Horned sungem: Difference between revisions
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The [[Generic name (biology)|generic name]] ''Heliactin'' derives from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words ''helios'' meaning "sun" and ''aktin'' meaning "sunbeam", while the [[specific epithet]] ''bilophus'' derives from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''bi'' meaning "two" or "double" and the Greek ''lophos'' meaning "crest".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jobling |first=J.A. |title=Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |publisher=[[Christopher Helm Publishers|Christopher Helm]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |location=London |pages=187, 72 |language=en |oclc=1040808348 |url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n273/mode/2up}}</ref> ''Bilophus'', rather than ''bilopha'' or ''bilophum'', is correct despite the mismatch between its apparently masculine ending and the feminine one of the genus.<ref name=SACClist>{{cite web |url=https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline03.htm |title=A classification of the bird species of South America. Part 3. Apodiformes |last1=Remsen |first1=J. V., Jr. |last2=Areta |first2=J. I. |last3=Bonaccorso |first3=E. |last4=Claramunt |first4=S. |last5=Jaramillo |first5=A. |last6=Lane |first6=D. F. |last7=Pacheco |first7=J. F. |last8=Robbins |first8=M. B. |last9=Stiles |first9=F. G. |last10=Zimmer |first10=K. J. |date=August 24, 2021 |publisher=American Ornithological Society |access-date=January 28, 2024}}</ref> "Horned sungem" is the official English [[common name]] designated by the [[International Ornithologists' Union]] (IOU).<ref name=IOC11.2/> The species is also known simply as the "sungem".<ref name="avibase">{{cite web |title=''Heliactin bilophus'' (Horned Sungem) - Avibase |url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=00B132B43E16AA64 |website=[[Avibase]] |access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref> |
The [[Generic name (biology)|generic name]] ''Heliactin'' derives from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words ''helios'' meaning "sun" and ''aktin'' meaning "sunbeam", while the [[specific epithet]] ''bilophus'' derives from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''bi'' meaning "two" or "double" and the Greek ''lophos'' meaning "crest".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jobling |first=J.A. |title=Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |publisher=[[Christopher Helm Publishers|Christopher Helm]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |location=London |pages=187, 72 |language=en |oclc=1040808348 |url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n273/mode/2up}}</ref> ''Bilophus'', rather than ''bilopha'' or ''bilophum'', is correct despite the mismatch between its apparently masculine ending and the feminine one of the genus.<ref name=SACClist>{{cite web |url=https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline03.htm |title=A classification of the bird species of South America. Part 3. Apodiformes |last1=Remsen |first1=J. V., Jr. |last2=Areta |first2=J. I. |last3=Bonaccorso |first3=E. |last4=Claramunt |first4=S. |last5=Jaramillo |first5=A. |last6=Lane |first6=D. F. |last7=Pacheco |first7=J. F. |last8=Robbins |first8=M. B. |last9=Stiles |first9=F. G. |last10=Zimmer |first10=K. J. |date=August 24, 2021 |publisher=American Ornithological Society |access-date=January 28, 2024}}</ref> "Horned sungem" is the official English [[common name]] designated by the [[International Ornithologists' Union]] (IOU).<ref name=IOC11.2/> The species is also known simply as the "sungem".<ref name="avibase">{{cite web |title=''Heliactin bilophus'' (Horned Sungem) - Avibase |url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=00B132B43E16AA64 |website=[[Avibase]] |access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref> |
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Within the Trochilidae (the hummingbird family), the horned sungem is a member of the subfamily [[Polytminae]] |
Within the Trochilidae (the hummingbird family), the horned sungem is a member of the subfamily [[Polytminae]], which is also referred to as the "mangoes".<ref name=HBW2020>HBW and BirdLife International (2020) ''Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world'' Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip [.xls zipped 1 MB] retrieved May 27, 2021</ref><ref name="avibase"/> The Polytminae comprises 27 species in 12 genera and is thought to have originated around 18 million years ago. Genetic analyses show that this subfamily can be sub-divided into three groups: the ''Colibri''-, ''Heliothryx''-, and ''Anthracothorax''-groups. The latter two groups are mostly found in tropical lowland, while the ''Colibri'' group is found in mountainous areas. The horned sungem belongs to the ''Heliothryx'' group, together with the [[Tooth-billed hummingbird]], the [[Black-eared fairy]], and the [[Purple-crowned fairy]].<ref name="remsen2015"/><ref>{{Cite journal| volume = 24| issue = 8| pages = 910–916| last1 = McGuire| first1 = Jimmy A.| last2 = Witt| first2 = Christopher C.| last3 = Remsen| first3 = J. V.| last4 = Corl| first4 = Ammon| last5 = Rabosky| first5 = Daniel L.| last6 = Altshuler| first6 = Douglas L.| last7 = Dudley| first7 = Robert| title = Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds| journal = Current Biology| date = 2014| url = https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(14)00275-9.pdf}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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Revision as of 00:48, 8 February 2024
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Strisores |
| Order: | Apodiformes |
| Family: | Trochilidae |
| Subfamily: | Polytminae |
| Genus: | Heliactin Boie, 1831 |
| Species: | H. bilophus
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| Binomial name | |
| Heliactin bilophus (Temminck, 1820)
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| Synonyms | |
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Synonymy[3]
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The horned sungem (Heliactin bilophus) is a species of hummingbird native to central and eastern South America. A small hummingbird, it is 9.5 to 11 cm (3.7 to 4.3 in) in length and 1.8 to 2.8 g (0.06 to 0.10 oz) in weight. The sexes differ drastically in appearance, with males sporting two feather tufts ("horns") above the eyes that are shiny red, golden, and green. Males also have a shiny dark blue to blue green upper side of the head, and a black throat and neck with a long "beard" that extends downwards above the white feathers of the breast. The female is plainer and has a brown throat. Both sexes have long tails, with the middle four tail feathers being longest, and a comparatively short, black bill. It is the only species within its genus, Heliactin.
The species is found across much of central Brazil, and also occurs in parts of Bolivia and Suriname. It prefers open habitats such as savanna and grassland, but also readily adopts cultivated areas such as gardens. Thanks to its ability to occupy human-created habitats, it recently expanded its range into southern Amazonia and Espírito Santo; only few other hummingbird species have recently expanded their range. A nomadic species, the sungem may migrate in response to the seasonal flowering of the plants it feeds on.
The horned sungem is a generalist feeder that relies on a broad variety of flowering plants for nectar. If the shape of the flower is incompatible with the bird's comparatively short bill, it may rob the nectar through a little hole at the base of the flower, without contributing to the pollination of the plant. The sungem may also feed on small insects. Only the female will build the nest, incubate the eggs, and rear the chicks. The small cup nest is usually located around one meter above the ground in a bush. The female lays two white eggs, which are incubated for about 13 days. The chicks are naked and black after hatching, and can fly after 20 to 22 days. The horned sungem has been reported to readily defend territories both against members of its own species and against subordinate hummingbird species. The species is currently classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, and its population is thought to be increasing.
Taxonomy and systematics
The horned sungem was named as Trochilus bilophus in 1820 by the Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck. This 1820 account only consisted of a figure plate illustrating a male specimen that was collected in 1816 by the German naturalist Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied in Campos Gerais. In the description of the new species that followed a few years later, Temminck and colleagues argued that the discovery of this species should be attributed to Wied-Neuwied, who was amongst the first travelers to bring specimens to Europe.[4][5] In 1821, Wied-Neuwied published his own description of the species, which he named T. cornutus,[6] but Temminck's name bilophus has priority as it was published one year earlier.[7] In 1831, the German zoologist Friedrich Boie classified the horned sungem within the new genus Heliactin, as Heliactin bilophus, together with three other hummingbird species (today, the horned sungem is recognized as the only member of Heliactin).[8] In 1921, the French naturalist Eugène Simon mistakenly assumed that Temminck's figure plate was published in 1824 instead of in 1820, and consequently considered Wied-Neuwied's name cornutus as the valid one, which was followed in most subsequent publications of the 20th century. Even though this mistake has been pointed out in 1999, some ornithologists felt that Temminck's name bilophus had become a nomen oblitum (forgotten name) and continued to use the established H. cornutus.[9][10] The specimen originally illustrated by Temminck in 1820, now considered as the type specimen of the species, is part of the collection of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden.[5]
The generic name Heliactin derives from the Greek words helios meaning "sun" and aktin meaning "sunbeam", while the specific epithet bilophus derives from the Latin bi meaning "two" or "double" and the Greek lophos meaning "crest".[11] Bilophus, rather than bilopha or bilophum, is correct despite the mismatch between its apparently masculine ending and the feminine one of the genus.[10] "Horned sungem" is the official English common name designated by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOU).[8] The species is also known simply as the "sungem".[3]
Within the Trochilidae (the hummingbird family), the horned sungem is a member of the subfamily Polytminae, which is also referred to as the "mangoes".[12][3] The Polytminae comprises 27 species in 12 genera and is thought to have originated around 18 million years ago. Genetic analyses show that this subfamily can be sub-divided into three groups: the Colibri-, Heliothryx-, and Anthracothorax-groups. The latter two groups are mostly found in tropical lowland, while the Colibri group is found in mountainous areas. The horned sungem belongs to the Heliothryx group, together with the Tooth-billed hummingbird, the Black-eared fairy, and the Purple-crowned fairy.[13][14]
Description
The horned sungem is a small hummingbird with a long tail, measuring 9.5 to 11 cm (3.7 to 4.3 in) in length and weighing 1.8 to 2.8 g (0.06 to 0.10 oz). Both the male and female are light-colored with a metallic yellow-green upper side and a white underside. The sides of the neck are also white, giving the impression of a half-collar. The flight feathers are black-brown, and the bill and feet are black. The bill is slender, straight, and comparatively short, measuring 1.6 centimetres (0.63 in) in length. The tail feathers are pointed, and the middle four tail feathers are much longer than the outer ones. The middle two tail feathers are buff in the male and green in the female, and the remaining tail feathers are mostly white. The upper part of the tail, when viewed from below, shows a black band that forms a V-shape.[7][15][16][17][9]
The species shows pronounced differences between male and female. The male is recognized as particularly beautiful and spectacular, with iridescent feather tufts ("horns") above the eyes.[7] Each of these tufts consists of a row of six feathers that are inclined backwards and are fiery red at their base, golden in the middle, and golden-green at their tips. The other feathers of the upper surface of the head are shiny dark blue to blue green and form a low crest at the back. The throat and side of the head up to the ear region are covered with non-iridescent black feathers; those of the middle of the throat are very long, forming a pointed "beard" that extends above the white feathers of the breast.[6][7][9] The female is plainer, without the "horns", the black feathers, and the iridescent head feathers.[7] Its chin and throat are brown or yellow-buff, with darker tones on the sides of the head. Its tail is shorter than that of the male.[18][9] Juveniles resemble females.[7]
The horned sungem is unlikely to be mistaken for any other species in its range. The female, even though it lacks the unique adornments of the male, can be identified based on its yellow-green upper side, its white underside, and its long tail.[16] The female is somewhat similar to the female black-eared fairy, but is distinguished from the latter by its more yellowish upper side, its more extensive white neck collar, and the shape and coloration of its tail.[17]
Vocalizations
In flight, the horned sungem gives an intricate series of high-pitched sounds. Other calls have been described as "tsit", "tseet", or "chup", and are given repeatedly.[7][19]
Distribution and habitat
The horned sungem is found across much of central Brazil, in the east from southern Maranhão south to São Paulo (state) and then west to western Mato Grosso and into Bolivia's Santa Cruz department.[7] It has recently expanded its range into southern Amazonia and Espírito Santo, probably as a result of deforestation.[1][7] It is also found in a small area of southern Suriname and in another in the northern Brazilian state of Amapá, and has been reported outside of its normal range in Acre in far western Brazil.[7] A possible presence in the state of Rio de Janeiro has still to be confirmed, and its range extends into northern state of São Paulo, where it is rare.[7][17] Its total range is estimated to encompass 6,490,000 km2 (2,510,000 sq mi).[1] The species is considered to be uncommon,[1] though other sources have described it as "locally common"[7] or "common"[15].
It inhabits a variety of semi-open to open habitats including dry and moist forests, savannas including the Cerrado and Caatinga, grasslands, and cultivated areas such as gardens.[1][7][18] Though it is mostly found below 500 m (1,600 ft) of elevation, it occurs as high as 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[7]
Ecology and behavior
Migration
The horned sungem is a highly nomadic species.[20] The populations in central-east Brazil are migratory, where the birds move in response to the seasonal flowering of plants. Elsewhere it appears to be more resident, though its movement patterns in southern Brazil are not well known.[7]
Feeding
All hummingbirds are mostly nectavivorous (feeding on the nectar of blossoms), and are important pollinators as they transport pollen from blossom to blossom.[21] The horned sungem feeds on nectar from a variety of flowering plants, including Palicoure rigida, Bauhinia tenella, Cuphea linarioides, Zeyheria montana, and Calliandra sincorana.[18][7] It usually feeds singly, and prefers blossoms from close to the ground.[9][19] A 2014 study reported that in the studied Cerrado area in Bahia, the horned sungem visited more plant species than any of the other resident hummingbird species (9 out of 11 plant species for which hummingbird visits were recorded). These plants include three species (Dyckia dissitiflora, Sida angustissima, and Lippia cf. gracilis) that were not visited by any of the other hummingbird species.[22] The sungem also catches small insects in flight, and possibly from vegetation.[7]
When the shape of a flower is incompatible with their bills, some hummingbirds may become nectar robbers by piercing the base of the flower's corolla to access the nectar, without contributing to pollination.[20] Hummingbirds of the Colibri and Heliothryx groups, to which the horned sungem belongs, have bill tips that are flattened laterally (sideways) to a stronger degree than in any other hummingbird species. This bill shape, which has also been termed a "stiletto-shape", is probably an adaptation for piercing flowers for nectar robbing. The "stiletto-shape" is pronounced in the horned sungem, although to a lesser degree than in some related hummingbirds such as Geoffroy's daggerbill, which is named after this feature.[13] A 2016 study confirmed nectar robbing in the horned sungem; the observed individuals robbed nectar from the plants Amphilophium elongatum and a species of Sinningia. However, it could not be observed whether the openings used to obtain the nectar were created by the sungem, by another hummingbird, or even by an insect. Nectar robbing may be an important survival strategy for the horned sungem in times of food shortages.[18]
Breeding
The sungem's breeding season is mostly from June to October but in some cases starts as early as April. The female alone builds the nest, incubates the eggs, and cares for the young. It makes a small cup nest of soft material and spider web, adorned with lichen on the outside. One nest was measured at 2.9 cm (1.1 in) in diameter and 1.95 cm (0.77 in) in height. It is built in a branch fork, usually at a height of approximately 1 m (3.3 ft). The female lays two white and elliptical eggs which are 11 by 8 mm (0.43 by 0.31 in) in size and 0.29 g (0.010 oz) in weight. In one case, the second egg was laid within two hours after the first. The eggs are incubated for about 13 days. The chicks are naked and black just after hatching, and fledge 20 to 22 days later.[7][23] A 2012 study monitored one nest and found that it was re-used for a second breeding attempt later in the same breeding season.[23] The birds become sexually mature in their second year, and the average generation length has been estimated at 4.2 years.[7][1]
Agonistic behavior
A 2014 study monitored fights over territory between the hummingbirds of a Cerrado habitat. Of the three resident hummingbird species in the studied area, the horned sungem was found to be the most aggressive, with 12 fights between horned sungem individuals and 7 attacks on a subordinate species, the glittering-bellied emerald. However, the agonistic interactions of the species are expected to vary in different areas; for example, the horned sungem is subordinate to the larger swallow-tailed hummingbird where this species occurs.[22]
Status
The IUCN has assessed the horned sungem as being of Least Concern.[1] This species has been in high demand in the international bird trade, but from the 1980s this trade has been under control and abated. As all hummingbird species, the horned sungem is listed in Appendix II of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). The sungem occurs in several protected areas, including Serra do Cipó National Park and Brasília National Park in Brazil and Noel Kempff Mercado National Park in Bolivia, amongst others.[7]
The horned sungem has recently expanded into Espírito Santo and southern Amazonia, being one of few hummingbirds that have recently increased their range. This range expansion may be explained by its capability to adopt open landscapes created by humans.[20] Though its population size is not known, it is believed to be increasing.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h BirdLife International (2016). "Horned Sungem Heliactin bilophus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22688119A93182952. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22688119A93182952.en. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ a b c "Heliactin bilophus (Horned Sungem) - Avibase". Avibase. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ Temminck, C.J. & Laugier de Chartrouse, G.M.J.M. 1821–1838. Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d’oiseaux, pour servir de suite et de complément aux planches enluminées de Buffon, édition in-folio et in-4° de l’Imprimerie nationale, 1770. Levrault, Paris. Vol. IV. No. 362–480 pp. 1–176. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.51468 BHL page 35465192 pl. 18 fig.3, BHL page 35465195 text
- ^ a b Mije, Steven D. van der; Kamminga, Pepijn; Dekker, René W. R. J. (2023). "Type specimens of non-passerines in Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Animalia, Aves)". ZooKeys (1155): 1–311. Bibcode:2023ZooK.1155....1V. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1155.98097. ISSN 1313-2970. PMID 38059051.
- ^ a b Wied-Neuwied, M. 1821. Reise nach Brasilien in den Jahren 1815 bis 1817. Frankfurt a.M, Gedruckt und verlegt bey H.L. Brönner, 1820-1821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.85967
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Schuchmann, K.L.; Kirwan, G. M.; Boesman, P. F. D. (December 15, 2021). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Horned Sungem (Heliactin bilophus)". Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.horsun2.01. S2CID 242933406. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
- ^ a b Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)". Retrieved July 14, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Restall, Robin L.; Rodner, Clemencia; Lentino, Miguel (2006). Birds of northern South America: an identification guide. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0713672428.
- ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr.; Areta, J. I.; Bonaccorso, E.; Claramunt, S.; Jaramillo, A.; Lane, D. F.; Pacheco, J. F.; Robbins, M. B.; Stiles, F. G.; Zimmer, K. J. (August 24, 2021). "A classification of the bird species of South America. Part 3. Apodiformes". American Ornithological Society. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jobling, J.A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 187, 72. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. OCLC 1040808348.
- ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2020) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip [.xls zipped 1 MB] retrieved May 27, 2021
- ^ a b Remsen Jr, J. V.; Stiles, F. GARY; Mcguire, Jimmy A. (2015). "Classification of the Polytminae (Aves: Trochilidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3957 (1): 143–150.
- ^ McGuire, Jimmy A.; Witt, Christopher C.; Remsen, J. V.; Corl, Ammon; Rabosky, Daniel L.; Altshuler, Douglas L.; Dudley, Robert (2014). "Molecular phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds" (PDF). Current Biology. 24 (8): 910–916.
- ^ a b Fogden, Michael; Taylor, Marianne; Williamson, Sheri L. (2014). Hummingbirds – A Guide to Every Species. Lewes: Ivy Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-78240-089-9.
- ^ a b Spaans, Arie L.; Ottema, Otte H.; Ribot, Jan Hein J. M.; Perlo, Ber van (2018). Field guide to the birds of Suriname (Revised and updated second ed.). Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 228. ISBN 978-9004352315.
- ^ a b c Van Perlo, Ber (2009). A field guide to the birds of Brazil. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 465. ISBN 978-0195301557.
- ^ a b c d Vitorino, B.D.; Frota, A.V.B.; Andrade, A.L.P. (29 December 2016). "Nectar Robbing Behavior of the Horned Sungem Hummingbird (Heliactin bilophus) (Birds: Trochilidae) in Two Species Plant the Genus Amphilophium Kunth (Bignoniaceae) and Sinningia Nees (Gesneriaceae)". Biota Amazônia. 6 (4): 104–106. doi:10.18561/2179-5746/biotaamazonia.v6n4p104-106.
- ^ a b Ridgely, Robert S.; Gwynne, John A.; Guy, Tudor; Argel, Martha (15 July 2016). Wildlife Conservation Society Birds of Brazil: The Atlantic Forest of Southeast Brazil, Including São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro: VOLUME 2. Comstock Publishing. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-5017-0453-6.
- ^ a b c Bartley, Glenn; Swash, Andy; Melchels, Jeanne (2022). Hummingbirds: a celebration of nature's jewels. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 40, 167. ISBN 978-0-691-18212-4.
- ^ Winkler, David W.; Billerman, Shawn M.; Lovette, Irby J. (2020). "Hummingbirds (Trochilidae), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.trochi1.01species_shared.bow.project_name. ISSN 2771-3105. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
- ^ a b Machado, Caio Graco (2014). "The hummingbird community and the plants which they visit at a savannah in the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil". Bioscience Journal. 30 (5): 1578–1587.
- ^ a b Marini, Miguel Â; Borges, Fábio JA; Lopes, Leonardo E.; Sousa, Nadinni OM; Gressler, Daniel T.; Santos, Luane R.; Paiva, Luciana V.; Duca, Charles; Manica, Lilian T.; Rodrigues, Sheila S. (2012). "Breeding biology of birds in the Cerrado of central Brazil" (PDF). Ornitologia Neotropical. 23 (3): 385–405.