsis''-like fungi related to grapevine diseases in China. |journal=Fungal Biology |date=2015 |volume=119 |issue=5 |pages=348–361 |doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2014.11.001|pmid=25937063 }}</ref> They are also endophytes or parasitic on humans and animals.<ref name="Faces"/> Some of them are confirmed to cause human and animal diseases. For example, ''Pestalotiopsis'' spp. have been isolated from a bronchial biopsy, corneal abrasions, eyes, feet, fingernails, scalp, and sinuses from the human body.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sutton |first1=D.A. |title=Coelomycetous fungi in human disease. A review: Clinical entities, pathogenesis, identification and therapy. |journal=Rev. Iberoam. Micol |date=1999 |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=171–179|pmid=18473543 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Monden |first1=Y. |last2=Yamamoto |first2=S. |last3=Sunada |first3=A. |last4=Asari |first4=S. |last5=Makimura |first5=K. |last6=Inoue |first6=Y. |title=First case of fungal keratitis caused by Pestalotiopsis clavispora. |journal=Clin. Ophthalmol. |date=2013 |volume=7 |pages=2261–2264|doi=10.2147/OPTH.S48732 |pmid=24348013 |pmc=3848927 }}</ref>


Members of ''Sporocadaceae'' are also known as 'pestalotioid fungi',<ref name="Peng2022">{{cite journal |last1=Peng |first1=C. |last2=Crous |first2=P.W. |last3=Jiang |first3=N. |last4=Fan |first4=X.L. |last5=Liang |first5=Y.M. |last6=Tian |first6=C.M. |title=Diversity of ''Sporocadaceae'' (pestalotioid fungi) from Rosa in China |journal=Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi |date=December 2022 |volume=49 |pages=201-260 |doi=10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.07 |publisher=Naturalis Biodiversity Center}}</ref> which refers to genera resembling those taxa having affinities with ''Pestalotia''.<ref name="Zhang22">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Zhaoxue |last2=Liu |first2=Rongyu |last3=Liu |first3=Shubin |last4=Mu |first4=Taichang |last5=Zhang |first5=Xiuguo |last6=Xia |first6=Jiwen |title=Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal two new species of ''Sporocadaceae'' from Hainan, China |journal=MycoKeys. |date=14 April 2022 |volume=88 |pages=171–192 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.88.82229}}</ref> A former genus, whose species are now split between ''Pestalotiopsis'', ''Neopestalotiopsis'' and ''Pseudopestalotiopsis''.<ref name="Li2021">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Lingling |last2=Yang |first2=Qin |last3=Li |first3=He |title=Morphology, Phylogeny, and Pathogenicity of Pestalotioid Species on Camellia oleifera in China |journal=J Fungi (Basel) |date=15 December 2021 |volume=7 |issue=12 |page=1080 |doi=10.3390/jof7121080}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Vinson |first1=Edgar |title=Pestalotia is an Emerging Disease of Strawberries in the Southeast |url=https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/pestalotia-is-an-emerging-disease-of-strawberries-in-the-southeast/ |website=Alabama Cooperative Extension System |access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref> 'Pestalotia' also encompasses genus ''Seiridium''.<ref name="Li2022">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Wen-Li |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Asha J. |last3=Zhang |first3=Tian |last4=Maharachchikumbura |first4=Sajeewa S.N. |last5=Liu |first5=Jian-Kui |title=Identification and Pathogenicity of Pestalotiod Fungi Associated with Woody Oil Plants in Sichuan Province, China |journal=J Fungi (Basel). |date=8 November 2022 |volume=8 |issue=11 |page=1175 |doi=10.3390/jof8111175}}</ref>
Members of ''Sporocadaceae'' are also known as 'pestalotioid fungi',<ref name="Peng2022">{{cite journal |last1=Peng |first1=C. |last2=Crous |first2=P.W. |last3=Jiang |first3=N. |last4=Fan |first4=X.L. |last5=Liang |first5=Y.M. |last6=Tian |first6=C.M. |title=Diversity of ''Sporocadaceae'' (pestalotioid fungi) from Rosa in China |journal=Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi |date=December 2022 |volume=49 |pages=201–260 |doi=10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.07 |publisher=Naturalis Biodiversity Center|s2cid=254662172 }}</ref> which refers to genera resembling those taxa having affinities with ''Pestalotia''.<ref name="Zhang22">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Zhaoxue |last2=Liu |first2=Rongyu |last3=Liu |first3=Shubin |last4=Mu |first4=Taichang |last5=Zhang |first5=Xiuguo |last6=Xia |first6=Jiwen |title=Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal two new species of ''Sporocadaceae'' from Hainan, China |journal=MycoKeys. |date=14 April 2022 |volume=88 |pages=171–192 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.88.82229|pmid=35585932 |s2cid=248198766 }}</ref> A former genus, whose species are now split between ''Pestalotiopsis'', ''Neopestalotiopsis'' and ''Pseudopestalotiopsis''.<ref name="Li2021">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Lingling |last2=Yang |first2=Qin |last3=Li |first3=He |title=Morphology, Phylogeny, and Pathogenicity of Pestalotioid Species on Camellia oleifera in China |journal=J Fungi (Basel) |date=15 December 2021 |volume=7 |issue=12 |page=1080 |doi=10.3390/jof7121080|pmid=34947061 |pmc=8705482 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Vinson |first1=Edgar |title=Pestalotia is an Emerging Disease of Strawberries in the Southeast |url=https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/pestalotia-is-an-emerging-disease-of-strawberries-in-the-southeast/ |website=Alabama Cooperative Extension System |access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref> 'Pestalotia' also encompasses genus ''Seiridium''.<ref name="Li2022">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Wen-Li |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Asha J. |last3=Zhang |first3=Tian |last4=Maharachchikumbura |first4=Sajeewa S.N. |last5=Liu |first5=Jian-Kui |title=Identification and Pathogenicity of Pestalotiod Fungi Associated with Woody Oil Plants in Sichuan Province, China |journal=J Fungi (Basel). |date=8 November 2022 |volume=8 |issue=11 |page=1175 |doi=10.3390/jof8111175|pmid=36354942 |pmc=9696782 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


The order of [[Amphisphaeriales]] was resurrected by Senanayake et al. (2015), to include ''Amphisphaeriaceae'', ''Clypeosphaeriaceae'' and another four novel families derived from ''Amphisphaeriaceae'' (''Bartaliniaceae'', ''Discosiaceae'', ''Pestalotiopsidaceae'' and ''Phlogicylindriaceae'').<ref name=Senanayake2015>{{cite journal |last1=Senanayake |first1=Indunil C. |last2=Maharachchikumbura |first2=Sajeewa S.N. |last3=Hyde |first3=Kevin D. |first4=Jayarama D. |last4=Bhat |first5=E. B. Gareth |last5=Jones |first6=Eric H. C. |last6=McKenzie |first7=Dong Qin |last7=Dai |first8=Dinushani A. |last8=Daranagama |first9=Monika C. |last9=Dayarathne |first10=Ishani D. |last10=Goonasekara |first11=Sirinapa |last11=Konta |first12=Wen Jing |last12=Li |first13=Qiu Ju |last13=Shang |first14=Marc |last14=Stadler |first15=Nalin N. |last15=Wijayawardene |first16=Yuan Pin |last16=Xiao |first17=Chada |last17=Norphanphoun |first18=Qirui |last18=Li |first19=Xing Zhong |last19=Liu |first20=Ali H. |last20=Bahkali |first21=Ji Chuan |last21=Kang |first22=Yong |last22=Wang |first23=Ting Chi |last23=Wen |first24=Lucile |last24=Wendt |first25=Jian Chu |last25=Xu |first26=Erio |last26=Camporesi |title=Towards unraveling relationships in Xylariomycetidae (Sordariomycetes). |journal=Fungal Diversity |date=2015 |volume=73 |pages=73-144 |doi=10.1007/s13225-015-0340-y}}</ref>
The order of [[Amphisphaeriales]] was resurrected by Senanayake et al. (2015), to include ''Amphisphaeriaceae'', ''Clypeosphaeriaceae'' and another four novel families derived from ''Amphisphaeriaceae'' (''Bartaliniaceae'', ''Discosiaceae'', ''Pestalotiopsidaceae'' and ''Phlogicylindriaceae'').<ref name=Senanayake2015>{{cite journal |last1=Senanayake |first1=Indunil C. |last2=Maharachchikumbura |first2=Sajeewa S.N. |last3=Hyde |first3=Kevin D. |first4=Jayarama D. |last4=Bhat |first5=E. B. Gareth |last5=Jones |first6=Eric H. C. |last6=McKenzie |first7=Dong Qin |last7=Dai |first8=Dinushani A. |last8=Daranagama |first9=Monika C. |last9=Dayarathne |first10=Ishani D. |last10=Goonasekara |first11=Sirinapa |last11=Konta |first12=Wen Jing |last12=Li |first13=Qiu Ju |last13=Shang |first14=Marc |last14=Stadler |first15=Nalin N. |last15=Wijayawardene |first16=Yuan Pin |last16=Xiao |first17=Chada |last17=Norphanphoun |first18=Qirui |last18=Li |first19=Xing Zhong |last19=Liu |first20=Ali H. |last20=Bahkali |first21=Ji Chuan |last21=Kang |first22=Yong |last22=Wang |first23=Ting Chi |last23=Wen |first24=Lucile |last24=Wendt |first25=Jian Chu |last25=Xu |first26=Erio |last26=Camporesi |title=Towards unraveling relationships in Xylariomycetidae (Sordariomycetes). |journal=Fungal Diversity |date=2015 |volume=73 |pages=73–144 |doi=10.1007/s13225-015-0340-y|s2cid=256070746 }}</ref>
However, the fungal sequence dataset as used in Senanayake et al. (2015),<ref name=Senanayake2015/> was largely incomplete and some of the introduced families were not well supported statistically. Subsequently, Jaklitsch et al. (2016),<ref name="Jaklitsch2016">{{cite journal |last1=Jaklitsch |first1=W.M. |last2=Gardiennet |first2=A. |last3=Voglmayr |first3=H. |title=Resolution of morphology-based taxonomic delusions: ''Acrocordiella'', ''Basiseptospora'', ''Blogiascospora'', ''Clypeosphaeria'', ''Hymenopleella'', ''Lepteutypa'', ''Pseudapiospora'', ''Requienella'', ''Seiridium'' and ''Strickeria''. |journal=Persoonia: Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi |date=2016 |volume=37 |pages=82‑105 |doi=10.3767/003158516X690475}}</ref> synonymised ''Bartaliniaceae'', ''Discosiaceae'', ''Pestalotiopsidaceae'' and ''Robillardaceae'', and then revived the older family name of ''Sporocadaceae'' to accommodate them (Crous et al. 2015).<ref name=Crous2015>{{cite journal |last1=Crous |first1=Pedro W. |last2=Carris |first2=Lori M. |last3=Giraldo |first3=Alejandra |last4=Groenewald |first4=Johannes Z. |last5=Hawksworth |first5=David L. |last6=Hemández-Restrepo |first6=Margarita |last7=Jaklitsch |first7=Walter M. |last8=Lebrun |first8=Marc-Henri |last9=Schumacher |first9=René K. |last10=Stielow |first10=J. Benjamin |last11=Linde |first11=Elna J. van der |last12=Vilcāne |first12=Jūlija |last13=Voglmayr |first13=Hermann |last14=Wood |first14=Alan R. |title=The Genera of Fungi - fixing the application of the type species of generic names - G 2: ''Allantophomopsis'', ''Latorua'', ''Macrodiplodiopsis'', ''Macrohilum'', ''Milospium'', ''Protostegia'', ''Pyricularia'', ''Robillarda'', ''Rotula'', ''Septoriella'', ''Torula'', and ''Wojnowicia'' |journal=IMA Fungus |date=2015 |volume=6 |pages=163–198 |doi=10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.01.11}}</ref>
However, the fungal sequence dataset as used in Senanayake et al. (2015),<ref name=Senanayake2015/> was largely incomplete and some of the introduced families were not well supported statistically. Subsequently, Jaklitsch et al. (2016),<ref name="Jaklitsch2016">{{cite journal |last1=Jaklitsch |first1=W.M. |last2=Gardiennet |first2=A. |last3=Voglmayr |first3=H. |title=Resolution of morphology-based taxonomic delusions: ''Acrocordiella'', ''Basiseptospora'', ''Blogiascospora'', ''Clypeosphaeria'', ''Hymenopleella'', ''Lepteutypa'', ''Pseudapiospora'', ''Requienella'', ''Seiridium'' and ''Strickeria''. |journal=Persoonia: Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi |date=2016 |volume=37 |pages=82‑105 |doi=10.3767/003158516X690475|pmid=28100927 |pmc=5238940 }}</ref> synonymised ''Bartaliniaceae'', ''Discosiaceae'', ''Pestalotiopsidaceae'' and ''Robillardaceae'', and then revived the older family name of ''Sporocadaceae'' to accommodate them (Crous et al. 2015).<ref name=Crous2015>{{cite journal |last1=Crous |first1=Pedro W. |last2=Carris |first2=Lori M. |last3=Giraldo |first3=Alejandra |last4=Groenewald |first4=Johannes Z. |last5=Hawksworth |first5=David L. |last6=Hemández-Restrepo |first6=Margarita |last7=Jaklitsch |first7=Walter M. |last8=Lebrun |first8=Marc-Henri |last9=Schumacher |first9=René K. |last10=Stielow |first10=J. Benjamin |last11=Linde |first11=Elna J. van der |last12=Vilcāne |first12=Jūlija |last13=Voglmayr |first13=Hermann |last14=Wood |first14=Alan R. |title=The Genera of Fungi - fixing the application of the type species of generic names - G 2: ''Allantophomopsis'', ''Latorua'', ''Macrodiplodiopsis'', ''Macrohilum'', ''Milospium'', ''Protostegia'', ''Pyricularia'', ''Robillarda'', ''Rotula'', ''Septoriella'', ''Torula'', and ''Wojnowicia'' |journal=IMA Fungus |date=2015 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=163–198 |doi=10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.01.11|pmid=26203422 |pmc=4500082 }}</ref>


Because genera in this family of fungi share the same evolutionary history, it is unlikely that the diversity of [[secondary metabolites]] detected in ''Pestalotiopsis'' is an exception within the family. Therefore, a large number of potential novel metabolites might be hidden and await discovery. The natural classification system proposed for ''Sporocadaceae'' in this study could thus present a major step to screen for novel metabolites in future studies.<ref name=Liu2019/>
Because genera in this family of fungi share the same evolutionary history, it is unlikely that the diversity of [[secondary metabolites]] detected in ''Pestalotiopsis'' is an exception within the family. Therefore, a large number of potential novel metabolites might be hidden and await discovery. The natural classification system proposed for ''Sporocadaceae'' in this study could thus present a major step to screen for novel metabolites in future studies.<ref name=Liu2019/>


==Description==
==Description==
Most fungal genera within the ''Sporocadaceae'' family have multi-septate (cavity walls) and more or less [[fusiform]] (spindle-like shaped) conidia with appendages at one or both ends, frequently with some [[Melanism|melanised]] cells.<ref name="Zhang22">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Zhaoxue |last2=Liu |first2=Rongyu |last3=Liu |first3=Shubin |last4=Mu |first4=Taichang |last5=Zhang |first5=Xiuguo |last6=Xia |first6=Jiwen |title=Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal two new species of ''Sporocadaceae'' from Hainan, China |journal=MycoKeys. |date=14 April 2022 |volume=88 |pages=171–192 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.88.82229}}</ref> This genus has undergone many rearrangements since it was first introduced by Italian botanist, lichenologist and mycologist [[Giuseppe De Notaris|De Notaris]] (1805–1877), in 1841.<ref name=Liu2019/>
Most fungal genera within the ''Sporocadaceae'' family have multi-septate (cavity walls) and more or less [[fusiform]] (spindle-like shaped) conidia with appendages at one or both ends, frequently with some [[Melanism|melanised]] cells.<ref name="Zhang22">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Zhaoxue |last2=Liu |first2=Rongyu |last3=Liu |first3=Shubin |last4=Mu |first4=Taichang |last5=Zhang |first5=Xiuguo |last6=Xia |first6=Jiwen |title=Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal two new species of ''Sporocadaceae'' from Hainan, China |journal=MycoKeys. |date=14 April 2022 |volume=88 |pages=171–192 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.88.82229|pmid=35585932 |s2cid=248198766 }}</ref> This genus has undergone many rearrangements since it was first introduced by Italian botanist, lichenologist and mycologist [[Giuseppe De Notaris|De Notaris]] (1805–1877), in 1841.<ref name=Liu2019/>


The morphology of the asexual morph genera having [[Acervulus|acervular]] (an open, saucer-shaped asexual fruiting body) conidiomata that produce hyaline (resembling glass), pale or dark brown, septate conidia were taken into the consideration by various botanic authors when they were assigned to the family.<ref name="Faces"/>
The morphology of the asexual morph genera having [[Acervulus|acervular]] (an open, saucer-shaped asexual fruiting body) conidiomata that produce hyaline (resembling glass), pale or dark brown, septate conidia were taken into the consideration by various botanic authors when they were assigned to the family.<ref name="Faces"/>


Pestalotia-like asexual morphs were classified in ''[[Amphisphaeriaceae]]'' (Samuels et al. 1987),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samuels |first1=G.J. |last2=Müller |first2=E. |last3=Petrini |first3=O. |title=Studies in the ''Amphisphaeriaceae'' (sensu lato) 3. New species of ''Monographella'' and ''Pestalosphaeria'' and two new genera |journal=Mycotaxon |date=1987 |volume=28 |pages=473-499}}</ref> accommodating 36 genera (Hawksworth et al. 1995).<ref>D.L. Hawksworth, P.M. Kirk, B.C. Sutton, et al. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi (8th edn.), CAB International, Wallingford, UK (1995)</ref>
Pestalotia-like asexual morphs were classified in ''[[Amphisphaeriaceae]]'' (Samuels et al. 1987),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samuels |first1=G.J. |last2=Müller |first2=E. |last3=Petrini |first3=O. |title=Studies in the ''Amphisphaeriaceae'' (sensu lato) 3. New species of ''Monographella'' and ''Pestalosphaeria'' and two new genera |journal=Mycotaxon |date=1987 |volume=28 |pages=473–499}}</ref> accommodating 36 genera (Hawksworth et al. 1995).<ref>D.L. Hawksworth, P.M. Kirk, B.C. Sutton, et al. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi (8th edn.), CAB International, Wallingford, UK (1995)</ref>


==Hosts==
==Hosts==
They are associated with a wide range of host plants,<ref name="Maharachchikumbura2013"/><ref name="Peng2022"/> including grapevines in China,<ref name=Liu2019/> ''[[Rosa (plant)|Rosa]]'' spp.<ref name="Peng2022"/> ''[[Camellia oleifera]]'' (Tea-oil tree) in China,<ref name="Li2021"/>
They are associated with a wide range of host plants,<ref name="Maharachchikumbura2013"/><ref name="Peng2022"/> including grapevines in China,<ref name=Liu2019/> ''[[Rosa (plant)|Rosa]]'' spp.<ref name="Peng2022"/> ''[[Camellia oleifera]]'' (Tea-oil tree) in China,<ref name="Li2021"/>


Many of the ''Sporocadaceae'' species were reported as important plant pathogenic fungi that mainly harm various economic crops, such as tea (''[[Camellia sinensis]]''),<ref name="Tsai2021">{{cite journal |last1=Tsai |first1=Ichen |last2=Chung |first2=Chia-Lin |last3=Lin |first3=Shiou-Ruei |last4=Hung |first4=Ting-Hsuan |last5=Shen |first5=Tang-Long |last6=Hu |first6=Chih-Yi |last7=Hozzein |first7=Wael N. |last8=Ariyawansa |first8=Hiran A. |title=Cryptic Diversity, Molecular Systematics, and Pathogenicity of Genus ''Pestalotiopsis'' and Allied Genera Causing Gray Blight Disease of Tea in Taiwan, With a Description of a New ''Pseudopestalotiopsis'' Species |journal=Plant Disease |date=February 2021 |volume=105 |issue=2 |doi=10.1094/PDIS-05-20-1134-RE}}</ref><ref>J. N. Srivastava and A. K. Singh (Editors) {{google books|NiFeEAAAQBAJ|Diseases of Horticultural Crops: Diagnosis and Management: Volume 4 ... (2022)|page=127}}</ref> blueberry (''[[Vaccinium corymbosum]]''),<ref name=Fernández2015>Fernández et al. 'Disease Prevalence and Symptoms Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima'' and ''Pestalotiopsis guepinii'' on Blueberry in Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires, Argentina' January 2015, American Journal of Plant Sciences 06 (19):3082-3090</ref> and elephant apple, (''[[Dillenia indica]]'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Banerjee |first1=A. |last2=Mandal |first2=R. |last3=Nath |first3=P.S. |title=First report of leaf spot disease of elephant apple (''Dillenia indica'') caused by ''Pestalotiopsis'' sp. in India |journal=New Disease Reports |date=2018 |volume=37 |page=14 |doi=10.5197/j.2044-0588.2018.037.014}}</ref> Genera ''Pestalotiopsis'' and ''Neopestalotiopsis'' cause twig blight and dieback on blueberry plants in Portugal.<ref name="Santos2022">{{cite journal |first1=João |last1=Santos |last2=Hilário |first2=Sandra |last3=Pinto |first3=Glória |last4=Alves |first4=Artur |title=Diversity and pathogenicity of pestalotioid fungi associated with blueberry plants in Portugal, with description of three novel species of ''Neopestalotiopsis'' |journal=European Journal of Plant Pathology |date=2022 |volume=162 |pages=539–555}}</ref> Genera ''Neopestalotiopsis'', ''Pestalotiopsis'', and ''Seiridium'' are found on woody oil plants such as; (''Camellia oleifera'', ''Olea europaea'' (Olive), ''[[Paeonia suffruticosa]]'', ''[[Sapium sebiferum]]'', and ''[[Vernicia fordii]]'') in [[Sichuan Province]], China.<ref name="Li2022"/>
Many of the ''Sporocadaceae'' species were reported as important plant pathogenic fungi that mainly harm various economic crops, such as tea (''[[Camellia sinensis]]''),<ref name="Tsai2021">{{cite journal |last1=Tsai |first1=Ichen |last2=Chung |first2=Chia-Lin |last3=Lin |first3=Shiou-Ruei |last4=Hung |first4=Ting-Hsuan |last5=Shen |first5=Tang-Long |last6=Hu |first6=Chih-Yi |last7=Hozzein |first7=Wael N. |last8=Ariyawansa |first8=Hiran A. |title=Cryptic Diversity, Molecular Systematics, and Pathogenicity of Genus ''Pestalotiopsis'' and Allied Genera Causing Gray Blight Disease of Tea in Taiwan, With a Description of a New ''Pseudopestalotiopsis'' Species |journal=Plant Disease |date=February 2021 |volume=105 |issue=2 |pages=425–443 |doi=10.1094/PDIS-05-20-1134-RE|pmid=32720884 |s2cid=220841364 }}</ref><ref>J. N. Srivastava and A. K. Singh (Editors) {{google books|NiFeEAAAQBAJ|Diseases of Horticultural Crops: Diagnosis and Management: Volume 4 ... (2022)|page=127}}</ref> blueberry (''[[Vaccinium corymbosum]]''),<ref name=Fernández2015>Fernández et al. 'Disease Prevalence and Symptoms Caused by ''Alternaria tenuissima'' and ''Pestalotiopsis guepinii'' on Blueberry in Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires, Argentina' January 2015, American Journal of Plant Sciences 06 (19):3082-3090</ref> and elephant apple, (''[[Dillenia indica]]'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Banerjee |first1=A. |last2=Mandal |first2=R. |last3=Nath |first3=P.S. |title=First report of leaf spot disease of elephant apple (''Dillenia indica'') caused by ''Pestalotiopsis'' sp. in India |journal=New Disease Reports |date=2018 |volume=37 |page=14 |doi=10.5197/j.2044-0588.2018.037.014}}</ref> Genera ''Pestalotiopsis'' and ''Neopestalotiopsis'' cause twig blight and dieback on blueberry plants in Portugal.<ref name="Santos2022">{{cite journal |first1=João |last1=Santos |last2=Hilário |first2=Sandra |last3=Pinto |first3=Glória |last4=Alves |first4=Artur |title=Diversity and pathogenicity of pestalotioid fungi associated with blueberry plants in Portugal, with description of three novel species of ''Neopestalotiopsis'' |journal=European Journal of Plant Pathology |date=2022 |volume=162 |issue=3 |pages=539–555|doi=10.1007/s10658-021-02419-0 |s2cid=244503020 }}</ref> Genera ''Neopestalotiopsis'', ''Pestalotiopsis'', and ''Seiridium'' are found on woody oil plants such as; (''Camellia oleifera'', ''Olea europaea'' (Olive), ''[[Paeonia suffruticosa]]'', ''[[Sapium sebiferum]]'', and ''[[Vernicia fordii]]'') in [[Sichuan Province]], China.<ref name="Li2022"/>


Species of ''Pestalotiopsis'' are found on ''[[Fagaceae]]'' leaves within China.<ref name="Jiang2022">{{cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Ning |last2=Voglmayr |first2=Hermann |last3=Xue |first3=Han |last4=Piao |first4=Chun-Gen |last5=Li |first5=Yong |title=Morphology and Phylogeny of Pestalotiopsis (''Sporocadaceae'', Amphisphaeriales) from Fagaceae Leaves in China |journal=Microbiol Spectr. |date=21 December 2022 |volume=10 |issue=6 |doi=10.1128/spectrum.03272-22}}</ref> Species ''Pestalotiopsis kenyana'' causes leaf spot disease on ''[[Zanthoxylum schinifolium]]'' (a species of prickly ash) in Sichuan Province, China.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=C. |last2=Luo |first2=F |last3=Zhu |first3=T. |last4=Han |first4=S. |last5=Li |first5=S. |title=Leaf Spot Disease Caused by ''Pestalotiopsis kenyana'' on ''Zanthoxylum schinifolium'' in Sichuan Province, China. |journal=Plant Dis. |date=24 May 2021 |doi=10.1094/PDIS-10-20-2247-PDN}}</ref>
Species of ''Pestalotiopsis'' are found on ''[[Fagaceae]]'' leaves within China.<ref name="Jiang2022">{{cite journal |last1=Jiang |first1=Ning |last2=Voglmayr |first2=Hermann |last3=Xue |first3=Han |last4=Piao |first4=Chun-Gen |last5=Li |first5=Yong |title=Morphology and Phylogeny of Pestalotiopsis (''Sporocadaceae'', Amphisphaeriales) from Fagaceae Leaves in China |journal=Microbiol Spectr. |date=21 December 2022 |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e0327222 |doi=10.1128/spectrum.03272-22|pmid=36354327 |pmc=9769744 }}</ref> Species ''Pestalotiopsis kenyana'' causes leaf spot disease on ''[[Zanthoxylum schinifolium]]'' (a species of prickly ash) in Sichuan Province, China.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=C. |last2=Luo |first2=F |last3=Zhu |first3=T. |last4=Han |first4=S. |last5=Li |first5=S. |title=Leaf Spot Disease Caused by ''Pestalotiopsis kenyana'' on ''Zanthoxylum schinifolium'' in Sichuan Province, China. |journal=Plant Dis. |date=24 May 2021 |volume=105 |issue=11 |page=3747 |doi=10.1094/PDIS-10-20-2247-PDN|pmid=34029133 |s2cid=235202722 }}</ref>


Pestalotioid fungi are also one of the major agents causing [[leaf spots]] on [[mango]] trees in China.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shu |first1=Juan |last2=Yu |first2=Zhihe |last3=Sun |first3=Wenxiu |last4=Zhao |first4=Jiang |last5=Li |first5=Qili |last6=Tang |first6=Lihua |last7=Guo |first7=Tangxun |last8=Huang |first8=Suiping |last9=Mo |first9=Jianyou |last10=Hsiang |first10=Tom |last11=Luo |first11=Shuming |title=Identification and Characterization of Pestalotioid Fungi Causing Leaf Spots on Mango in Southern China |journal=Plant Disease |date=April 2020 |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=1207-1213 |doi=10.1094/PDIS-03-19-0438-RE}}</ref>
Pestalotioid fungi are also one of the major agents causing [[leaf spots]] on [[mango]] trees in China.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shu |first1=Juan |last2=Yu |first2=Zhihe |last3=Sun |first3=Wenxiu |last4=Zhao |first4=Jiang |last5=Li |first5=Qili |last6=Tang |first6=Lihua |last7=Guo |first7=Tangxun |last8=Huang |first8=Suiping |last9=Mo |first9=Jianyou |last10=Hsiang |first10=Tom |last11=Luo |first11=Shuming |title=Identification and Characterization of Pestalotioid Fungi Causing Leaf Spots on Mango in Southern China |journal=Plant Disease |date=April 2020 |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=1207–1213 |doi=10.1094/PDIS-03-19-0438-RE|pmid=32065570 |s2cid=209581223 }}</ref>


In 2021, new species were found in Thailand, ''Neopestalotiopsis hydeana'' and ''Pestalotiopsis hydei'' which caused leaf spots and fruit rots on ''[[Alpinia malaccensis]]'', ''[[Alpinia galangal]]'', ''[[Annona squamosa]]'', ''[[Artocarpus heterophyllus]]'', ''[[Garcinia mangostana]]'', ''[[Litsea petiolata]]'', ''Vitis vinifera'' and various Citrus sp. in Chiang Rai, Thailand.<ref name="Huanaluek2021">{{cite journal |last1=Huanaluek |first1=Naruemon |last2=Jayawardena |first2=Ruvishika S. |last3=Maharachchikumbura |first3=Sajeewa S. N. |last4=Harishchandra |first4=Dulanjalee L. |title=Additions to pestalotioid fungi in Thailand: Neopestalotiopsis hydeana sp. nov. and Pestalotiopsis hydei sp. nov. |journal=Phytotaxa |date=7 January 2021 |volume=479 |issue=1 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.479.1.2}}</ref>
In 2021, new species were found in Thailand, ''Neopestalotiopsis hydeana'' and ''Pestalotiopsis hydei'' which caused leaf spots and fruit rots on ''[[Alpinia malaccensis]]'', ''[[Alpinia galangal]]'', ''[[Annona squamosa]]'', ''[[Artocarpus heterophyllus]]'', ''[[Garcinia mangostana]]'', ''[[Litsea petiolata]]'', ''Vitis vinifera'' and various Citrus sp. in Chiang Rai, Thailand.<ref name="Huanaluek2021">{{cite journal |last1=Huanaluek |first1=Naruemon |last2=Jayawardena |first2=Ruvishika S. |last3=Maharachchikumbura |first3=Sajeewa S. N. |last4=Harishchandra |first4=Dulanjalee L. |title=Additions to pestalotioid fungi in Thailand: Neopestalotiopsis hydeana sp. nov. and Pestalotiopsis hydei sp. nov. |journal=Phytotaxa |date=7 January 2021 |volume=479 |issue=1 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.479.1.2|s2cid=234258635 }}</ref>


==Uses==
==Uses==
In addition, members of ''Sporocadaceae'' are of particular interest with regard to the production of [[secondary metabolites]], e.g. ''Pestalotiopsis'', ''Bartalinia'' and ''Morinia'' (Collado et al., 2006,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Collado |first1=J. |last2=Platas |first2=G. |last3=Bills |first3=G.F. |last4=Basilio |first4=A. |last5=Vicente |first5=F. |title=Studies on Morinia: Recognition of ''Morinia longiappendiculata'' sp. nov. as a new endophytic fungus, and a new circumscription of ''Morinia pestalozzioides'' |journal=Mycologia |date=2006 |volume=98 |pages=616-627}}</ref> Gangadevi and Muthumary, 2008,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gangadevi |first1=V. |last2=Muthumary |first2=J. |title=Taxol, an anticancer drug produced by an endophytic fungus ''Bartalinia robillardoides'' Tassi, isolated from a medicinal plant, ''Aegle marmelos'' Correa ex Roxb |journal=World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology |date=2008 |volume=24 |page=717}}</ref> Liu et al., 2009).<ref name="Liu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=L. |last2=Li |first2=Y. |last3=Liu |first3=S. |last4=Zheng |first4=Z. |last5=Chen |first5=X. |last6=Zhang |first6=H. |title=Chloropestolide A, an antitumor metabolite with an unprecedented spiroketal skeleton from ''Pestalotiopsis fici'' |journal=Organic Letters |date=2009 |volume=11 |pages=2836-2839}}</ref> ''Pestalotiopsis fici'' was shown to possess a very high number of gene clusters involved in bio-active compound synthesis (Wang et al. 2016).<ref name="Wang2015">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=X. |last2=Zhang |first2=X. |last3=Liu |first3=L. |last4=Xiang |first4=M. |last5=Wang |first5=W. |last6=Sun |first6=X. |last7=Che |first7=Y. |last8=Guo |first8=L. |last9=Liu |first9=G. |last10=Guo |first10=L. |last11=Wang |first11=C. |last12=Yin |first12=W.B. |last13=Stadler |first13=M. |last14=Zhang |first14=X. |last15=Liu |first15=X. |title=Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the endophytic fungus ''Pestalotiopsis fici'' reveals its lifestyle and high potential for synthesis of natural products. |journal=BMC Genomics |date=2015 |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=28}}</ref>
In addition, members of ''Sporocadaceae'' are of particular interest with regard to the production of [[secondary metabolites]], e.g. ''Pestalotiopsis'', ''Bartalinia'' and ''Morinia'' (Collado et al., 2006,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Collado |first1=J. |last2=Platas |first2=G. |last3=Bills |first3=G.F. |last4=Basilio |first4=A. |last5=Vicente |first5=F. |title=Studies on Morinia: Recognition of ''Morinia longiappendiculata'' sp. nov. as a new endophytic fungus, and a new circumscription of ''Morinia pestalozzioides'' |journal=Mycologia |date=2006 |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=616–627|doi=10.1080/15572536.2006.11832665 |pmid=17139855 |s2cid=218587511 }}</ref> Gangadevi and Muthumary, 2008,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gangadevi |first1=V. |last2=Muthumary |first2=J. |title=Taxol, an anticancer drug produced by an endophytic fungus ''Bartalinia robillardoides'' Tassi, isolated from a medicinal plant, ''Aegle marmelos'' Correa ex Roxb |journal=World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology |date=2008 |volume=24 |issue=5 |page=717|doi=10.1007/s11274-007-9530-4 |s2cid=84478329 }}</ref> Liu et al., 2009).<ref name="Liu2009">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=L. |last2=Li |first2=Y. |last3=Liu |first3=S. |last4=Zheng |first4=Z. |last5=Chen |first5=X. |last6=Zhang |first6=H. |title=Chloropestolide A, an antitumor metabolite with an unprecedented spiroketal skeleton from ''Pestalotiopsis fici'' |journal=Organic Letters |date=2009 |volume=11 |issue=13 |pages=2836–2839|doi=10.1021/ol901039m |pmid=19496604 }}</ref> ''Pestalotiopsis fici'' was shown to possess a very high number of gene clusters involved in bio-active compound synthesis (Wang et al. 2016).<ref name="Wang2015">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=X. |last2=Zhang |first2=X. |last3=Liu |first3=L. |last4=Xiang |first4=M. |last5=Wang |first5=W. |last6=Sun |first6=X. |last7=Che |first7=Y. |last8=Guo |first8=L. |last9=Liu |first9=G. |last10=Guo |first10=L. |last11=Wang |first11=C. |last12=Yin |first12=W.B. |last13=Stadler |first13=M. |last14=Zhang |first14=X. |last15=Liu |first15=X. |title=Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the endophytic fungus ''Pestalotiopsis fici'' reveals its lifestyle and high potential for synthesis of natural products. |journal=BMC Genomics |date=2015 |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=28|doi=10.1186/s12864-014-1190-9 |pmid=25623211 |pmc=4320822 }}</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Line 87: Line 87:
* ''[[Sarcostroma]]'' {{Au|Cooke}} (19)
* ''[[Sarcostroma]]'' {{Au|Cooke}} (19)
* ''[[Seimatosporium]]'' {{Au|Corda}} (ca.100)
* ''[[Seimatosporium]]'' {{Au|Corda}} (ca.100)
* ''[[Seiridium]]'' {{Au|Nees}} (20)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bonthond |first1=G. |last2=Sandoval-Denis |first2=M. |last3=Groenewald |first3=J.Z. |last4=Crous |first4=P.W. |title=''Seiridium'' (Sporocadaceae): an important genus of plant pathogenic fungi. |journal=Persoonia |date=2018 |volume=40 |pages=96–118}}</ref>
* ''[[Seiridium]]'' {{Au|Nees}} (20)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bonthond |first1=G. |last2=Sandoval-Denis |first2=M. |last3=Groenewald |first3=J.Z. |last4=Crous |first4=P.W. |title=''Seiridium'' (Sporocadaceae): an important genus of plant pathogenic fungi. |journal=Persoonia |date=2018 |volume=40 |pages=96–118|doi=10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.04 |pmid=30504997 |pmc=6146642 }}</ref>
* ''[[Sporocadus]]'' {{Au|Corda}} (16)
* ''[[Sporocadus]]'' {{Au|Corda}} (16)
* ''[[Strickeria]]'' {{Au|Körb.}} (10)
* ''[[Strickeria]]'' {{Au|Körb.}} (10)

Revision as of 11:10, 26 March 2023

Sporocadaceae
Images of Neopestalotiopsis rhapidis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Amphisphaeriales
Family: Sporocadaceae
Corda, 1842 [1]
Type genus
Sporocadus
Corda, 1839
Genera

see text

Synonyms
  • Bartaliniaceae Wijayaw. Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 73: 85. 2015
  • Bartaliniaceae Wijayaw. Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 86: 5. 2017.
  • Discosiaceae Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 73: 94. 2015.
  • Pestalotiopsidaceae Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 73: 106. 2015.
  • Robillardaceae Crous, IMA Fungus 6: 184. 2015

The Sporocadaceae are a family of fungi, that was formerly in the order Xylariales.[2] It was placed in the Amphisphaeriales order in 2020.[3]

The family Sporocadaceae was established by Corda in 1842 with the type genus of Sporocadus.[4][5]

Species of Sporocadaceae are endophytic (living with a plant), plant pathogenic (causing disease) or saprobic (processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter).[6] They are associated with a wide range of host plants.[4][7][8] They are also endophytes or parasitic on humans and animals.[5] Some of them are confirmed to cause human and animal diseases. For example, Pestalotiopsis spp. have been isolated from a bronchial biopsy, corneal abrasions, eyes, feet, fingernails, scalp, and sinuses from the human body.[9][10]

Members of Sporocadaceae are also known as 'pestalotioid fungi',[11] which refers to genera resembling those taxa having affinities with Pestalotia.[12] A former genus, whose species are now split between Pestalotiopsis, Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis.[13][14] 'Pestalotia' also encompasses genus Seiridium.[15]

The order of Amphisphaeriales was resurrected by Senanayake et al. (2015), to include Amphisphaeriaceae, Clypeosphaeriaceae and another four novel families derived from Amphisphaeriaceae (Bartaliniaceae, Discosiaceae, Pestalotiopsidaceae and Phlogicylindriaceae).[16] However, the fungal sequence dataset as used in Senanayake et al. (2015),[16] was largely incomplete and some of the introduced families were not well supported statistically. Subsequently, Jaklitsch et al. (2016),[17] synonymised Bartaliniaceae, Discosiaceae, Pestalotiopsidaceae and Robillardaceae, and then revived the older family name of Sporocadaceae to accommodate them (Crous et al. 2015).[18]

Because genera in this family of fungi share the same evolutionary history, it is unlikely that the diversity of secondary metabolites detected in Pestalotiopsis is an exception within the family. Therefore, a large number of potential novel metabolites might be hidden and await discovery. The natural classification system proposed for Sporocadaceae in this study could thus present a major step to screen for novel metabolites in future studies.[4]

Description

Most fungal genera within the Sporocadaceae family have multi-septate (cavity walls) and more or less fusiform (spindle-like shaped) conidia with appendages at one or both ends, frequently with some melanised cells.[12] This genus has undergone many rearrangements since it was first introduced by Italian botanist, lichenologist and mycologist De Notaris (1805–1877), in 1841.[4]

The morphology of the asexual morph genera having acervular (an open, saucer-shaped asexual fruiting body) conidiomata that produce hyaline (resembling glass), pale or dark brown, septate conidia were taken into the consideration by various botanic authors when they were assigned to the family.[5]

Pestalotia-like asexual morphs were classified in Amphisphaeriaceae (Samuels et al. 1987),[19] accommodating 36 genera (Hawksworth et al. 1995).[20]

Hosts

They are associated with a wide range of host plants,[7][11] including grapevines in China,[4] Rosa spp.[11] Camellia oleifera (Tea-oil tree) in China,[13]

Many of the Sporocadaceae species were reported as important plant pathogenic fungi that mainly harm various economic crops, such as tea (Camellia sinensis),[21][22] blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum),[23] and elephant apple, (Dillenia indica).[24] Genera Pestalotiopsis and Neopestalotiopsis cause twig blight and dieback on blueberry plants in Portugal.[25] Genera Neopestalotiopsis, Pestalotiopsis, and Seiridium are found on woody oil plants such as; (Camellia oleifera, Olea europaea (Olive), Paeonia suffruticosa, Sapium sebiferum, and Vernicia fordii) in Sichuan Province, China.[15]

Species of Pestalotiopsis are found on Fagaceae leaves within China.[26] Species Pestalotiopsis kenyana causes leaf spot disease on Zanthoxylum schinifolium (a species of prickly ash) in Sichuan Province, China.[27]

Pestalotioid fungi are also one of the major agents causing leaf spots on mango trees in China.[28]

In 2021, new species were found in Thailand, Neopestalotiopsis hydeana and Pestalotiopsis hydei which caused leaf spots and fruit rots on Alpinia malaccensis, Alpinia galangal, Annona squamosa, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Garcinia mangostana, Litsea petiolata, Vitis vinifera and various Citrus sp. in Chiang Rai, Thailand.[29]

Uses

In addition, members of Sporocadaceae are of particular interest with regard to the production of secondary metabolites, e.g. Pestalotiopsis, Bartalinia and Morinia (Collado et al., 2006,[30] Gangadevi and Muthumary, 2008,[31] Liu et al., 2009).[32] Pestalotiopsis fici was shown to possess a very high number of gene clusters involved in bio-active compound synthesis (Wang et al. 2016).[33]

Distribution

It is has a cosmopolitan distribution worldwide,[11] except Canada, Alaska, Greenland and the North and South poles.[34] Including Argentina,[23] Thailand,[7] Taiwan,[21] and China.[8][12][11]

Genera

Studies on Sporocadaceae were mostly based on ITS and LSU sequence data (DNA analysis) and these data sets were not originally informative in resolving generic boundaries within the family (Jaklitsch et al. 2016b).[17] The 2019 study by Liu et al. (2019a), provided a revision of this family complete with morphology and multi-gene phylogeny based on the LSU, ITS and rpb2 sequence data and further analysis using protein coding genes (tef1 or tub2) for each genus.[4]

The family comprised 35 genera in 2022.[12] It was estimated it had 750 species.[5] As accepted in 2020 (with amount of genera);[3]

References

  1. ^ Corda, A.C.J. 1842. Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum. 5:1-92
  2. ^ Lumbsch, Thorsten H.; Huhndorf, S.M. (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. 13. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany: 1–58. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009.
  3. ^ a b Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Liu, F.; Bonthond, G.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Cai, L.; Crous, P.W. (March 2019). "Sporocadaceae, a family of coelomycetous fungi with appendage-bearing conidia". Studies in Mycology. 92: 287–415. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2018.11.001. PMC 6298422. PMID 30584265.
  5. ^ a b c d Chethana, Thilini (18 April 2020). "Sporocadaceae - Facesoffungi number: FoF 06111". Faces Of Fungi. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
  6. ^ Hyde, Kevin D.; et al. (2016). "Fungal diversity notes 367–490: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 80 (1): 1–270. doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0373-x. S2CID 256072208.
  7. ^ a b c Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Guo, L.D.; Chukeatirote, E; McKenzie, E.H.C.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2013). "A destructive new disease of Syzygium samarangense in Thailand caused by the new species Pestalotiopsis samarangensis". Tropical Plant Pathology. 38 (3): 227–235. doi:10.1590/S1982-56762013005000002. S2CID 84240181.
  8. ^ a b Jayawardena, R.S.; Zhang, W.; Liu, M.; Maharachchikumbura, SSN; Zhou, Y.; Huang, J.B.; Nilthong, S.; Wang, Z.Y.; Li, X.H.; Yan, J.Y.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2015). "Identification and characterization of Pestalotiopsis-like fungi related to grapevine diseases in China". Fungal Biology. 119 (5): 348–361. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2014.11.001. PMID 25937063.
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  12. ^ a b c d Zhang, Zhaoxue; Liu, Rongyu; Liu, Shubin; Mu, Taichang; Zhang, Xiuguo; Xia, Jiwen (14 April 2022). "Morphological and phylogenetic analyses reveal two new species of Sporocadaceae from Hainan, China". MycoKeys. 88: 171–192. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.88.82229. PMID 35585932. S2CID 248198766.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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  15. ^ a b Li, Wen-Li; Dissanayake, Asha J.; Zhang, Tian; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S.N.; Liu, Jian-Kui (8 November 2022). "Identification and Pathogenicity of Pestalotiod Fungi Associated with Woody Oil Plants in Sichuan Province, China". J Fungi (Basel). 8 (11): 1175. doi:10.3390/jof8111175. PMC 9696782. PMID 36354942.
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  17. ^ a b Jaklitsch, W.M.; Gardiennet, A.; Voglmayr, H. (2016). "Resolution of morphology-based taxonomic delusions: Acrocordiella, Basiseptospora, Blogiascospora, Clypeosphaeria, Hymenopleella, Lepteutypa, Pseudapiospora, Requienella, Seiridium and Strickeria". Persoonia: Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 37: 82‑105. doi:10.3767/003158516X690475. PMC 5238940. PMID 28100927.
  18. ^ Crous, Pedro W.; Carris, Lori M.; Giraldo, Alejandra; Groenewald, Johannes Z.; Hawksworth, David L.; Hemández-Restrepo, Margarita; Jaklitsch, Walter M.; Lebrun, Marc-Henri; Schumacher, René K.; Stielow, J. Benjamin; Linde, Elna J. van der; Vilcāne, Jūlija; Voglmayr, Hermann; Wood, Alan R. (2015). "The Genera of Fungi - fixing the application of the type species of generic names - G 2: Allantophomopsis, Latorua, Macrodiplodiopsis, Macrohilum, Milospium, Protostegia, Pyricularia, Robillarda, Rotula, Septoriella, Torula, and Wojnowicia". IMA Fungus. 6 (1): 163–198. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.01.11. PMC 4500082. PMID 26203422.
  19. ^ Samuels, G.J.; Müller, E.; Petrini, O. (1987). "Studies in the Amphisphaeriaceae (sensu lato) 3. New species of Monographella and Pestalosphaeria and two new genera". Mycotaxon. 28: 473–499.
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  21. ^ a b Tsai, Ichen; Chung, Chia-Lin; Lin, Shiou-Ruei; Hung, Ting-Hsuan; Shen, Tang-Long; Hu, Chih-Yi; Hozzein, Wael N.; Ariyawansa, Hiran A. (February 2021). "Cryptic Diversity, Molecular Systematics, and Pathogenicity of Genus Pestalotiopsis and Allied Genera Causing Gray Blight Disease of Tea in Taiwan, With a Description of a New Pseudopestalotiopsis Species". Plant Disease. 105 (2): 425–443. doi:10.1094/PDIS-05-20-1134-RE. PMID 32720884. S2CID 220841364.
  22. ^ J. N. Srivastava and A. K. Singh (Editors) Diseases of Horticultural Crops: Diagnosis and Management: Volume 4 ... (2022), p. 127, at Google Books
  23. ^ a b Fernández et al. 'Disease Prevalence and Symptoms Caused by Alternaria tenuissima and Pestalotiopsis guepinii on Blueberry in Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires, Argentina' January 2015, American Journal of Plant Sciences 06 (19):3082-3090
  24. ^ Banerjee, A.; Mandal, R.; Nath, P.S. (2018). "First report of leaf spot disease of elephant apple (Dillenia indica) caused by Pestalotiopsis sp. in India". New Disease Reports. 37: 14. doi:10.5197/j.2044-0588.2018.037.014.
  25. ^ Santos, João; Hilário, Sandra; Pinto, Glória; Alves, Artur (2022). "Diversity and pathogenicity of pestalotioid fungi associated with blueberry plants in Portugal, with description of three novel species of Neopestalotiopsis". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 162 (3): 539–555. doi:10.1007/s10658-021-02419-0. S2CID 244503020.
  26. ^ Jiang, Ning; Voglmayr, Hermann; Xue, Han; Piao, Chun-Gen; Li, Yong (21 December 2022). "Morphology and Phylogeny of Pestalotiopsis (Sporocadaceae, Amphisphaeriales) from Fagaceae Leaves in China". Microbiol Spectr. 10 (6): e0327222. doi:10.1128/spectrum.03272-22. PMC 9769744. PMID 36354327.
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