Dominance (ecology): Difference between revisions
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Added citations to previous examples of dominance. Added new examples of species dominance in tallgrass prairies. Added body paragraphs 2 and 3, included history of dominant species concept. Included metrics for defining species dominance in final paragraph. |
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{{Redirect|Dominant species|other uses|Dominant Species (disambiguation){{!}}Dominant Species}} |
{{Redirect|Dominant species|other uses|Dominant Species (disambiguation){{!}}Dominant Species}} |
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[[File:Rhizophora yngtree.jpg|thumb|[[Rhizophoraceae]] ([[mangroves]]) dominate tropical tidal swamps]] |
[[File:Rhizophora yngtree.jpg|thumb|[[Rhizophoraceae]] ([[mangroves]]) dominate tropical tidal swamps]] |
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'''Ecological dominance''' is the degree to which one or several species have a major influence controlling the other species in their [[Community (ecology)|ecological community]] (because of their large size, population, productivity, or related factors)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=714|title = OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Ecological dominance Definition}}</ref> or make up more of the [[Biomass (ecology)|biomass]]. |
'''Ecological dominance''' is the degree to which one or several species have a major influence controlling the other species in their [[Community (ecology)|ecological community]] (because of their large size, population, productivity, or related factors)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=714|title = OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Ecological dominance Definition}}</ref> or make up more of the [[Biomass (ecology)|biomass]]. Both the composition and abundance of species within an ecosystem can be affected by the dominant species present.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Avolio |first=Meghan L. |last2=Forrestel |first2=Elisabeth J. |last3=Chang |first3=Cynthia C. |last4=La Pierre |first4=Kimberly J. |last5=Burghardt |first5=Karin T. |last6=Smith |first6=Melinda D. |date=2019-08 |title=Demystifying dominant species |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.15789 |journal=New Phytologist |language=en |volume=223 |issue=3 |pages=1106–1126 |doi=10.1111/nph.15789 |issn=0028-646X}}</ref> |
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In most of the world's ecosystems, biologists have repeatedly observed a [[Rank abundance curve|rank-abundance curve]] in which ecosystems are comprised of a handful of incredibly abundant species, but more numerous, rarer species that are few in number.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Whittaker |first=R. H. |date=1965-01-15 |title=Dominance and Diversity in Land Plant Communities |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.147.3655.250 |journal=Science |volume=147 |issue=3655 |pages=250–260 |doi=10.1126/science.147.3655.250 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alroy |first=John |date=2015-09-04 |title=The shape of terrestrial abundance distributions |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500082 |journal=Science Advances |volume=1 |issue=8 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1500082 |issn=2375-2548}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Darwin |first=Charles |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.82303 |title=On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life |last2=Murray |first2=John |date=1859 |publisher=John Murray, Albemarle Street |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gleason |first=H. A. |date=1929-10 |title=The Significance of Raunkiaer's Law of Frequency |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1931149 |journal=Ecology |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=406–408 |doi=10.2307/1931149 |issn=0012-9658}}</ref> Danish botanist [[Christen C. Raunkiær]] described this phenomenon as his "[[Occupancy frequency distribution|law of frequency]]" in 1918, in which he recognized that in communities with a single species comprising most of the biomass, species diversity was often lower.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kenoyer |first=Leslie A. |date=1927-07 |title=A Study of Raunkaier's Law of Frequence |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1929336 |journal=Ecology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=341–349 |doi=10.2307/1929336 |issn=0012-9658}}</ref> |
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Most ecological communities are defined by their dominant species. |
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Understandably, biologists expect to see more profound effects from those species greater in number.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaston |first=Kevin J. |date=2011-05 |title=Common Ecology |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.5.4 |journal=BioScience |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=354–362 |doi=10.1525/bio.2011.61.5.4 |issn=1525-3244}}</ref> First formalized as the ''mass ratio hypothesis'' in a 1998 paper by English ecologist [[J. Philip Grime]], ecologically dominant species are predicted to have overwhelming effects on ecosystem function and ecological processes due to their relatively high biomass and ubiquity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grime |first=J. P. |date=1998-12 |title=Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: immediate, filter and founder effects |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00306.x |journal=Journal of Ecology |language=en |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=902–910 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00306.x |issn=0022-0477}}</ref> |
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Most ecological communities are defined by their dominant species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braun |first=E. Lucy |date=1947-04 |title=Development of the Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1943265 |journal=Ecological Monographs |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=211–219 |doi=10.2307/1943265 |issn=0012-9615}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> |
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*In many examples of wet [[woodland]] in western [[Europe]], the dominant tree is alder (''[[Alnus glutinosa]]''). |
*In many examples of wet [[woodland]] in western [[Europe]], the dominant tree is alder (''[[Alnus glutinosa]]''). |
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*In [[Tallgrass prairie|tallgrass prairies]] of Northeastern [[Kansas]], the dominant grass is (''[[Andropogon gerardi|Andropogon gerardii]]).''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Melinda D. |last2=Knapp |first2=Alan K. |date=2003-06 |title=Dominant species maintain ecosystem function with non-random species loss |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00454.x |journal=Ecology Letters |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=509–517 |doi=10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00454.x |issn=1461-023X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silletti |first=Andrea M |last2=Knapp |first2=Alan K |last3=Blair |first3=John M |date=2004-04-01 |title=Competition and coexistence in grassland codominants: responses to neighbour removal and resource availability |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-016 |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=450–460 |doi=10.1139/b04-016 |issn=0008-4026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Cynthia C. |last2=Smith |first2=Melinda D. |date=2011-10-21 |title=Invasion of an intact plant community: the role of population versus community level diversity |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2157-z |journal=Oecologia |volume=168 |issue=4 |pages=1091–1102 |doi=10.1007/s00442-011-2157-z |issn=0029-8549}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoover |first=D. L. |last2=Knapp |first2=A. K. |last3=Smith |first3=M. D. |date=2014-05-23 |title=Contrasting sensitivities of two dominant C4 grasses to heat waves and drought |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-014-0345-8 |journal=Plant Ecology |volume=215 |issue=7 |pages=721–731 |doi=10.1007/s11258-014-0345-8 |issn=1385-0237}}</ref> |
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*In [[temperate]] [[bog]]s, the dominant vegetation is usually species of ''[[Sphagnum]]'' moss. |
*In [[temperate]] [[bog]]s, the dominant vegetation is usually species of ''[[Sphagnum]]'' moss. |
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*[[Tide|Tidal]] swamps in the [[tropics]] are usually dominated by species of mangrove (''[[Rhizophoraceae]]'') |
*[[Tide|Tidal]] swamps in the [[tropics]] are usually dominated by species of mangrove (''[[Rhizophoraceae]]'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=P. |first=Brocklehurst, |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/40791904 |title=Mangrove survey of Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory (N.T.) : CCNT/NFI project 1994-95 |date=1996 |publisher=Dept. of Lands Planning and Environment |isbn=0-7245-2766-4 |oclc=40791904}}</ref> |
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*Some sea floor communities are dominated by [[brittle star]]s. |
*Some sea floor communities are dominated by [[brittle star]]s. |
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*Exposed rocky shorelines are dominated by [[Sessility (zoology)|sessile]] organisms such as [[barnacle]]s and [[limpet]]s. |
*Exposed rocky shorelines are dominated by [[Sessility (zoology)|sessile]] organisms such as [[barnacle]]s and [[limpet]]s. |
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There are currently a few different metrics for assessing species dominance in natural ecosystems, including the [[Importance Value Index|importance value index]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Curtis |first=J. T. |last2=McIntosh |first2=R. P. |date=1951-07 |title=An Upland Forest Continuum in the Prairie-Forest Border Region of Wisconsin |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1931725 |journal=Ecology |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=476–496 |doi=10.2307/1931725 |issn=0012-9658}}</ref> [[competitive index]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=GRIME |first=J. P. |date=1973-03 |title=Competitive Exclusion in Herbaceous Vegetation |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/242344a0 |journal=Nature |volume=242 |issue=5396 |pages=344–347 |doi=10.1038/242344a0 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> [[community importance index]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Power |first=Mary E. |last2=Tilman |first2=David |last3=Estes |first3=James A. |last4=Menge |first4=Bruce A. |last5=Bond |first5=William J. |last6=Mills |first6=L. Scott |last7=Daily |first7=Gretchen |last8=Castilla |first8=Juan Carlos |last9=Lubchenco |first9=Jane |last10=Paine |first10=Robert T. |date=1996-09 |title=Challenges in the Quest for Keystones |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1312990 |journal=BioScience |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=609–620 |doi=10.2307/1312990 |issn=0006-3568}}</ref> and [[dominance index]].<ref name=":0" /> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 02:49, 27 April 2023
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2021) |
Ecological dominance is the degree to which one or several species have a major influence controlling the other species in their ecological community (because of their large size, population, productivity, or related factors)[1] or make up more of the biomass. Both the composition and abundance of species within an ecosystem can be affected by the dominant species present.[2]
In most of the world's ecosystems, biologists have repeatedly observed a rank-abundance curve in which ecosystems are comprised of a handful of incredibly abundant species, but more numerous, rarer species that are few in number.[3][4][5][6] Danish botanist Christen C. Raunkiær described this phenomenon as his "law of frequency" in 1918, in which he recognized that in communities with a single species comprising most of the biomass, species diversity was often lower.[7]
Understandably, biologists expect to see more profound effects from those species greater in number.[8] First formalized as the mass ratio hypothesis in a 1998 paper by English ecologist J. Philip Grime, ecologically dominant species are predicted to have overwhelming effects on ecosystem function and ecological processes due to their relatively high biomass and ubiquity.[9]
Most ecological communities are defined by their dominant species.[10][2]
- In many examples of wet woodland in western Europe, the dominant tree is alder (Alnus glutinosa).
- In tallgrass prairies of Northeastern Kansas, the dominant grass is (Andropogon gerardii).[11][12][13][14]
- In temperate bogs, the dominant vegetation is usually species of Sphagnum moss.
- Tidal swamps in the tropics are usually dominated by species of mangrove (Rhizophoraceae).[15]
- Some sea floor communities are dominated by brittle stars.
- Exposed rocky shorelines are dominated by sessile organisms such as barnacles and limpets.
There are currently a few different metrics for assessing species dominance in natural ecosystems, including the importance value index,[16] competitive index,[17] community importance index,[18] and dominance index.[2]
See also
- National Vegetation Classification, a system for classifying British plant communities by their dominant species
- Monodominance
References
- ^ "OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Ecological dominance Definition".
- ^ a b c Avolio, Meghan L.; Forrestel, Elisabeth J.; Chang, Cynthia C.; La Pierre, Kimberly J.; Burghardt, Karin T.; Smith, Melinda D. (2019-08). "Demystifying dominant species". New Phytologist. 223 (3): 1106–1126. doi:10.1111/nph.15789. ISSN 0028-646X.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Whittaker, R. H. (1965-01-15). "Dominance and Diversity in Land Plant Communities". Science. 147 (3655): 250–260. doi:10.1126/science.147.3655.250. ISSN 0036-8075.
- ^ Alroy, John (2015-09-04). "The shape of terrestrial abundance distributions". Science Advances. 1 (8). doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500082. ISSN 2375-2548.
- ^ Darwin, Charles; Murray, John (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street.
- ^ Gleason, H. A. (1929-10). "The Significance of Raunkiaer's Law of Frequency". Ecology. 10 (4): 406–408. doi:10.2307/1931149. ISSN 0012-9658.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Kenoyer, Leslie A. (1927-07). "A Study of Raunkaier's Law of Frequence". Ecology. 8 (3): 341–349. doi:10.2307/1929336. ISSN 0012-9658.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Gaston, Kevin J. (2011-05). "Common Ecology". BioScience. 61 (5): 354–362. doi:10.1525/bio.2011.61.5.4. ISSN 1525-3244.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Grime, J. P. (1998-12). "Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: immediate, filter and founder effects". Journal of Ecology. 86 (6): 902–910. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00306.x. ISSN 0022-0477.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Braun, E. Lucy (1947-04). "Development of the Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America". Ecological Monographs. 17 (2): 211–219. doi:10.2307/1943265. ISSN 0012-9615.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Smith, Melinda D.; Knapp, Alan K. (2003-06). "Dominant species maintain ecosystem function with non-random species loss". Ecology Letters. 6 (6): 509–517. doi:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00454.x. ISSN 1461-023X.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Silletti, Andrea M; Knapp, Alan K; Blair, John M (2004-04-01). "Competition and coexistence in grassland codominants: responses to neighbour removal and resource availability". Canadian Journal of Botany. 82 (4): 450–460. doi:10.1139/b04-016. ISSN 0008-4026.
- ^ Chang, Cynthia C.; Smith, Melinda D. (2011-10-21). "Invasion of an intact plant community: the role of population versus community level diversity". Oecologia. 168 (4): 1091–1102. doi:10.1007/s00442-011-2157-z. ISSN 0029-8549.
- ^ Hoover, D. L.; Knapp, A. K.; Smith, M. D. (2014-05-23). "Contrasting sensitivities of two dominant C4 grasses to heat waves and drought". Plant Ecology. 215 (7): 721–731. doi:10.1007/s11258-014-0345-8. ISSN 1385-0237.
- ^ P., Brocklehurst, (1996). Mangrove survey of Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory (N.T.) : CCNT/NFI project 1994-95. Dept. of Lands Planning and Environment. ISBN 0-7245-2766-4. OCLC 40791904.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Curtis, J. T.; McIntosh, R. P. (1951-07). "An Upland Forest Continuum in the Prairie-Forest Border Region of Wisconsin". Ecology. 32 (3): 476–496. doi:10.2307/1931725. ISSN 0012-9658.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ GRIME, J. P. (1973-03). "Competitive Exclusion in Herbaceous Vegetation". Nature. 242 (5396): 344–347. doi:10.1038/242344a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Power, Mary E.; Tilman, David; Estes, James A.; Menge, Bruce A.; Bond, William J.; Mills, L. Scott; Daily, Gretchen; Castilla, Juan Carlos; Lubchenco, Jane; Paine, Robert T. (1996-09). "Challenges in the Quest for Keystones". BioScience. 46 (8): 609–620. doi:10.2307/1312990. ISSN 0006-3568.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)