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[[File:NPRA 2.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A picture of the NPRA area looking very similar to a more southern wetland.]]
[[File:NPRA 2.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A picture of the NPRA area looking very similar to a more southern wetland.]]


The NPRA is an [[ecology|ecologically]] very important area, and human settlements are small and rare.<ref name=Canby/> For birds, it has been called "Heathrow at the top of the world" with more birds in the NPRA than in the [[Arctic Wildlife Refuge]]. <ref name="ng">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-10 |title=Alaska’s petroleum reserve is open for drilling. Will the birds survive? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/alaska-petroleum-reserve |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411215210/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/alaska-petroleum-reserve |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=Environment |language=en}}</ref> It contains [[Teshekpuk Lake]], an important [[nest]]ing ground for many species of migratory [[bird]]s, including shorebirds and waterfowl. The NPRA supports the greatest population of aquatic birds out of any major Arctic wetland. The NPRA is a more populated habitat for aquatic bird populations than the Alaska National Wildlife Reserve, with a population of 5.4 million compared to 0.4 million.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bart |first=Jonathan |last2=Platte |first2=Robert M. |last3=Andres |first3=Brad |last4=Brown |first4=Stephen |last5=Johnson |first5=James A. |last6=Larned |first6=William |date=2013 |title=Importance of the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska for Aquatic Birds |url=https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12133 |journal=Conservation Biology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1304–1312 |doi=10.1111/cobi.12133 |issn=0888-8892}}</ref> The NPRA supports more than a half million [[caribou]] of the Western Arctic and Teshekpuk Caribou Herds. The Western Arctic Herd calves in the Utukok, Kokolik and Colville uplands, while the Teshekpuk Herd calves in the areas surrounding Teshekpuk Lake. The highest concentration of grizzly bears in Alaska's Arctic, as well as wolverines, and wolves prey on the abundant caribou.<ref name=NAP/> The caribou are utilized for subsistence by local hunters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-17 |title=What is Willow? How an Alaska oil project could affect the environment. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/03/17/willow-project-alaska-oil-drilling-explained/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref> The area is also a habitat for maternal denning of polar bears in the winter. Denning and the associated habitat is essential for newborn cub development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCullough |first=Karen |date=2007 |title=Conferences |url=https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/63344 |journal=ARCTIC |language=en |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=113–113 |doi=10.14430/arctic282 |issn=1923-1245}}</ref>
The NPRA is an [[ecology|ecologically]] very important area, and human settlements are small and rare.<ref name=Canby/> For birds, it has been called "Heathrow at the top of the world" with more birds in the NPRA than in the [[Arctic Wildlife Refuge]]. <ref name="ng">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-10 |title=Alaska’s petroleum reserve is open for drilling. Will the birds survive? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/alaska-petroleum-reserve |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411215210/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/alaska-petroleum-reserve |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=Environment |language=en}}</ref> It contains [[Teshekpuk Lake]], an important [[nest]]ing ground for many species of migratory [[bird]]s, including shorebirds and waterfowl. The NPRA supports the greatest population of aquatic birds out of any major Arctic wetland. The NPRA is a more populated habitat for aquatic bird populations than the Alaska National Wildlife Reserve, with a population of 5.4 million compared to 0.4 million.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bart |first=Jonathan |last2=Platte |first2=Robert M. |last3=Andres |first3=Brad |last4=Brown |first4=Stephen |last5=Johnson |first5=James A. |last6=Larned |first6=William |date=2013 |title=Importance of the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska for Aquatic Birds |url=https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12133 |journal=Conservation Biology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1304–1312 |doi=10.1111/cobi.12133 |issn=0888-8892}}</ref> The NPRA supports more than a half million [[caribou]] of the Western Arctic and Teshekpuk Caribou Herds. The Western Arctic Herd calves in the Utukok, Kokolik and Colville uplands, while the Teshekpuk Herd calves in the areas surrounding Teshekpuk Lake. The highest concentration of grizzly bears in Alaska's Arctic, as well as wolverines, and wolves prey on the abundant caribou.<ref name=NAP/> The caribou are utilized for subsistence by local hunters.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-17 |title=What is Willow? How an Alaska oil project could affect the environment. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/03/17/willow-project-alaska-oil-drilling-explained/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref> The area is also a habitat for maternal denning of polar bears in the winter. Denning and the associated habitat is essential for newborn cub development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCullough |first=Karen |date=2007 |title=Conferences |url=https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/arctic/article/view/63344 |journal=ARCTIC |language=en |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=113–113 |doi=10.14430/arctic282 |issn=1923-1245}}</ref>


NPRA contains the headwaters and much of the [[Colville River (Alaska)|Colville River]], Alaska's largest river north of the [[Arctic Circle]]. The region's geology is unique in Alaska and most of the area remained glacier free throughout the last ice age.<ref name=Canby/>
NPRA contains the headwaters and much of the [[Colville River (Alaska)|Colville River]], Alaska's largest river north of the [[Arctic Circle]]. The region's geology is unique in Alaska and most of the area remained glacier free throughout the last ice age.<ref name=Canby/>
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The estimates of the amount of undiscovered natural gas in the region also fell, from "61 trillion cubic feet of undiscovered, conventional, non-associated gas" in the 2002 estimate, to {{convert|53|e12cuft|km3}} in the 2010 estimate.<ref name=USGSten />
The estimates of the amount of undiscovered natural gas in the region also fell, from "61 trillion cubic feet of undiscovered, conventional, non-associated gas" in the 2002 estimate, to {{convert|53|e12cuft|km3}} in the 2010 estimate.<ref name=USGSten />


Oil and gas leases are authorized under the National Petroleum Reserves Production Act of 1976. ConocoPhillips was issued leases in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Willow Project and its impacts on Indigenous communities |url=https://www.theindigenousfoundation.org/articles/the-willow-project-and-its-impacts-on-indigenous-communities |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=The Indigenous Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
Oil and gas leases are authorized under the National Petroleum Reserves Production Act of 1976. ConocoPhillips was issued leases in 1999.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Willow Project and its impacts on Indigenous communities |url=https://www.theindigenousfoundation.org/articles/the-willow-project-and-its-impacts-on-indigenous-communities |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=The Indigenous Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Drilling Controversy ==
On March 13, 2023 the Biden Administration approved the Willow Project, allowing leases for oil company ConocoPhillips to drill on the NPR-A.<ref name=":0" /> The project approval came after Biden established he would not allow more drilling on federal lands, making some supporters angry, while others had been pushing for the project’s approval.<ref name=":0" /> Willow Project development will include the construction of a gravel mine, hundreds of miles of roads, pipelines, and a facility for processing the oil. This development will occur in the Arctic tundra and wetland.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the disruption to the North Slope environment, it has incited a legal battle from environmental groups opposing drilling.<ref name=":1" />

Alaskan communities also heavily rely on the oil industry for local economies. Debates over whether to welcome oil development into the community or not have caused divide.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-05993-3 |title=Regulation of extractive industries: community engagement in the Arctic |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-429-05993-3 |editor-last=Johnstone |editor-first=Rachael Lorna |series=Routledge research in polar law |location=London, New York |editor-last2=Hansen |editor-first2=Anne Merrild}}</ref> Numerous Iñupiat members have voiced support for the Willow Project because, it creates many jobs and a source of revenue. Doreen Leavitt, Director of Natural Resources for Iñupiat Community of the Arctic Slope describes the Willow Project as an economic “lifeline” for North Slope communities.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Advance the Willow Project Now |url=https://voiceofthearc.wpengine.com/resources/willow/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Voice of the Arctic Iñupiat |language=en-US}}</ref> Opponents counter argue that the economic benefits will only be viable in the short-term while the environmental consequences will be long-term.<ref name=":1" />

Native Alaskan communities reside on the North Slope and are impacted by both the effects of past drilling projects and the threat of future projects.<ref name=":1" /> The community of Nuiqsut, which is majority Iñupiat, has found oil extraction hinders their subsistence practices. This threatens their cultural ties to the land.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Ristroph |first=Barrett |last2=Robards |first2=Martin |date=2020-03-04 |title=Preparing for the Aftermath of Drilling on Arctic Lands |url=https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/jelr/vol8/iss1/8 |journal=LSU Journal of Energy Law and Resources |volume=8 |issue=1}}</ref> Oil extraction also results in degradation of the region’s air quality.<ref name=":0" /> Local communities including the Utqiagvik have faced impacts from petroleum spills such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Wagner |first=Anna M. |last2=Barker |first2=Amanda J. |date=2019-02-01 |title=Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from legacy spills at an Alaskan Arctic site underlain by permafrost |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165232X18303124 |journal=Cold Regions Science and Technology |volume=158 |pages=154–165 |doi=10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.11.012 |issn=0165-232X}}</ref> In 2012 the Repsol blowout from an exploration well left residual pollution impacting the local Nuiqsut residents.<ref name=":4" /> Nuiqsut mayor Rosemary Ahtuangaruak expresses concern with oil extraction in the North Slope and how “communities in the Arctic are left to contend with the health impacts of pollution as well as the devastation that comes from dramatic changes to the land like sea ice melt, permafrost thaw, and coastal erosion.”<ref name=":3" />

Drilling has also sparked controversy from environmental groups due to its ecological impacts. Research has shown a number of impacts drilling has on the North Slope environment. These include:

* Disrupting caribou populations which are also utilized by Inuit populations for subsistence hunting. Human activity such as construction in the North Slope is a threat to the caribou populations.<ref name=":0" />
* Impacting polar bears by causing them to abandon their young before they are old enough to survive. Polar Bears are threatened species under the Endangered Species Act so disruptions to their populations are carefully considered during environmental assessments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Durner |first=George M. |last2=Simac |first2=Kristin |last3=Amstrup |first3=Steven C. |date=2013 |title=Mapping Polar Bear Maternal Denning Habitat in the National Petroleum Reserve — Alaska with an IfSAR Digital Terrain Model |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23594684 |journal=Arctic |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=197–206 |issn=0004-0843}}</ref>
* Past oil spills and the threat of future spills that damage local ecosystems including contaminating the land and water.<ref name=":5" />
* Pollution from “legacy wells” that were built on the NPRA between 1944 and 1981 and were abandoned without proper closure. Inactive wells can contaminate groundwater, soil, and surface water.<ref name=":5" />
* Air pollutants from oil extraction and production.<ref name=":2" />


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 21:13, 13 March 2024

70°N 157°W / 70°N 157°W / 70; -157

A map of northern Alaska showing the location of the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPRA).

The National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA) is an area of land on the Alaska North Slope owned by the United States federal government and managed by the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM).[1] It lies to the west of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, which, as a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service managed National Wildlife Refuge, is also federal land.

At a size of 23,599,999 acres (95,506 square kilometres; 36,875 square miles), the NPRA is the largest tract of undisturbed public land in the United States.[2] Inupiat live in several villages around its perimeter, the largest of which is Utqiaġvik, the seat of the North Slope Borough.

The NPRA is an ecologically very important area for arctic wildlife; For birds, it has been called "Heathrow at the top of the world" with more birds in the NPRA than in the Arctic Wildlife Refuge.[3]

Ecological importance

A picture of the NPRA area looking very similar to a more southern wetland.

The NPRA is an ecologically very important area, and human settlements are small and rare.[4] For birds, it has been called "Heathrow at the top of the world" with more birds in the NPRA than in the Arctic Wildlife Refuge. [5] It contains Teshekpuk Lake, an important nesting ground for many species of migratory birds, including shorebirds and waterfowl. The NPRA supports the greatest population of aquatic birds out of any major Arctic wetland. The NPRA is a more populated habitat for aquatic bird populations than the Alaska National Wildlife Reserve, with a population of 5.4 million compared to 0.4 million.[6] The NPRA supports more than a half million caribou of the Western Arctic and Teshekpuk Caribou Herds. The Western Arctic Herd calves in the Utukok, Kokolik and Colville uplands, while the Teshekpuk Herd calves in the areas surrounding Teshekpuk Lake. The highest concentration of grizzly bears in Alaska's Arctic, as well as wolverines, and wolves prey on the abundant caribou.[7] The caribou are utilized for subsistence by local hunters.[8] The area is also a habitat for maternal denning of polar bears in the winter. Denning and the associated habitat is essential for newborn cub development.[9]

NPRA contains the headwaters and much of the Colville River, Alaska's largest river north of the Arctic Circle. The region's geology is unique in Alaska and most of the area remained glacier free throughout the last ice age.[4]

History

Syncline ridges in southwestern NPRA.
Special areas in the NPRA

The NPRA was created by President Warren G. Harding in 1923 as Naval Petroleum Reserve Number 4 during a time when the United States was converting its Navy to run on oil rather than coal.[1][4] In 1976 the Naval Petroleum Reserves Production Act (NPRPA) renamed the reserve the "National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska" and transferred it from the Navy to the Department of the Interior.[1][10]: 36  The 1980 Interior Department Appropriations Act directed the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) within the Department of Interior to conduct oil and gas leasing. Nevertheless, the area was left essentially as a wilderness until the late 1990s.[2]

The NPRPA also contains provisions that apply to any exploration or production activities within areas "designated by the Secretary of the Interior containing any significant subsistence, recreational, fish and wildlife, or historical or scenic value".[11]: 5–6  Based on this authority, the Secretary in 1977 designated three Special Areas within the NPRA in which all activities were to "be conducted in a manner which will assure the maximum protection of such surface values to the extent consistent with the requirements of this Act for the exploration of the reserve." The Teshekpuk Lake Special Area was created to protect migratory waterfowl and shorebirds. The Colville River Special Area was created to protect the arctic peregrine falcon, which at that time was an endangered species. The Utukok River Uplands Special Area was created to protect critical habitat for caribou of the Western Arctic Herd. The Secretary of the Interior enlarged the Teshekpuk Lake and Colville River Special Areas in the Northeast NPRA Record of Decision of 1998.[11][12] In 2003, a committee of the National Research Council published a report that urged caution in granted oil and gas leases, in that that oil and gas extraction in the reserve may cause permanent and irreversible environmental damage.[7] In 2004, the Secretary created the Kasegaluk Lagoon Special Area.[11]

Between 1944 and 1981, the US government drilled and then abandoned about 137 wells in the reserve as part of an exploratory oil and gas program in order to obtain estimates and locations of reservoirs. BLM operates the abandoned wells.[13]: 3–4 [14] In 1998, after BLM had gone through a planning process to create an "Integrated Activity Plan/Environmental Impact Statement" for the Northeast area, the Secretary of Interior signed a Record of Decision (ROD), which opened 87 percent of this area to oil and gas leasing[2] and the first leases were signed in 1999.[15] A ROD for the Northwest area was signed in 2004.[2] BLM began the planning process for the South in 2005.[2] The 2003 USGS survey had indicated the best prospects for large reserves were just east of Teshekpuk Lake - a Special Area in the Northeast[4] and in 2006 the Bush administration attempted to lease land in the habitat around Teshekpuk Lake. Six conservation groups sued to prevent the leases and won.[16] The litigation forced BLM to create a new plan for the entire reserve. The final ROD for the entire region, including the South, was signed by the Secretary in February 2013.[2]

As of October 2012, a total of 1,374,583 acres (556,274 ha) have been leased; 872,125 acres (352,936 ha) in the Northeast region, and 502,458 acres (203,338 ha) in the Northwest region.[17]

In March 2012, the Alaska House and Senate passed legislation urging the Bureau of Land Management to plug the abandoned wells from the US government exploratory program; the resolution said just seven wells have been properly plugged and reclaimed and that the wells are an eyesore and are harming the environment.[14]

Oil and gas reserves

Main article: Arctic Refuge drilling controversy

An assessment by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 2008[18] estimated that the amount of oil yet to be discovered in the NPRA is only one-tenth of what was believed to be there in the previous assessment, completed in 2002.[19] The 2008 USGS estimate says the NPRA contains approximately "896 million barrels of conventional, undiscovered oil".[19] The reason for the decrease is because of new exploratory drilling, which showed that many areas that were believed to hold oil actually hold natural gas.

The estimates of the amount of undiscovered natural gas in the region also fell, from "61 trillion cubic feet of undiscovered, conventional, non-associated gas" in the 2002 estimate, to 53 trillion cubic feet (1,500 km3) in the 2010 estimate.[19]

Oil and gas leases are authorized under the National Petroleum Reserves Production Act of 1976. ConocoPhillips was issued leases in 1999.[20]

Drilling Controversy

On March 13, 2023 the Biden Administration approved the Willow Project, allowing leases for oil company ConocoPhillips to drill on the NPR-A.[8] The project approval came after Biden established he would not allow more drilling on federal lands, making some supporters angry, while others had been pushing for the project’s approval.[8] Willow Project development will include the construction of a gravel mine, hundreds of miles of roads, pipelines, and a facility for processing the oil. This development will occur in the Arctic tundra and wetland.[8] Due to the disruption to the North Slope environment, it has incited a legal battle from environmental groups opposing drilling.[20]

Alaskan communities also heavily rely on the oil industry for local economies. Debates over whether to welcome oil development into the community or not have caused divide.[21] Numerous Iñupiat members have voiced support for the Willow Project because, it creates many jobs and a source of revenue. Doreen Leavitt, Director of Natural Resources for Iñupiat Community of the Arctic Slope describes the Willow Project as an economic “lifeline” for North Slope communities.[22] Opponents counter argue that the economic benefits will only be viable in the short-term while the environmental consequences will be long-term.[20]

Native Alaskan communities reside on the North Slope and are impacted by both the effects of past drilling projects and the threat of future projects.[20] The community of Nuiqsut, which is majority Iñupiat, has found oil extraction hinders their subsistence practices. This threatens their cultural ties to the land.[23] Oil extraction also results in degradation of the region’s air quality.[8] Local communities including the Utqiagvik have faced impacts from petroleum spills such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination.[24] In 2012 the Repsol blowout from an exploration well left residual pollution impacting the local Nuiqsut residents.[23] Nuiqsut mayor Rosemary Ahtuangaruak expresses concern with oil extraction in the North Slope and how “communities in the Arctic are left to contend with the health impacts of pollution as well as the devastation that comes from dramatic changes to the land like sea ice melt, permafrost thaw, and coastal erosion.”[22]

Drilling has also sparked controversy from environmental groups due to its ecological impacts. Research has shown a number of impacts drilling has on the North Slope environment. These include:

  • Disrupting caribou populations which are also utilized by Inuit populations for subsistence hunting. Human activity such as construction in the North Slope is a threat to the caribou populations.[8]
  • Impacting polar bears by causing them to abandon their young before they are old enough to survive. Polar Bears are threatened species under the Endangered Species Act so disruptions to their populations are carefully considered during environmental assessments.[25]
  • Past oil spills and the threat of future spills that damage local ecosystems including contaminating the land and water.[24]
  • Pollution from “legacy wells” that were built on the NPRA between 1944 and 1981 and were abandoned without proper closure. Inactive wells can contaminate groundwater, soil, and surface water.[24]
  • Air pollutants from oil extraction and production.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Staff, Bureau of Land Management. Last updated 04-02-2013. National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska
  2. ^ a b c d e f "National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska (NPRA) Planning Area". Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  3. ^ "National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska at Risk From Oil and Gas Development". pew.org. 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
  4. ^ a b c d Peter Canby. The Specter Haunting Alaska New York Review of Books 52:18, November 17, 2005
  5. ^ "Alaska's petroleum reserve is open for drilling. Will the birds survive?". Environment. 2019-09-10. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  6. ^ Bart, Jonathan; Platte, Robert M.; Andres, Brad; Brown, Stephen; Johnson, James A.; Larned, William (2013). "Importance of the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska for Aquatic Birds". Conservation Biology. 27 (6): 1304–1312. doi:10.1111/cobi.12133. ISSN 0888-8892.
  7. ^ a b Committee on the Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope, National Research Council. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Oil and Gas Activities on Alaska's North Slope. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2003.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "What is Willow? How an Alaska oil project could affect the environment". Washington Post. 2023-03-17. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  9. ^ McCullough, Karen (2007). "Conferences". ARCTIC. 60 (1): 113–113. doi:10.14430/arctic282. ISSN 1923-1245.
  10. ^ Records and History of the United States Geological Survey
  11. ^ a b c Staff, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Anchorage, Alaska, in cooperation with North Slope Borough, U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, November 2012. National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska. Final Integrated Activity Plan/Environmental Impact Statement. Volume 1. Abstract, Executive Summary, Chapters 1-3
  12. ^ Staff, Alaska Audubon Society. Background of the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska
  13. ^ Arthur C. Banet, Jr. U.S Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management Alaska State Office. March 1991. Oil and Gas Development on Alaska's North Slope: Past Results and Future Prospects. Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine BLM-Alaska Open File Report 31.
  14. ^ a b BECKY BOHRER (March 26, 2012). "BLM hopes for plan to address wells this spring". Bloomberg Business Week. Archived from the original on April 20, 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
  15. ^ Staff, BLM. Last updated 11-13-2012. NPR-A Lease Sale Documentation and Maps - 1999 to Current
  16. ^ Molly Loomis for National Geographic News. July 28, 2010 Critical Alaska Habitat Spared From Oil and Natural Gas Development
  17. ^ Staff, BLM. Last updated October 2012. NPR-A Leases
  18. ^ "Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle".
  19. ^ a b c "USGS Oil and Gas Resource Estimates Updated for the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA)". usgs.gov. United States Geological Survey. October 26, 2010.
  20. ^ a b c d "The Willow Project and its impacts on Indigenous communities". The Indigenous Foundation. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  21. ^ a b Johnstone, Rachael Lorna; Hansen, Anne Merrild, eds. (2020). Regulation of extractive industries: community engagement in the Arctic. Routledge research in polar law. London, New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-429-05993-3.
  22. ^ a b "Advance the Willow Project Now". Voice of the Arctic Iñupiat. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  23. ^ a b Ristroph, Barrett; Robards, Martin (2020-03-04). "Preparing for the Aftermath of Drilling on Arctic Lands". LSU Journal of Energy Law and Resources. 8 (1).
  24. ^ a b c Wagner, Anna M.; Barker, Amanda J. (2019-02-01). "Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from legacy spills at an Alaskan Arctic site underlain by permafrost". Cold Regions Science and Technology. 158: 154–165. doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.11.012. ISSN 0165-232X.
  25. ^ Durner, George M.; Simac, Kristin; Amstrup, Steven C. (2013). "Mapping Polar Bear Maternal Denning Habitat in the National Petroleum Reserve — Alaska with an IfSAR Digital Terrain Model". Arctic. 66 (2): 197–206. ISSN 0004-0843.
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