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{{short description|Sephardi Jewish writer, academic, and activist}}
{{short description|Sephardi Jewish writer, academic, and activist}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| name = Žamila Kolonomos
| name = Žamila Kolonomos
| image = Žamila Kolonomos.jpg
| image = Žamila Kolonomos.jpg
| alt = Žamila Kolonomos in the early 2000s.
| alt = Žamila Kolonomos in the early 2000s.
| other_names = Tsveta (''[[nom de guerre]]'')
| other_names = Tsveta (''[[nom de guerre]]'')
| birth_date = {{birth date|1922|6|18|mf=yes}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1922|6|18|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bitola|Monastir]], [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]
| birth_place = [[Bitola|Monastir]], [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|6|18|1922|6|18 |mf=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|6|18|1922|6|18 |mf=yes}}
| death_place = [[Skopje]], [[North Macedonia|Macedonia]]
| death_place = [[Skopje]], [[North Macedonia|Macedonia]]
| spouse = {{marriage |[[Čede Filipovski Dame]]|1944 |1945 |end=d.}}<br>{{marriage |Avram Sadikario|1947 |2007 |end=d.}}
⚫
| occupation = [[Yugoslav Partisans|Yugoslav partisan]], writer, academic, political activist
| children = 2
⚫
| employer = [[Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje]]
⚫
| occupation = [[Yugoslav Partisans|Yugoslav partisan]], writer, academic, political activist
⚫
| employer = [[Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje]]
| organization = [[Hashomer Hatzair]]
| party = [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia]]<br>[[League of Communists of Macedonia|Communist Party of Macedonia]]
}}
}}
'''Žamila Andžela Kolonomos'''<ref group="note">Her first name has been also rendered as '''Zhamila''', '''Jamila''' and '''Djamila'''.</ref> (June 18, 1922 – June 18, 2013) was a [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi Jewish]] partisan, writer, academic, and political activist in what is now [[North Macedonia]].
'''Žamila Andžela Kolonomos'''<ref group="note">Her first name has been also rendered as '''Zhamila''', '''Jamila''' and '''Djamila'''.</ref> (June 18, 1922 – June 18, 2013) was a [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi Jewish]] partisan, writer, academic, and political activist in what is now [[North Macedonia]].


During [[World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia]], Kolonomos joined the [[Macedonian Partisans]]. After the war, she realised her entire family had been killed in an extermination camp. Later she became a professor at the [[Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje]] and worked to preserve the identity of the country's Jewish community.
During [[World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia]], Kolonomos joined the Yugoslav communist resistance. After the war, she realised her entire family had been killed in an extermination camp. Later she became a professor at the [[Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje]] and worked to preserve the identity of the country's Jewish community. Through her scholarly publications and memoirs, she played a significant role in the shaping of the Holocaust's legacy in the country.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Himka |editor1-first=John-Paul |editor2-last=Michlic |editor2-first=Joanna Beata |title=Bringing the Dark Past to Light: The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe |date=2013 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=9780803225442 |page=361}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Stefan Troebst|title=Macedonian Historiography on the Holocaust in Macedonia under Bulgarian Occupation|journal=Südosteuropäische Hefte|date=2013|volume=2|issue=1|page=112|url=https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-360907}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite book |editor1-last=Bajohr |editor1-first=Frank |editor2-last=Löw |editor2-first=Andrea |title=The Holocaust and European Societies: Social Processes and Social Dynamics |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=9781137569837 |pages=116-117}}</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==
Žamila Kolonomos was born in June 18, 1922, in Monastir (now [[Bitola]], [[North Macedonia]]) to Jewish parents.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2008|title=About the Author|url=http://www.sephardicstudies.org/monastirwj_book_author.html|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Jamila Kolonomos collection|url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn36922|access-date=2021-03-19| publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] }}</ref> She grew up in the [[Jews|Jewish]] community in the city, where her father was a bank manager.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=2011-11-27|title='I lost my whole family in the Holocaust'|language=en-GB| work=[[BBC News]] | publisher=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-15889837|access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref> Her parents, Isak and Esterina Fransez Kolonomos, had five children.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=http://jevrejskadigitalnabiblioteka.rs/bitstream/id/3130/WSU0304kolonomosinbattle.pdf|title=We Survived: Yugoslav Jews on the Holocaust|publisher=The Jewish Historical Museum of Federation of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia|year=2009|isbn=978-86-903751-9-6|volume=3|location=Belgrade|chapter=Žamila-Anđela Kolonomos: In battle from day one}}</ref> Her father was descended from [[Romaniote Jews]] from [[Ioannina]] in present-day [[Greece]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7">{{cite book |author1=Julia Philips Cohen |author2=Sarah Abrevaya Stein |title=Sephardi Lives: A Documentary History, 1700–1950 |date=2014 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804791915 |pages=15; 278}}</ref> The Kolonomos family had likely resided in the area during Roman and later Byzantine rule. In the early twentieth century, three brothers from the family settled in Monastir, home to an active Sephardi community. The Kolonomos family was not very religious, although they celebrated the Jewish holidays.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Almuli|first=Jasa|date=1995-11-24|title=Oral history interview with Zamila Kolonomos|url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn512718|access-date=2021-03-19| publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum}}</ref> Living in a multicultural region, the family spoke [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[French language|French]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]].<ref name=":1" />
Žamila Kolonomos was born in June 18, 1922, in Monastir (now [[Bitola]], [[North Macedonia]]) to Jewish parents.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2008|title=About the Author|url=http://www.sephardicstudies.org/monastirwj_book_author.html|access-date=2021-03-18|website=Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Jamila Kolonomos collection|url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn36922|access-date=2021-03-19| publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] }}</ref> She grew up in the [[Jews|Jewish]] community in the city, where her father was a manager in the local branch of [[Banque Franco-Serbe]] (French-Serbian Bank).<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=2011-11-27|title='I lost my whole family in the Holocaust'|language=en-GB| work=[[BBC News]] | publisher=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-15889837|access-date=2021-03-19}}</ref> Her parents, Isak and Esterina Fransez Kolonomos, had five children.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=http://jevrejskadigitalnabiblioteka.rs/bitstream/id/3130/WSU0304kolonomosinbattle.pdf|title=We Survived: Yugoslav Jews on the Holocaust|publisher=The Jewish Historical Museum of Federation of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia|year=2009|isbn=978-86-903751-9-6|volume=3|location=Belgrade|chapter=Žamila-Anđela Kolonomos: In battle from day one}}</ref> Her father was descended from [[Romaniote Jews]] from [[Ioannina]] in present-day [[Greece]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7">{{cite book |author1=Julia Philips Cohen |author2=Sarah Abrevaya Stein |title=Sephardi Lives: A Documentary History, 1700–1950 |date=2014 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804791915 |pages=15; 278}}</ref> The Kolonomos family had likely resided in the area during Roman and later Byzantine rule. In the early twentieth century, three brothers from the family settled in Monastir, home to an active Sephardi community. The Kolonomos family was not very religious, although they celebrated the Jewish holidays.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Almuli|first=Jasa|date=1995-11-24|title=Oral history interview with Zamila Kolonomos|url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn512718|access-date=2021-03-19| publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum}}</ref> Living in a multicultural region, the family spoke [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[French language|French]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], and [[Turkish language|Turkish]].<ref name=":1" />


In her teens, Kolonomos studied at the French school in Bitola, beginning in 1940.<ref name=":4" /> She was a member of the [[Labor Zionism|Socialist-Zionist]] youth organization [[Hashomer Hatzair]] (''The Young Guard'').<ref name=":1" />
In her teens, Kolonomos studied at the French school in Bitola, beginning in 1940.<ref name=":4" /> She was a member of the [[Labor Zionism|Socialist-Zionist]] youth organization [[Hashomer Hatzair]] (''The Young Guard'').<ref name=":1" />


==World War II==
==World War II==
In 1941, the [[Axis powers]] occupied Yugoslav Macedonia, including Monastir. At the age of 19, shortly after the occupation began, Kolonomos joined the [[Yugoslav Partisans]], the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia|Communist]] resistance to the Axis occupation.<ref name=":0" /> This was with the encouragement of her father, who saw it as a way for her to protect herself; her mother had died earlier that year of a heart attack.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />
In 1941, the [[Axis powers]] occupied Yugoslav Macedonia, including Monastir. After their occupation of Monastir in April 9, 1941, the German authorities prohibited the activities of Hashomer Hatzair and other youth movements.<ref name=":10">{{cite book |author=Shlomo Alboher |title=The Jews of Monastir Macedonia: The Life and Times of the Departed Jewish Community of Monastir |date=2010 |publisher=Holocaust Fund of the Jews from Macedonia |isbn=9786086512910 |pages=99-100}}</ref> The Bulgarian authorities implemented the [[Law for Protection of the Nation]] and other anti-Jewish regulations in the same month.<ref name=":9" /> At the age of 19, shortly after the occupation began, Kolonomos joined the Yugoslav communist resistance to the Axis occupation.<ref name=":0" /> Her father also encouraged her to join the partisans, who saw it as a way for her to protect herself; her mother had died earlier that year of a heart attack.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> She participated in the [[League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia]], where three groups came under her responsibility.<ref name=":10" />


She had already been involved in anti-fascist efforts through Hashomer Hatzair, making shoes for resistors and collecting weapons. She helped found underground resistance groups for women and youths.<ref name=":1" />
She had already been involved in anti-fascist efforts through Hashomer Hatzair, making shoes for resistors and collecting weapons. She helped found underground resistance groups for women and youths.<ref name=":1" /> In April 1942, she became a member of the [[Communist Party of Yugoslavia]].<ref name=":11">{{cite book |editor1-last=Ristovski |editor1-first=Blaže |title=Makedonska enciklopedija: A-LJ |date=2009 |publisher=Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts |isbn=9786082030234 |pages=717-718 |language=mk}}</ref>
[[File:Bitoljsko-prespanski partizanski odred.JPG|alt=Žamila Kolonomos with fellow Dame Gruev partisan fighters in Macedonia.|thumb|Žamila Kolonomos (center) with fighters of the Dame Gruev detachment in Macedonia during World War II.]]
[[File:Bitoljsko-prespanski partizanski odred.JPG|alt=Žamila Kolonomos with fellow Dame Gruev partisan fighters in Macedonia.|thumb|Žamila Kolonomos (center) with fighters of the Dame Gruev detachment in Macedonia during World War II.]]
As Monastir's Jews were rounded up and deported by the Bulgarian authorities in March 11, 1943, Kolonomos and several other Jewish resisters such as [[Estreya Ovadya]], Adela Feradji, Stela Levi and Rosa Kamhi managed to escape by hiding in a cigarette kiosk, belonging to a member of the anti-fascist resistance - [[:mk:Стојан Силјановски|Stojan-Bogoja Siljanovski]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Haan |editor1-first=Francisca de |editor2-last=Daskalova |editor2-first=Krassimira |editor3-last=Loutfi |editor3-first=Anna |title=A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries |date=2006 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=9786155053726 |page=382}}</ref> She fled the city and joined the Damyan Gruev detachment of the Partisan Army in the following month.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> After joining the detachment, along with her fellow partisans, she fought against Bulgarian troops in villages.<ref name=":7" /> Monastir's Jewish community was nearly completely wiped out. Kolonomos lost 18 members of her family, including her father, grandparents, and siblings, who were sent to the [[Treblinka extermination camp]].<ref name=":2" /> She was the only member of her immediate and extended family to survive the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]].<ref name=":4" />
As Monastir's Jews were rounded up and deported by the Bulgarian authorities in March 11, 1943, Kolonomos and several other Jewish resisters such as [[Estreya Ovadya]], Adela Feradji, Stela Levi and Rosa Kamhi managed to escape by hiding in a cigarette kiosk, belonging to a member of the anti-fascist resistance - {{Interlanguage link|Stojan-Bogoja Siljanovski|mk|Стојан Силјановски}}.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Haan |editor1-first=Francisca de |editor2-last=Daskalova |editor2-first=Krassimira |editor3-last=Loutfi |editor3-first=Anna |title=A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries |date=2006 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=9786155053726 |page=382}}</ref> She fled the city and joined the Damyan Gruev detachment of the [[Macedonian Partisans]] in the following month.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> After joining the detachment, along with her fellow partisans, she fought against Bulgarian troops in villages.<ref name=":7" /> According to her, they also had many battles with Germans, Italians and [[Balli Kombëtar|Ballists]].<ref name=":4" /> Monastir's Jewish community was nearly completely wiped out. Kolonomos lost 18 members of her family, including her father, grandparents, and siblings, who were sent to the [[Treblinka extermination camp]].<ref name=":2" /> She was the only member of her immediate and extended family to survive the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]].<ref name=":4" />


Fighting under the ''[[nom de guerre]]'' Tsveta, she eventually rose to the rank of commissar for several battalions, then was named deputy commissar of a Macedonian brigade and of the 42nd Yugoslav Division.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> She also edited the detachment's newspaper.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" />
Fighting under the ''[[nom de guerre]]'' Tsveta, she eventually rose to the rank of commissar for several battalions, then was named deputy commissar of a Macedonian brigade and of the 42nd Yugoslav Division.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> She also edited the detachment's newspaper.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> After nearly dying of starvation in the winter of 1943–1944, Kolonomos was hit by an exploding shell and wounded in the back during the battle for [[Debar]] the following August. She survived, and Yugoslav Macedonia was fully liberated in November 1944.<ref name=":1" />

After nearly dying of starvation in the winter of 1943–1944, Kolonomos was hit by an exploding shell and wounded in the back during the battle for [[Debar]] the following August. She survived, and Yugoslav Macedonia was fully liberated in November 1944.<ref name=":1" />


==Postwar period==
==Postwar period==
After the liberation of Macedonia, she married fellow partisan [[Čede Filipovski Dame]], who had saved her life on several occasions, in December 1944.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> He died in a motorcycle accident in June 1945; Kolonomos gave birth to their daughter, Mira, a month later.<ref name=":1" />
After the liberation of Macedonia, she married fellow partisan [[Čede Filipovski Dame]], who had saved her life on several occasions, in December 1944.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> He died in a motorcycle accident in June 1945; Kolonomos gave birth to their daughter, Mira, a month later.<ref name=":1" />


She moved to the capital, [[Skopje]], in late 1945, after having learned of the deaths of her family members.<ref name=":2" /> There, she married another fellow partisan {{Interlanguage link|Avram Sadikario|mk|Аврам Садикарио}}, who had also survived the occupation of Bitola, in June 1947. The couple had a son, Samuel, and were married until his death in 2007.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Dimitar Bechev |title=Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781538119624 |page=259 |edition=2nd}}</ref> However, tragedy struck again in 1963 when Kolonomos lost her 18-year-old daughter, Mira, in the [[1963 Skopje earthquake|Skopje earthquake]].<ref name=":4" />
She moved to the capital, [[Skopje]], in late 1945, after having learned of the deaths of her family members.<ref name=":2" /> There, she married another fellow partisan {{Interlanguage link|Avram Sadikario|mk|Аврам Садикарио}}, who had also survived the occupation of Bitola, in June 1947. The couple had a son, Samuel, and were married until his death in 2007.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8">{{cite book |author=Dimitar Bechev |title=Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia |date=2019 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781538119624 |pages=168, 259 |edition=2nd}}</ref> However, tragedy struck again in 1963 when Kolonomos lost her 18-year-old daughter, Mira, in the [[1963 Skopje earthquake|Skopje earthquake]].<ref name=":4" />


In the years after the war, she received several national medals in recognition for her wartime service in the resistance, including the [[Commemorative Medal of the Partisans of 1941]].<ref name=":1" /> She continued to be involved in political activism, including through the Alliance of Yugoslav Resistance, the Union for the Protection of Childhood of Macedonia, and the Alliance of Anti-Fascist Women of Macedonia.<ref name=":0" /> She served as president of the Union of Women's Associations, the War Veterans' Union, and various other groups.<ref name=":4" /> In 1956, she traveled to China in a delegation to represent Yugoslavia, meeting with [[Mao Zedong]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members of the Yugoslav delegation to China pose with Mao Zedong, in front of the flag of the People's Republic of China.|url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1167351|access-date=2021-03-19| publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum}}</ref>
In the years after the war, she received several national medals in recognition for her wartime service in the resistance, including the [[Commemorative Medal of the Partisans of 1941]].<ref name=":1" /> She continued to be involved in political activism, including through the Alliance of Yugoslav Resistance, the Union for the Protection of Childhood of Macedonia, and the Alliance of Anti-Fascist Women of Macedonia.<ref name=":0" /> She served as president of the Union of Women's Associations, the War Veterans' Union, and various other groups.<ref name=":4" /> Kolonomos also became a member of the Central Committee of the [[League of Communists of Macedonia|Communist Party of Macedonia]] in 1948.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":11" /> In 1956, she traveled to China in a delegation to represent Yugoslavia, meeting with [[Mao Zedong]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members of the Yugoslav delegation to China pose with Mao Zedong, in front of the flag of the People's Republic of China.|url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1167351|access-date=2021-03-19| publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum}}</ref> Kolonomos served as a deputy in the National Assembly of the [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia]],<ref name=":0" /> and as a member of the Council of the Republic of Macedonia until her retirement.<ref name=":4" />


⚫
==Academic career and death==
Kolonomos served as a deputy in the National Assembly of the [[Socialist Republic of Macedonia]],<ref name=":0" /> and as a member of the Council of the Republic of Macedonia until her retirement.<ref name=":4" />
⚫
Kolonomos received a doctorate in [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]] from [[Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje]] in 1961,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> and she became ''Professor Emeritus'' of the Faculty of Philosophy in the department of [[Romance studies|Romance philology]] there in 1962.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Freidenreich|first=Harriet|title=Yugoslavia|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/yugoslavia|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Jewish Women's Archive|language=en}}</ref> She also studied at the [[Sorbonne University|Sorbonne]] in this period.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Julia Phillips|last2=Stein|first2=Sarah Abrevaya|date=Summer 2010|title=Sephardic Scholarly Worlds: Toward a Novel Geography of Modern Jewish History|journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review|volume=100|issue=3|via=ProQuest}}</ref>

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==Academic career and writing==
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Kolonomos received a doctorate in [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]] from [[Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje]] in 1961,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> and she became a professor in [[Romance studies|Romance philology]] there in 1962.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Freidenreich|first=Harriet|title=Yugoslavia|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/yugoslavia|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Jewish Women's Archive|language=en}}</ref> She also studied at the [[Sorbonne University|Sorbonne]] in this period.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Julia Phillips|last2=Stein|first2=Sarah Abrevaya|date=Summer 2010|title=Sephardic Scholarly Worlds: Toward a Novel Geography of Modern Jewish History|journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review|volume=100|issue=3|via=ProQuest}}</ref>


She wrote and edited various articles and books on the region's history, Ladino, and the Yugoslav-Macedonian resistance during [[World War II]].<ref name=":0" /> This notably includes ''[[The Jews in Macedonia during the Second World War (1941–1945)]]'', originally published in 1986 in [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], co-written with [[Vera Veskoviḱ-Vangeli]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Kolonomos, Žamila|url=http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n87923557/|website=WorldCat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Mark|title=Tower of Sephardic faces: The Jewish community of Monastir, Macedonia|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/tower-of-sephardic-faces-the-jewish-community-of-monastir-macedonia|access-date=2021-03-18| publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |language=en}}</ref>
She wrote and edited various articles and books on the region's history, Ladino, and the Yugoslav-Macedonian resistance during [[World War II]].<ref name=":0" /> This notably includes ''[[The Jews in Macedonia during the Second World War (1941–1945)]]'', originally published in 1986 in [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], co-written with [[Vera Veskoviḱ-Vangeli]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Kolonomos, Žamila|url=http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n87923557/|website=WorldCat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Mark|title=Tower of Sephardic faces: The Jewish community of Monastir, Macedonia|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/tower-of-sephardic-faces-the-jewish-community-of-monastir-macedonia|access-date=2021-03-18| publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |language=en}}</ref>


In the 1970s, she published two collections on [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi Jewish]] language, culture, and history: ''Poslovice i izreke sefardskih Jevreja Bosne i Hercegovine'', which discusses [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], and ''Poslovice, izreke i priče sefardskih Jevreja Makedonije'', on Macedonia.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Galton|first=Herbert|date=1983|title=Poslovice, Izreke i Priče Sefardskih Jevreja Makedonije (Proverbs, Sayings and Tales of the Sephardi Jews of Macedonia). By Žamila Kolonomos|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/abs/poslovice-izreke-i-price-sefardskih-jevreja-makedonije-proverbs-sayings-and-tales-of-the-sephardi-jews-of-macedonia-by-zamila-kolonomos-belgrade-federation-of-jewish-communities-in-yugoslavia-1978-192-pp-paper/02A27DAAF65FE1EA53750F108370BF85|journal=Slavic Review|language=en|volume=42|issue=2|pages=317–318|doi=10.2307/2497564|jstor=2497564 |s2cid=163172188 |issn=0037-6779|via=Cambridge Core}}</ref> She is considered the only collector of linguistic and cultural heritage of [[History of the Jews in North Macedonia|Macedonian Jews]] in this period.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Vidaković-Petrov|first=Krinka|date=June 2015|title=Judeo-Spanish Riddles From Macedonia|url=https://esefarad.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/judeo-spanish_riddles_from_macedonia.pdf|journal=Balkania}}</ref>
In the 1970s, she published two collections on [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi Jewish]] language, culture, and history: ''Poslovice i izreke sefardskih Jevreja Bosne i Hercegovine'' ((Proverbs and Sayings of the Sephardi Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina), about [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], and ''Poslovice, izreke i priče sefardskih Jevreja Makedonije'' (Proverbs, Sayings and Tales of the Sephardi Jews of Macedonia), about Macedonia.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Galton|first=Herbert|date=1983|title=Poslovice, Izreke i Priče Sefardskih Jevreja Makedonije (Proverbs, Sayings and Tales of the Sephardi Jews of Macedonia). By Žamila Kolonomos|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/abs/poslovice-izreke-i-price-sefardskih-jevreja-makedonije-proverbs-sayings-and-tales-of-the-sephardi-jews-of-macedonia-by-zamila-kolonomos-belgrade-federation-of-jewish-communities-in-yugoslavia-1978-192-pp-paper/02A27DAAF65FE1EA53750F108370BF85|journal=Slavic Review|language=en|volume=42|issue=2|pages=317–318|doi=10.2307/2497564|jstor=2497564 |s2cid=163172188 |issn=0037-6779|via=Cambridge Core}}</ref> Animal tales (including five from Skoplje and two from Monastir) are present in the latter work.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Stillman |editor1-first=Yedida Kalfon |editor2-last=Stillman |editor2-first=Norman A. |title=From Iberia to Diaspora: Studies in Sephardic History and Culture |date=1999 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004107205 |page=320}}</ref> She was the only Macedonian Sephardic collector of linguistic and cultural heritage of [[History of the Jews in North Macedonia|Macedonian Jews]] in this period.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Vidaković-Petrov|first=Krinka|date=June 2015|title=Judeo-Spanish Riddles From Macedonia|url=https://esefarad.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/judeo-spanish_riddles_from_macedonia.pdf|journal=Balkania|page=1}}</ref>


Her 2006 memoir ''Monastir sin Djudios'' was published in [[English language|English]] translation as ''Monastir Without Jews: Recollections of a Jewish Partisan in Macedonia'' in 2008.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Subsequently, her 2007 memoir of the resistance ''Dviženjeto na otporot i Evreite od Makedonija'' was translated into English in 2013 under the title ''The Resistance Movement and the Jews From Macedonia''.<ref name=":3" />
Her 2006 memoir ''Monastir sin Djudios'' was published in [[English language|English]] translation as ''Monastir Without Jews: Recollections of a Jewish Partisan in Macedonia'' in 2008.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Subsequently, her 2007 memoir of the resistance ''Dviženjeto na otporot i Evreite od Makedonija'' was translated into English in 2013 under the title ''The Resistance Movement and the Jews From Macedonia''.<ref name=":3" /> Her books were frequently published in Ladino as well as Macedonian.<ref name=":3" />


⚫
Žamila Kolonomos died in Skopje in June 18, 2013, at the age of 91.<ref name=":1" /> Her work represents some of the only firsthand accounts of Jewish life and the Holocaust in what is now North Macedonia.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> A collection of her photographs, documents, medals, and other objects is held by the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]].<ref name=":1" />
Her books were frequently published in Ladino as well as Macedonian.<ref name=":3" />


==Death and legacy==
==Selected works and honours==
Žamila Kolonomos died in Skopje in June 18, 2013, at the age of 91.<ref name=":1" />
Kolonomos produced the following works and received the following honours:

⚫
Her work represents some of the only firsthand accounts of Jewish life and the Holocaust in what is now North Macedonia.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> A collection of her photographs, documents, medals, and other objects is held by the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]].<ref name=":1" />

==Selected works==
Kolonomos produced the following works:
* ''Poslovice i izreke sefardskih Jevreja Bosne i Hercegovine'' (Proverbs and Sayings of the Sephardi Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina), 1976
* ''Poslovice i izreke sefardskih Jevreja Bosne i Hercegovine'' (Proverbs and Sayings of the Sephardi Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina), 1976
* ''Poslovice, izreke i priče sefardskih Jevreja Makedonije'' (Proverbs, Sayings and Tales of the Sephardi Jews of Macedonia), 1978
* ''Poslovice, izreke i priče sefardskih Jevreja Makedonije'' (Proverbs, Sayings and Tales of the Sephardi Jews of Macedonia), 1978
Line 65: Line 60:
* ''Monastir sin Djudios'' (Monastir without Jews), 2006
* ''Monastir sin Djudios'' (Monastir without Jews), 2006
* ''Dviženjeto na otporot i Evreite od Makedonija'' (The Resistance Movement and the Jews From Macedonia), 2007
* ''Dviženjeto na otporot i Evreite od Makedonija'' (The Resistance Movement and the Jews From Macedonia), 2007

* {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[File:Order for courageousness Rib.png|50px]] Order of Bravery (1947)
* {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[File:Order_of_the_partisan_star_with_silver_wreath_RIB.gif|50px]] Order of the Partisan Star (1952)
* {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[File:Order of the brotherhood and unity with silver wreath RIB.gif|50px]] Order of Brotherhood and Unity (1950)
* {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[File:Order of merits for the people with golden star Rib.png|50px]] Order of Merits for the People (1975)


==Notes and references==
==Notes and references==

Revision as of 22:39, 13 January 2024

Žamila Kolonomos
Žamila Kolonomos in the early 2000s.
Born(1922-06-18)June 18, 1922
Monastir, Kingdom of Yugoslavia
DiedJune 18, 2013(2013-06-18) (aged 91)
Skopje, Macedonia
Other namesTsveta (nom de guerre)
Occupation(s)Yugoslav partisan, writer, academic, political activist
EmployerSs. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje
OrganizationHashomer Hatzair
Political partyCommunist Party of Yugoslavia
Communist Party of Macedonia
Spouse(s)
​
​
(m. 1944; died 1945)​

Avram Sadikario
​
​
(m. 1947; died 2007)​
Children2

Žamila Andžela Kolonomos[note 1] (June 18, 1922 – June 18, 2013) was a Sephardi Jewish partisan, writer, academic, and political activist in what is now North Macedonia.

During World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia, Kolonomos joined the Yugoslav communist resistance. After the war, she realised her entire family had been killed in an extermination camp. Later she became a professor at the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje and worked to preserve the identity of the country's Jewish community. Through her scholarly publications and memoirs, she played a significant role in the shaping of the Holocaust's legacy in the country.[1][2][3]

Early life

Žamila Kolonomos was born in June 18, 1922, in Monastir (now Bitola, North Macedonia) to Jewish parents.[4][5] She grew up in the Jewish community in the city, where her father was a manager in the local branch of Banque Franco-Serbe (French-Serbian Bank).[6] Her parents, Isak and Esterina Fransez Kolonomos, had five children.[5][7] Her father was descended from Romaniote Jews from Ioannina in present-day Greece.[5][8] The Kolonomos family had likely resided in the area during Roman and later Byzantine rule. In the early twentieth century, three brothers from the family settled in Monastir, home to an active Sephardi community. The Kolonomos family was not very religious, although they celebrated the Jewish holidays.[5][9] Living in a multicultural region, the family spoke Ladino, Greek, French, Serbian, and Turkish.[5]

In her teens, Kolonomos studied at the French school in Bitola, beginning in 1940.[7] She was a member of the Socialist-Zionist youth organization Hashomer Hatzair (The Young Guard).[5]

World War II

In 1941, the Axis powers occupied Yugoslav Macedonia, including Monastir. After their occupation of Monastir in April 9, 1941, the German authorities prohibited the activities of Hashomer Hatzair and other youth movements.[10] The Bulgarian authorities implemented the Law for Protection of the Nation and other anti-Jewish regulations in the same month.[3] At the age of 19, shortly after the occupation began, Kolonomos joined the Yugoslav communist resistance to the Axis occupation.[4] Her father also encouraged her to join the partisans, who saw it as a way for her to protect herself; her mother had died earlier that year of a heart attack.[6][7] She participated in the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia, where three groups came under her responsibility.[10]

She had already been involved in anti-fascist efforts through Hashomer Hatzair, making shoes for resistors and collecting weapons. She helped found underground resistance groups for women and youths.[5] In April 1942, she became a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.[11]

Žamila Kolonomos with fellow Dame Gruev partisan fighters in Macedonia.
Žamila Kolonomos (center) with fighters of the Dame Gruev detachment in Macedonia during World War II.

As Monastir's Jews were rounded up and deported by the Bulgarian authorities in March 11, 1943, Kolonomos and several other Jewish resisters such as Estreya Ovadya, Adela Feradji, Stela Levi and Rosa Kamhi managed to escape by hiding in a cigarette kiosk, belonging to a member of the anti-fascist resistance - Stojan-Bogoja Siljanovski [mk].[12] She fled the city and joined the Damyan Gruev detachment of the Macedonian Partisans in the following month.[4][5] After joining the detachment, along with her fellow partisans, she fought against Bulgarian troops in villages.[8] According to her, they also had many battles with Germans, Italians and Ballists.[7] Monastir's Jewish community was nearly completely wiped out. Kolonomos lost 18 members of her family, including her father, grandparents, and siblings, who were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp.[6] She was the only member of her immediate and extended family to survive the Holocaust.[7]

Fighting under the nom de guerre Tsveta, she eventually rose to the rank of commissar for several battalions, then was named deputy commissar of a Macedonian brigade and of the 42nd Yugoslav Division.[4][5] She also edited the detachment's newspaper.[5][9] After nearly dying of starvation in the winter of 1943–1944, Kolonomos was hit by an exploding shell and wounded in the back during the battle for Debar the following August. She survived, and Yugoslav Macedonia was fully liberated in November 1944.[5]

Postwar period

After the liberation of Macedonia, she married fellow partisan Čede Filipovski Dame, who had saved her life on several occasions, in December 1944.[5][7][9] He died in a motorcycle accident in June 1945; Kolonomos gave birth to their daughter, Mira, a month later.[5]

She moved to the capital, Skopje, in late 1945, after having learned of the deaths of her family members.[6] There, she married another fellow partisan Avram Sadikario [mk], who had also survived the occupation of Bitola, in June 1947. The couple had a son, Samuel, and were married until his death in 2007.[5][13] However, tragedy struck again in 1963 when Kolonomos lost her 18-year-old daughter, Mira, in the Skopje earthquake.[7]

In the years after the war, she received several national medals in recognition for her wartime service in the resistance, including the Commemorative Medal of the Partisans of 1941.[5] She continued to be involved in political activism, including through the Alliance of Yugoslav Resistance, the Union for the Protection of Childhood of Macedonia, and the Alliance of Anti-Fascist Women of Macedonia.[4] She served as president of the Union of Women's Associations, the War Veterans' Union, and various other groups.[7] Kolonomos also became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Macedonia in 1948.[13][11] In 1956, she traveled to China in a delegation to represent Yugoslavia, meeting with Mao Zedong.[14] Kolonomos served as a deputy in the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia,[4] and as a member of the Council of the Republic of Macedonia until her retirement.[7]

Academic career and death

Kolonomos received a doctorate in Ladino from Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in 1961,[5][7] and she became Professor Emeritus of the Faculty of Philosophy in the department of Romance philology there in 1962.[4][15] She also studied at the Sorbonne in this period.[7][16]

She wrote and edited various articles and books on the region's history, Ladino, and the Yugoslav-Macedonian resistance during World War II.[4] This notably includes The Jews in Macedonia during the Second World War (1941–1945), originally published in 1986 in Macedonian, co-written with Vera Veskoviḱ-Vangeli.[17][18]

In the 1970s, she published two collections on Sephardi Jewish language, culture, and history: Poslovice i izreke sefardskih Jevreja Bosne i Hercegovine ((Proverbs and Sayings of the Sephardi Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina), about Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Poslovice, izreke i priče sefardskih Jevreja Makedonije (Proverbs, Sayings and Tales of the Sephardi Jews of Macedonia), about Macedonia.[17][19] Animal tales (including five from Skoplje and two from Monastir) are present in the latter work.[20] She was the only Macedonian Sephardic collector of linguistic and cultural heritage of Macedonian Jews in this period.[21]

Her 2006 memoir Monastir sin Djudios was published in English translation as Monastir Without Jews: Recollections of a Jewish Partisan in Macedonia in 2008.[4][17] Subsequently, her 2007 memoir of the resistance Dviženjeto na otporot i Evreite od Makedonija was translated into English in 2013 under the title The Resistance Movement and the Jews From Macedonia.[17] Her books were frequently published in Ladino as well as Macedonian.[17]

Žamila Kolonomos died in Skopje in June 18, 2013, at the age of 91.[5] Her work represents some of the only firsthand accounts of Jewish life and the Holocaust in what is now North Macedonia.[6][21] A collection of her photographs, documents, medals, and other objects is held by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.[5]

Selected works and honours

Kolonomos produced the following works and received the following honours:

  • Poslovice i izreke sefardskih Jevreja Bosne i Hercegovine (Proverbs and Sayings of the Sephardi Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina), 1976
  • Poslovice, izreke i priče sefardskih Jevreja Makedonije (Proverbs, Sayings and Tales of the Sephardi Jews of Macedonia), 1978
  • Evreite vo Makedonija vo Vtorata svetska vojna, 1941–1945 (The Jews in Macedonia During the Second World War (1941–1945)), co-edited with Vera Veskoviḱ-Vangeli, 1986
  • Sefardski odglasi: Studii i sekavanyaza evreite od Makedoniya (Sephardic Echoes: Studies and Memories about the Jews from Macedonia), 1995
  • Monastir sin Djudios (Monastir without Jews), 2006
  • Dviženjeto na otporot i Evreite od Makedonija (The Resistance Movement and the Jews From Macedonia), 2007
  • Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Order of Bravery (1947)
  • Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Order of the Partisan Star (1952)
  • Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Order of Brotherhood and Unity (1950)
  • Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Order of Merits for the People (1975)

Notes and references

  1. ^ Her first name has been also rendered as Zhamila, Jamila and Djamila.
  1. ^ Himka, John-Paul; Michlic, Joanna Beata, eds. (2013). Bringing the Dark Past to Light: The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe. University of Nebraska Press. p. 361. ISBN 9780803225442.
  2. ^ Stefan Troebst (2013). "Macedonian Historiography on the Holocaust in Macedonia under Bulgarian Occupation". Südosteuropäische Hefte. 2 (1): 112.
  3. ^ a b Bajohr, Frank; Löw, Andrea, eds. (2016). The Holocaust and European Societies: Social Processes and Social Dynamics. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 116–117. ISBN 9781137569837.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i "About the Author". Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture. 2008. Retrieved 2021-03-18.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Jamila Kolonomos collection". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  6. ^ a b c d e "'I lost my whole family in the Holocaust'". BBC News. BBC. 2011-11-27. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Žamila-Anđela Kolonomos: In battle from day one". We Survived: Yugoslav Jews on the Holocaust (PDF). Vol. 3. Belgrade: The Jewish Historical Museum of Federation of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia. 2009. ISBN 978-86-903751-9-6.
  8. ^ a b Julia Philips Cohen; Sarah Abrevaya Stein (2014). Sephardi Lives: A Documentary History, 1700–1950. Stanford University Press. pp. 15, 278. ISBN 9780804791915.
  9. ^ a b c Almuli, Jasa (1995-11-24). "Oral history interview with Zamila Kolonomos". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  10. ^ a b Shlomo Alboher (2010). The Jews of Monastir Macedonia: The Life and Times of the Departed Jewish Community of Monastir. Holocaust Fund of the Jews from Macedonia. pp. 99–100. ISBN 9786086512910.
  11. ^ a b Ristovski, Blaže, ed. (2009). Makedonska enciklopedija: A-LJ (in Macedonian). Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. pp. 717–718. ISBN 9786082030234.
  12. ^ Haan, Francisca de; Daskalova, Krassimira; Loutfi, Anna, eds. (2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries. Central European University Press. p. 382. ISBN 9786155053726.
  13. ^ a b Dimitar Bechev (2019). Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 168, 259. ISBN 9781538119624.
  14. ^ "Members of the Yugoslav delegation to China pose with Mao Zedong, in front of the flag of the People's Republic of China". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  15. ^ Freidenreich, Harriet. "Yugoslavia". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  16. ^ Cohen, Julia Phillips; Stein, Sarah Abrevaya (Summer 2010). "Sephardic Scholarly Worlds: Toward a Novel Geography of Modern Jewish History". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 100 (3) – via ProQuest.
  17. ^ a b c d e "Kolonomos, Žamila". WorldCat.
  18. ^ Cohen, Mark. "Tower of Sephardic faces: The Jewish community of Monastir, Macedonia". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2021-03-18.
  19. ^ Galton, Herbert (1983). "Poslovice, Izreke i Priče Sefardskih Jevreja Makedonije (Proverbs, Sayings and Tales of the Sephardi Jews of Macedonia). By Žamila Kolonomos". Slavic Review. 42 (2): 317–318. doi:10.2307/2497564. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 2497564. S2CID 163172188 – via Cambridge Core.
  20. ^ Stillman, Yedida Kalfon; Stillman, Norman A., eds. (1999). From Iberia to Diaspora: Studies in Sephardic History and Culture. BRILL. p. 320. ISBN 9789004107205.
  21. ^ a b Vidaković-Petrov, Krinka (June 2015). "Judeo-Spanish Riddles From Macedonia" (PDF). Balkania: 1.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Žamila_Kolonomos&oldid=1195453436"